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Файл:Английский язык для студентов бакалавриата технических направлений. English Vocabulary for power Engineering Undergraduates. Учебное пособие
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in the form of baseboard convectors, they can directly heat the air along the
walls of an individual room, establishing convective currents.
3.1. Make sure you know the meaning of Focus Words and Word Col-
locations. Use Glossary Section if necessary.
Focus Words and Word Collocations (3)
central-heating
hot-water heating
warm-air system
steam heating
boiler
furnace
heat emitter
convector
heat-carrying capacity
manually or automatically operated valve
motor-driven pump
condensate
3.2. Check the Essential Vocabulary from the text. Give the English
equivalents to the words and word collocations.
(a)
1. система водяного отопления 2. система воздушного отопления
3. высокая плотность 4. теплоемкость 5. средство 6. обогреватель
7. автоматический (впускной) клапан 8. воздуховыпускной клапан
(вентиль) 9. электронасос 10. регулярные наладки 11. распределительная система, состоящая из двух труб 12. более сложные системы
(b)
1. удерживать больше тепла 2 отдавать тепло помещению 3. возвращаться в бойлер для повторного нагревания 4. отопительные трубы
из стали или меди 5. средство, позволяющее воздуху уходить через
автоматический (или ручной) клапан 6. способствовать образованию
конденсата 7. необходимость регулярных наладок 8. преобразовывать
электричество в тепло
(c)
1.вода является наиболее распространенной средой передачи тепловой энергии, поскольку высокая плотность воды позволяет удержи-
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вать больше тепла 2. вода, отдавшая тепло, и уже охлажденная, возвращается в бойлер для повторного нагревания 3. охлаждение пара
способствует образованию конденсата 4. конденсат пара может возвращаться в бойлер при помощи электронасоса 5. наличие воздуховыпускного клапана на радиаторе является необходимостью 6. в противном случае пар не попадает в радиатор 7. подачу пара и возврат конденсата обеспечивает одна и та же труба 8. более сложные системы
используют двухтрубную систему распределения 9. преимуществом
парового отопления является его высокая теплопроводность 10. большая температура пара (около 102 градусов по Цельсию) затрудняет
контроль и вызывает необходимость регулярных корректировок подачи пара 11. относительно высокая цена электричества может быть
компенсирована использованием электрического тока при снижении
естественного спроса (на потребление электроэнергии) 12. наиболее
распространенным методом преобразования электричества в тепло является использование резисторов
4. Divide into groups of three. Discuss the three types of emitters described here. Will you have a professional say on the heat emitter at your
place of residence?
Types of emitters
There are many variations in the method of transferring the heat from
hot water, steam, or electric resistors to the space to be heated. The most
familiar heat emitter in older buildings is the common radiator. Steam or hot
water circulates through its hollow sections, which can be connected to each
other to produce varying lengths. Radiators are usually placed along the
external walls of a room. Ambient air enters from below and in front of the
radiator, and as it becomes heated it rises vertically between the radiator
sections and discharges at the top. The warmed air, being less dense than the
cooler air further away in the room, rises and displaces the cooler air, which
falls, setting up a current of air.
Convectors differ from radiators in their smaller heat-transfer surface
and their placement at the bottom of a cabinet whose inlets and outlets are
designed to properly direct a stream of warmed air through the room using
the same “chimney” effect. The typical convector is an arrangement of
finned pipes or coils through which the heated air or water circulates at the
base of an enclosure open at the top and bottom; air flows upward over the
heating surface and is discharged at the top of the enclosure; cooled air
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drops to the floor and reenters the convector. Such convectors are often
installed along windows or along an external wall to counteract drafts and
the loss of heat through those cold surfaces.
Many industrial buildings are heated using a special form of emitter
called a unit heater, which consists of (1) an arrangement of finned
tubes through which hot water or steam circulates and (2) an electric
fan that forces air over the tubes. The forced convection results in a rapid
rate of heat transfer. Unit heaters can be mounted in units either above the
floor or on it.
Radiant heating systems usually employ either hot-water pipes embedded in the floor or ceiling, warm-air ducts embedded in the floor, or some
form of electrical resistance panels applied to ceiling or walls. Panel heating
is a form of radiant heating characterized by very large radiant surfaces
(an entire ceiling or floor is typically employed) at modestly warm temperatures. With many such systems there is no visible heating equipment in the
room, which is an advantage in decorating. A disadvantage is the extent to
which a ceiling or floor might be ruined in case of corroded or faulty hotwater piping where this method is employed.
4.1. Make sure you know the meaning of Focus Words and Word Col-
locations. Use Glossary Section if necessary.
Focus Words and Word Collocations (4)
cabinet
enclosure
inlet and outlet
heat emitter
heat transfer
electric resistor
electric fan
ambient air
finned pipes
finned coils
unit heater
radiant heating
panel heating
hot-water pipes
heat-transfer surface
warm-air ducts
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transfer the heat from hot water
circulate
flow upward over the heating surface
set up a current of air
counteract drafts and the loss of heat
be embedded in the floor
4.2. Check the Essential Vocabulary from the text. Give the English
equivalents to the words and word collocations.
(a)
1. воздух, который циркулирует в закрытом помещении 2. выгрузка
через верх; выпуск через верх 3. поверхность теплообмена 4. pеле
(электрический резистор) 5. входное отверстие (вход) 6. выходное отверстие (выход) 7. оребрённая труба 8. змеевик (изогнутая труба поверхности нагрева 9. конвекционный отопительный агрегат 10. панельное отопление 11. трубопровод теплого воздуха 12. в случае неисправности трубопровода системы горячего водоснабжения
(b)
1. направлять поток нагреваемого воздуха 2. предотвращать сквозняки и потери тепла 3. встроенные в пол или потолок (т.н. плинтусные
и потолочные) 4. могут быть встроены в 5. характеризоваться 6. являться преимуществом 7. собираться в блоки 8. подвергнуться разрушению 9. циркулировать 10. подниматься вверх (о воздухе)
(c)
1. конвекторы отличаются от радиаторов меньшей поверхностью
нагрева 2. электрический резистор, входы и выходы которого сконструированы таким образом, чтобы управлять потоком нагреваемого
воздуха в помещении 3. традиционный конвектор представляет собою
конструкциюоребрённых труб или змеевиков 4. через которые нагреваемый воздух или вода циркулирует у основания открытого внизу и
вверху отверстия 5. такие конвекторы устанавливают вдоль окон или
внешней стены для предотвращения сквозняков и потерь тепла
6. радиантная система обогрева использует потолочные или плинтусные трубы горячего отопления 7. панельное обогревание является
формой радиантного обогревания и характеризуется большими нагревательными поверхностями 8. большая часть таких систем при эксплуатации визуально невидима 9. что, несомненно, является декоративным преимуществом
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5. Answer the questions.
a) How would you describe disruptive technology?
b) Which nanotech innovation makes the graphene heater most extraor-
dinary?
c) Taking into consideration some trifles like heating system maintenance, its reliability and price demand would you still enjoy the idea to
make use of a graphene heater?
B Now read the article by Dexter Johnson to help you answer the
questions.
Graphene Heating System Dramatically
Reduces Home Energy Costs
Breakthroughs in energy generation using nanomaterials – like their
enabling of better supercapacitors or photovoltaics – often grab the headlines. But it is in the unheralded area of energy savings that nanomaterials
are perhaps making the biggest inroads.
A startup in the UK called Xefro is bridging this divide between energy
generation and energy savings through its development of a heating system
that the company claims marks the first time that the “wonder material”
graphene has been used as a heating element. Depending on the kind of
heating system currently used in a home, the company estimates that this
graphene-based heating system can reduce energy costs by anywhere from
25 to 70 percent.
Xefro uses graphene-based ink that can be printed on a variety of materials and into just about any configuration. The system takes advantage of
graphene's minimal thermal mass so the heat can be turned on and off
quickly, and leverages graphene’s large surface area so that energy isn’t
wasted in heating up the heater itself.
“The innovation is all about getting useable heat where it is needed”,
explained Tim Harper, a founder of Xefro and co-inventor of the graphene
heating element, in an e-mail interview with IEEE Spectrum “While it is
true that electrical resistive heating is almost 100-percent efficient in converting electricity into heat, it is what happens to that generated heat that is
critical”.
Traditional heating systems are very inefficient in that they require heat
to be transferred to multiple materials: for example, heating up water to heat
up a radiator which heats up air and then finally heats up objects in a room,
according to Harper.
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He added: “Our initial question was ‘How can we get the heat directly
to where it needed?’ and that led us to evaluate a wide range of heating materials and systems before we finally arrived at graphene”.
To meet the company’s criteria that the material should be usable in a
wide variety of shapes and sizes, Harper and his collaborators turned to graphene inks. “This is especially important for water heating, where we wrap
the flexible graphene element around a hot water tank”, says Harper. “By
varying the ink formulation, we can change the resistivity of the heating
element and its thickness depending on the required application”.
Once Xefro made the decision to use graphene, it wanted to avoid the
mistake made by the producers of other infrared heating products now
available on the market: placing the heating element inside a metal box that
reflects back most of the infrared energy, creating an electrical convection
heater rather than a true radiant heater.
“By selecting the right materials and understanding enough about the
physics of heat transfer, we’ve been able to tune the heater to emit infrared
in the part of the spectrum that gives the most efficient heating effect”, explained Harper. “Further, by selecting the right materials for the construction of the heater, we can reduce absorption of infrared to the minimum and
ensure that most of the heat is emitted [out into the room] rather than simply
heating up the wall behind the heater”.
While graphene does offer some attractive properties for reducing
wasted energy, it is the combination of the graphene-based heating element
with an electronic control system that provides the real cost savings.
“Because graphene gives us an instant on/off response, this allows
a number of smart switching algorithms to be used”, says Harper. “The
energy savings come when the heaters are deployed as a system throughout
a building. The heaters are linked with the control system via Wi-Fi,
allowing the system to learn your behavior as well as the optimum heating
required to maintain a comfortable temperature”.
5.1. Make sure you know the meaning of Focus Words and Word Col-
locations. Use Glossary Section if necessary.
Focus Words and Word Collocations (5)
graphene
graphene heating element
graphene-based ink
formulation
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convert electricity into heat
heat up
leverage
5.2. Check the Essential Vocabulary from the text. Give the English
equivalents to the words and word collocations.
(a)
1. выработка и сохранение энергии 2. отопительная система на основе графена 3. печатные краски на основе графена 4. традиционные
отопительные системы 5. гибкий графеновый элемент 6. рецептура печатных красок 7. инфракрасные отопительные приборы 8. энергия инфракрасного излучения 9. электрический конвекционный нагреватель
10. сокращение потерь энергии 11. технологический прорыв
(b)
1. использоваться в быту 2. максимально использовать 3. обращаться к графеновым печатным краскам 4. использовать преимуще-
ство минимальной термической массы графена 5. давать более эффективный нагрев 6. варьировать рецептуру печатных красок 7. отражать
инфракрасное излучение 8. снизить затраты на энергию 9. обеспечивать экономию средств 10. в соответствии с критериями
6. Fill in the correct word derived from the word in bold.
Heat pump
Another method for heating with … … … involves the use of ELECTRICAL
the heat pump. Every … … … machine is technically REFRIGERATE
a heat pump, … … … heat from an area of lower temperature PUMP
(normally the space to … … … or refrigerated) to an area of COOL
higher temperature (… … …, the outdoors). The refrigeration NORMAL
machine may … … … to pump heat, in winter, from the outdoor air, USE
or groundwater, or any other source of low-temperature … … …, HEAT
and deliver this heat at … … … temperature to a space to be heated. HIGH
Usually, the heat pump … … … to function as an air DESIGN
… … … in summer, then to reverse and serve as CONDITION
a heat pump in winter.
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7. A Match the Phrasal Verbs with their definitions.
put off give off get off cut off (2) work off set off (2)
finish off go off turn off switch off
a) end abruptly
b) be separated and isolated from other parts
c) disembark, especially from mass transportation, such as a bus or train
d) explode; to fire, especially accidentally
e) emit
f) finish completely
g) delay (a task, event, etc.
h) start a journey
i) cause a bomb, or firework to explode
j) adjust the controls in order to stop it working
k) stop it working by pressing a switch
l) (the source of power) make some equipment function
B Complete the lines with the Phrasal Verb from A.
1. Gas supplies ………………………… ….. now ………………
…………….. .
2. ……………………………. the gas fire ……………………………
when you finish the work.
3. There is a special wire cutter which …………………………… a battery.
4. He …………………………… the van and came nearby.
5. The test can’t …………………………….. any more, you’ll have to
make it this week.
6. The substance …………………………….. smoke.
7. At exactly four minutes to three they ……………………………. for
the lab.
8. The mines blew three holes in the building but failed to …………
…………………. the explosives.
9. We had to work until midnight to …………………………….. them
……………………………...
10. He drew the car into the side of the workshop and ………………
…………….. the engine.
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8. Fill in the blanks with appropriate Preposition or Particle.
Domestic hot-water supply
(1) … … … houses, a small hand-fired coal boiler was formerly the
common means (2) … … … heating water (3) … … … cooking, bathing,
and washing. This was superseded (4) … … … a separate gas, electric, or
oil-fired water heater (5) … … … which the heating burner or element is
included (6) … … … the same unit as the hot-water storage; when hot water
is drawn (7) … … …, cold water enters, affecting a thermostat that turns (8)
… … … the heat until the tank temperature again reaches the predetermined
level. Alternatively, a device known as a heat exchanger can be connected
(9) … … … the house-heating boiler, extracting heat (10) … … … the boiler water to heat the service water.
9. Choose the correct item.
Warm-air heating
1. Because of its low density, air …………………………… less heat
for shorter distances than do hot water or steam.
A transmits B carries C transfers D conveys
2. The use of air as the primary heat conveyor is nevertheless the rule in
American homes and offices, though there has been a growing preference
for hot-water systems, which have been ……………………………in European countries for some time.
A applied B utilized C used D practiced
3. The heat of the furnace is ……………………………to the air in
ducts, which rise to rooms above where the hot air is emitted through registers.
A carried out B spread C distributed D sprinkled
4. The warm air from a furnace, being lighter than the cooler air around
it, can be carried by gravity in ducts to the rooms, and until about 1930 this
was the usual method …………………………….
A used B employed C installed D introduced
5. But a gravity system ……………………………ducts of rather large
diameter (20–36 cm [8–14 inches]) in order to reduce air friction, and this
resulted in the basement's being filled with ductwork.
A requires B demands C claims D requests
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6. Moreover, rooms distant from the furnace tended to be……
………………………, owing to the small pressure difference between the
heated supply air and cooler air returning to the furnace.
A neglected B disregarded C overheated D underheated
7. These difficulties were solved by the use of motor-driven fans, which
can ……………………………the heated air through small, compact, rectangular ducts to the most distant rooms in a building.
A force B cause C compel D help
8. The heated air is ……………………………into individual rooms
through registers, grilles, or diffusers of various types, including arrangements resembling baseboards along walls.
A mounted B established C introduced D installed
9. Air currents through open doors and return air vents help
…………………………the heat evenly.
A deliver B propagate C circulate D distribute
10. The entire system is controlled by thermostats that sample temperatures and then activate the gas burner and the blowers that ………
……………………the warm air through ducts.
A travel B circulate C circularize D eliminate
10. Fill in the blanks with the word collocations.
distribute the heat energy harness solar energy store the energy
flexible energy technology convert the sun's heat electrical energy
generating electricity heating water renewable energy
traditional power plants
1. Solar power is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or
… … … .
2. Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant … … … source available.
3. Modern technology can harness this energy for a variety of uses, including… … …, providing light or a comfortable interior environment, and
… … …: for domestic, commercial, or industrial use.
4. There are several ways to… … …: photovoltaics (also called solar
electric), solar heating & cooling, concentrating solar power (typically built
at utility-scale), and passive solar.
5. The first three are active solar systems, which use mechanical or electrical devices that … … … or light to a\another form of usable energy.
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