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Файл:Английский язык для студентов бакалавриата технических направлений. English Vocabulary for power Engineering Undergraduates. Учебное пособие
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6. Passive solar buildings are designed and oriented to collect, store, and
… … … from sunlight to maintain the comfort of the occupants without the
use of moving parts or electronics.
7. Solar energy is a… … …: solar power plants can be built as distributed generation (located at or near the point of use) or as a central-station,
utility-scale solar power plant (similar to … … …).
8. Some utility-scale solar plants can … … … they produce for use after
the sun sets.
11. Give the English equivalents to the following sentences.
A
1. Теплоэнергетика – отрасль теплотехники, занимающаяся преобразованием теплоты в другие виды энергии, главным образом в механическую и через неё в электрическую.
2. Основу современной энергетики составляют тепловые электростанции, использующие химическую энергию органического топлива.
3. Они делятся на паротурбинные, газотурбинные и парогазовые
электростанции, на которых энергия преобразуется с помощью паротурбинной, газотурбинной или парогазовой установки.
4. Среди традиционных видов производства тепла в мировом масштабе теплоэнергетика преобладает, на базе угля вырабатывается 46 %
всей электроэнергии мира, на базе газа – 18 %, еще около 3 % – за счет
сжигания биомасс, нефть используется для 0,2 %.
5. Суммарно тепловые станции обеспечивают около 2/3 от общей
выработки всех электростанций мира.
6. В России на 2009 год 47 % электричества было выработано за
счет сжигания газа, 18 % – угля.
7. Гидроэнергетика и атомные станции выработали по 17 и 16 %
соответственно.
8. Энергетика таких стран мира как Польша и ЮАР практически
полностью основана на использовании угля.
9. Велика доля теплоэнергетики в Китае, Австралии, Мексике.
10. По прогнозу Европейской ассоциации по производству электроэнергии и тепла производство энергии до 2030 года будет ежегодно
расти на 1,3 % для ЕС и 2.5 % для остальных стран.
91
В
1. В структуре выработки электроэнергии теплоэнергетикалидирует.
2. Более 60 % всей электроэнергии вырабатывается на тепловых
электростанциях, около 18 % – на гидроэлектростанциях, около 17 % –
на атомных и около 1 % – на геотермальных, приливных, солнечных и
ветровых электростанциях.
3. Теплоэнергетика имеет следующие преимущества: относительно
небольшие сроки строительства; стабильность работы.
4. Однако, теплоэнергетика имеет и ряд недостатков, связанных в
первую очередь с загрязнением окружающей среды.
5. Тепловая энергетика занимает первое место по объему выбросов
загрязняющих веществ в атмосферу.
6. В составе выбросов – твердые частицы, диоксид серы, двуокись
углерода, оксиды азота.
7. «Кислотные дожди», образующиеся при растворении двуокиси
серы, выбрасываемой в атмосферу, наносят существенный ущерб всем
экосистемам – лесам, рекам, озерам, почве, а также зданиям (жилым и
административным строениям и особенно памятникам архитектуры,
которые в последние годы быстро разрушаются).
8. Кроме того, тепловая энергетика приводит еще и к тепловому загрязнению (неиспользуемый выброс тепла).
9. Из трех основных источников получения тепловой энергии более
всего загрязнения и «парниковых газов» производится и выбрасывается в окружающую среду в результате сжигания угля, в меньшей степени нефти, и наименьшее – природного газа.
10. Тепловая энергетика в наибольшей степени развита в странах,
обладающих большими запасами топлива (уголь, нефть, газ).
11. Наибольшую долю тепловой энергетики в структуре энергетики
имеют Польша, Нидерланды, ЮАР.
С
1. Изобретение относится к области энергетики и может быть использовано в автономных системах отопления и горячего водоснабжения, в частности при использовании энергии ветра.
2. Известны устройства, преобразующие механическую энергию в
тепловую, для ветротепловых установок с поршневым компрессором
для сжатия воздуха, играющего роль теплоносителя, нагреваемого в
процессе его сжатия.
3. Конструктивно эти устройства достаточно сложны, и их КПД
преобразования механической энергии в тепловую весьма мал.
92
4. Известны устройства для преобразования механической энергии
в тепловую с жидким теплоносителем, преимущественно водой, в том
числе для ветротепловых установок
5. Нагрев воды (или другого жидкого теплоносителя) в них происходит за счет энергии торможения вращающихся конструктивных элементов, соприкасающихся с водой, создающих вихреобразование и
повышающих давление в замкнутых объемах, заполненных нагреваемой водой.
6. К недостаткам этих устройств относятся: низкая эффективность
преобразования механической энергии в тепловую, недостаточная долговечность из-за необходимости усиления сальников (уплотнений) повышенного давления и повышенная металлоемкость.
7. Известен фрикционный преобразователь механической энергии в
тепловую который включает в себя два диска неподвижный и вращающийся, причем последний может вращаться с переменной частотой,
контактируя при этом с неподвижным диском.
8. К недостаткам фрикционного преобразователя относятся: низкий
коэффициент полезного преобразования механической энергии в тепловую, в частности из-за использования двойной теплопередачи от
дисков к жидкому теплоносителю и от последнего к воздушному, а
также недостаточная долговечность из-за наличия сальниковых уплотнений и повышенного износа трущихся дисков.
9. Проведенный анализ устройств для преобразования механической энергии в тепловую свидетельствует о необходимости создания
устройства преобразования механической энергии в тепловую, имеющего более простую конструкцию, обладающего большей долговечностью и имеющего меньший расход дорогостоящих магнитотвердых
материалов.
10. Это достигается в предлагаемом устройстве для преобразования
механической энергии в тепловую, использующем нагрев подвижной
среды (в частности воды), обтекающей греющие элементы, в которых
механическая энергия преобразуется в энергию вихревых токов.
93
12. Your central heating system plays an important role in your
home– keeping you supplied with the heat and hot water that make life so
much more comfortable. But which systems are available and how do they
work?
Let’s have a Talk on ‘Essentials I have to know about (new) central
heating systems’.
What types of central heating systems are available?
How does a wet central heating system work?
What type of fuel is used in a boiler?
What is the difference between a combi boiler and a conventional
boiler?
My home is heated via a district heating system, how does this work?
I've heard that ground source heat pumps are environmentally friend-
ly, but will they lower my energy bills?
How does a warm air system work?
How does a storage heating system work?
Electric central heating vs. gas central heating?
13. Webquest
Work in groups. Research one of these topics and report your findings
to the rest of the class.
1. Types of Heating Systems.
2. Electric Central Heating vs. Gas Central Heating.
3. Nuclear Power Heating System.
These sites may help:
http://www.goodmanmfg.com/resources/heating-cooling-101/how-a-
central-heating-system-works
http://smarterhouse.org/heating-systems/types-heating-systems
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/home-energy-efficiency/heating-
and-hot-water/electric-heating-systems
94
Glossary
A
actinide any of the series of fifteen metallic elements from actinium
alternating current
(AC)
anaerobic digestion biological process making it possible to degrade organic mat-
aquifer water bearing permeable (allowing liquids or gases to pass
B
biodiesel liquid fuel made from vegetable oils, made by combining
bioenergy useful, renewable energy produced from organic matter,
biofuels unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be con-
biomass organic non-fossil material of biological origin constituting a
biopower
(biomass power)
biopower system
technologies
blade part of a wind generator rotor that catches the wind
bottom-up model proceeding from the bottom of a hierarchy upward or from
(atomic number 89) to lawrencium (atomic number 103) in
the periodic table
flow of electricity that constantly changes direction between
positive and negative sides
ter by producing biogas which is
a renewable energy source and a sludge used as fertilizer
through rock formation that is capable of storing natural gas
alcohol (usually methanol) with vegetable oil, animal fat, or
recycled cooking grease
which may either be used directly as a fuel or processed into
liquids and gases
verted directly into liquid fuels, called ‘biofuels,’ to help
meet transportation fuel needs
renewable energy source
use of biomass to generate electricity
include direct-firing, co-firing, gasification, pyrolysis, and
anaerobic digestion
the beginning of a process forward
95
C
co-firing process of burning natural gas in
conjunction with another fuel to reduce air pollutants
compliance coal coal or a blend of coals that meets sulfur dioxide emission
standards for air quality without the need for flue gas desulfurization
conservation foregoing or reduction of electric usage for the purpose of
saving natural energy resources and limiting peak demand in
order to ultimately reduce the capacity requirements for plant
and equipment
coolant liquid or gas used to transfer heat from the reactor core to the
steam generators or directly to the turbines
core central part of a nuclear reactor containing the fuel elements
and any moderator
current (electric) flow of electrons in an electrical conductor. the strength or
rate of movement of the electricity is measured in amperes
D
distribution utility refers to the regulated owner/operator of the distribution sys-
tem which serves retail customers
duct channel or tube for conveying something, in particular
E
electric utility corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or
instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilities for the
generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy primarily for use by the public
emissions release or discharge of substances,
effluents or pollutants into the environment
end-user ultimate consumer of petroleum products or natural gas
energy consump-
tion
amount of energy consumed in the form in which it is ac-
quired by the user (the term excludes electrical generation
and distribution losses)
energy efficiency defined as output energy divided by input energy, and, if nec-
essary, averaged over time
energy source source that provides the power to be converted to electricity
e.g. hydro, solar, wind, biomass, fossil fuel, nuclear fuel
energy use energy consumed during a specified time period for a specific
purpose (usually expressed in kWh)
96
EUREL
Convention of National Associations of Electrical Engineers
of Europe (EUREL)
eutectic
of, relating to, or formed at the lowest possible temperature
of solidification for any mixture of specified constituents
F
ferrite
ceramic compound consisting of a mixed oxide of iron and
one or more other metals;
ferrite has ferrimagnetic properties and is used in high-
frequency electrical components
flat-plate array PV array which does not use concentration
fossil fuel
any naturally occurring organic fuel, such as petroleum, coal,
and natural gas
fossil-fuel plant plant using coal, petroleum, or gas as its source of energy
fuel cell
capable of generating an electrical current by converting the
chemical energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy
fuel assembly
structured collection of fuel rods or elements, the unit of fuel
in a reactor
G
generating unit
any combination of physically connected generator(s),
reactor(s), boiler(s), combustion turbine(s), or other prime
mover(s) operated together to produce electric power
generation
(electricity)
generator
process of producing electric energy by transforming other
forms of energy
machine used to convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy
geothermal energy
as used at electric power plants, hot water or steam extracted
from geothermal reservoirs in the earth's crust that is supplied
to steam turbines at electric power plants that drive genera-
tors to produce electricity
geothermal plant
plant in which a turbine is driven either from hot water or by
natural steam that derives its energy from heat found in rocks
or fluids at various depths beneath the surface of the earth
gigawatt (GW)
unit of electrical power equal to one thousand-million watts,
or one thousand megawatts
gigawatthour
one billion watt-hours
(GWh)
green energy
popular term for energy produced from renewable energy
resources
97
greenhouse gases radiative gases in the Earth's atmosphere which absorb long-
wave heat radiation from the Earth's surface and re-radiate it,
thereby warming the Earth; carbon dioxide, methane and
water vapour are the main ones
grid matrix of an electrical distribution system
H
harness control and make use of (natural resources), especially to
produce energy
heater device for warming the air or water
heat pump (geo-
thermal)
heat pump in which the refrigerant exchanges heat (in a heat
exchanger) with a fluid circulating through an earth connec-
tion medium (ground or ground water)
heavy water water containing an elevated concentration of molecules with
deuterium ("heavy hydrogen") atoms; Deuterium Oxide
heavy water reactor
(HWR)
reactor which uses heavy water as its moderator, eg Canadian
CANDU (q.v.) which is a pressurised HWR (PHWR)
hub interchange where multiple pipelines or electric transmission
lines interconnect and form a market center
hydroelectric plant plant in which the turbine generators are driven by falling
water
I
IGCC integrated gasification combined cycle
installed capacity total generating units' capacities in a power plant or on a total
utility system
intermittent re-
sources
K
resources whose output depends on some other factor that
cannot be controlled by the utility e.g. wind or sun
kilowatt (kW) electrical unit of power equal to 1,000 watts
kilowatt-hour
(kWh)
basic unit of electric energy equal to one kilowatt of power
supplied to or taken from an electric circuit for one hour
kWh/year kilowatt hour per year
kWp kilowatt peak is the measure of how much power a photovol-
taic system produces from the sun under test conditions
L
landfill gas gas that is generated by decomposition of organic material at
landfill disposal sites
LCOE levelized cost of electricity (expressed per kWhe)
98
light water ordinary water (H20) as distinct from heavy water
light water reactor
(LWR)
liquefied natural
gas (LNG)
common nuclear reactor cooled and usually moderated by
ordinary water
natural gas (primarily methane) that has been liquefied by
reducing its temperature to –260 degrees Fahrenheit at at-
mospheric pressure
M
major fuels
fuels or energy sources such as electricity, fuel oil, liquefied
petroleum gases, natural gas, district steam, district hot water,
and district chilled water
megawatt (MW) one million watts
megawatt hour
one thousand kilowatt-hours or one million-watt hours
(MWh)
methane
colorless, flammable, odorless hydrocarbon gas (CH4) which
is the major component of natural gas
moderator
material such as light or heavy water or graphite used in a
reactor to slow down fast neutrons by collision with lighter
nuclei so as to expedite further fission
Mt Megatonne
MWe Megawatts of Electric Power
(refers to electric output from a generator)
MWt thermal output from a reactor or heat source
N
natural gas
naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non –
hydrocarbon gases found in porous geological formations
beneath the earth’s surface, often in association with
petroleum; the principal constituent is methane
nuclear fuel
fissionable materials that have been enriched to such a com-
position that, when placed in a nuclear reactor, will support
a selfsustaining fission chain reaction, producing heat
in a controlled manner for process use
nuclear power plant facility in which heat produced in a reactor by
the fissioning of nuclear fuel is used to drive a steam turbine
nuclear reactor
device in which a nuclear fission chain reaction occurs under
controlled conditions so that the heat yield can be harnessed
or the neutron beams utilized
O
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
99
off-peak periods of relatively low system demands
outage time during which service is unavailable from
a generating unit, transmission line, or other facility
oxide fuels
enriched or natural uranium in the form of the oxide UO2,
used in many types of reactor
P
parabolic trough
high-temperature (above 180 degrees Fahrenheit) solar ther-
mal concentrator with the capacity for tracking
the sun using one axis of rotation
peat peat consists of partially decomposed plant debris
photovoltaic (PV)
cell
electronic device consisting of layers of semiconductor
materials fabricated to form a junction (adjacent layers
of materials with different electronic characteristics) and
electrical contacts and being capable of converting incident
light directly into electricity (direct current)
photovoltaic (PV)
module
integrated assembly of interconnected photovoltaic cells
designed to deliver a selected level of working voltage and
current at its output terminals, packaged for protection
against environment degradation, and suited for incorporation
in photovoltaic power systems
piezoelectric effect
ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress
planned electric
outage
interruption of service to electric lines to permit work that
cannot be performed while the lines are energized
power plant generating station where electricity is produced
pressurised water
reactor (PWR)
most common type of light water reactor (LWR), it uses
water at very high pressure in a primary circuit and steam is
formed in a secondary circuit
pyrolysis
form of treatment that chemically decomposes organic mate-
rials by heat in the absence of oxygen
R
Radon (Rn)
heavy radioactive gas given off by rocks containing radium
(or thorium). Rn-222 is the main isotope, from decay
of radium-226
renewable re-
biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar and wind
sources
reprocessing
chemical treatment of used reactor fuel to separate uranium
and plutonium and possibly transuranic elements from the
small quantity of fission products, leaving a much reduced
quantity of high-level waste
100
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