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Файл:Английский язык для студентов бакалавриата технических направлений. English Vocabulary for power Engineering Undergraduates. Учебное пособие
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1. Способно ли человечество эффективно противостоять глобальному потеплению, вызванному изменением климата, никто с абсолютной уверенностью сказать не может.
2. Но как бы то ни было, усилия, направленные на то, чтобы если
уж не остановить, то хотя бы затормозить изменения климата, предпринимаются.
3. Одной из ключевых мер в этой программе действий является
смена парадигмы в развитии энергетики: постепенный отказ от систем,
в основе которых лежит сжигание ископаемых углеводородов, и переход на системы, в которых используются альтернативные возобновляемые энергоресурсы - ветер, солнце, тепло земных недр, морские волны, прибой и так далее.
4. Ветропарки уже сегодня вносят весомый вклад в энергоснабжение. И, как считалось, в борьбу с глобальным потеплением.
5. Сенсационным заявлением стало для общественности сообщение
группы ученых о том, что в США на обширной территории, застроенной ветросиловыми установками, за последние 9 лет среднесуточная
температура выросла на 0,72 ℃.
6. Правда, сами авторы исследования призывают не драматизировать ситуацию и не торопиться с выводами.
7. Пугающая цифра, опубликованная профессором Чжоу и его коллегами, базируется на результатах измерений, выполненных ими на
территории площадью 10 000 квадратных километров в западной части
штата Техас.
8. Исследование началось в 2003 году, когда на этом участке располагалось 111 ветросиловых установок, и завершилось в 2011 году,
когда их количество составляло 2358.
9. Таким образом, в столь значительном повышении среднесуточной температуры отразилось, прежде всего, стремительное увеличение
числа ветрогенераторов, а поскольку в дальнейшем расширение этого
ветропарка будет происходить уже не столь быстрыми темпами или
даже вовсе прекратится, то и рост температуры резко замедлится.
10. Таким образом, факт воздействия крупных ветропарков на мест-
ные климатические условия сегодня уже не вызывает сомнений.
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10. Webquest
Work in groups. Research one of these topics and report your findings
to the rest of the class.
1. EU Primary Sources Energy Targets to be Мet by 2020.
2. Renewable Energy Projects.
3. Geothermal Energy: Pros and Cons.
These sites may help:
www.eurel.org/.../EUREL-PV2040-Short_Version_Web.pdf
www.dti.gov.uk / renewable
www.windpower.org/en
http://energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work
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Unit 4
HEAT ENGINEERING
1. Guess whether the following statements are true or false, then
quickly read the text and see if your guesses were correct.
Comprehension Check
1. South American countries would rather use steam heating for conventional way of heating.
2. The peoples of ancient Southern Asia are reported to have favored direct-heating methods.
3. We owe much to ancient Greeks for introducing hypocaust system
and ducts.
4. Stoves seem to be losing the battle as inside heating means.
Historical development
The earliest method of providing interior heating was an open fire. Such
a source, along with related methods such as fireplaces, cast-iron stoves, and
modern space heaters fueled by gas or electricity, is known as direct heating
because the conversion of energy into heat takes place at the site to be
heated. A more common form of heating in modern times is known as central, or indirect, heating. It consists of the conversion of energy to heat at a
source outside of, apart from, or located within the site or sites to be heated;
the resulting heat is conveyed to the site through a fluid medium such as air,
water, or steam.
Except for the ancient Greeks and Romans, most cultures relied upon direct-heating methods. Wood was the earliest fuel used, though in places
where only moderate warmth was needed, such as China, Japan, and the
Mediterranean, charcoal (made from wood) was used because it produced
much less smoke. The flue, or chimney, which was first a simple aperture in
the centre of the roof and later rose directly from the fireplace, had appeared
in Europe by the 13th century and effectively eliminated the fire's smoke
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and fumes from the living space. Enclosed stoves appear to have been used
first by the Chinese about 600 BC and eventually spread through Russia into
northern Europe and from there to the Americas, where Benjamin Franklin
in 1744 invented an improved design known as the Franklin stove. Stoves
are far less wasteful of heat than fireplaces because the heat of the fire
is absorbed by the stove walls, which heat the air in the room, rather than
passing up the chimney in the form of hot combustion gases.
Central heating appears to have been invented in ancient Greece, but it
was the Romans who became the supreme heating engineers of the ancient
world with their hypocaust system. In many Roman buildings, mosaic tile
floors were supported by columns below, which created air spaces, or ducts.
At a site central to all the rooms to be heated, charcoal, brushwood, and, in
Britain, coal were burned, and the hot gases traveled beneath the floors,
warming them in the process. The hypocaust system disappeared with the
decline of the Roman Empire, however, and central heating was not reintroduced until some 1,500 years later.
Central heating was adopted for use again in the early 19th century
when the Industrial Revolution caused an increase in the size of buildings
for industry, residential use, and services. The use of steam as a source of
power offered a new way to heat factories and mills, with the steam conveyed in pipes. Coal-fired boilers delivered hot steam to rooms by means of
standing radiators. Steam heating long predominated in the North American
continent because of its very cold winters. The advantages of hot water,
which has a lower surface temperature and milder general effect than steam,
began to be recognized about 1830. Twentieth-century central-heating systems generally use warm air or hot water for heat conveyance. Ducted warm
air has supplanted steam in most newly built American homes and offices,
but in Great Britain and much of the European continent, hot water succeeded steam as the favoured method of heating; ducted warm air has never
been popular there. Most other countries have adopted either the American
or European preference in heating methods.
1.1. Make sure you know the meaning of Focus Words and Word Col-
locations. Use Glossary Section if necessary.
Focus Words and Word Collocations (1)
heat
heating
direct heating
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central heating
space heater
fluid medium
conversion of energy into heat
combustion gases
provide heating
convey heat
rely upon direct-heating methods
hypocaust system
duct
aperture
1.2. Check the Essential Vocabulary from the text. Give the English
equivalents to the words and word collocations.
(a)
1. тепло (как источник энергии) 2. прямое нагревание (лучистое
отопление) 3. центральное (непрямое) отопление 4. преобразование
энергии в тепло 5. жидкая среда 6. отопительный прибор 7. дымовая
труба 8. ввод (сквозное отверстие) 9. горючие газы 10. отопительная
система под полом 11. канал для прохождения горячего воздуха
12. паровое отопление 13. использование пара в качестве энергии 14.
бытовое использование (тепла) 15. подача тепла 16. бойлер, работающий на каменном угле (котел на твёрдом топливе)
(b)
1. обеспечивать нагревание 2. использовать способы прямого отопления 3. производить меньше дыма 4. поглощаться 5. подниматься по
дымовой трубе 6. проходить под полом 7. вытеснять 8. предлагать новый способ отопления 9. использовать европейский способ отопления
(c)
1. наиболее распространенной формойотопления сегодня является
центральное (непрямое) отопление 2. тепло подается посредством
жидкой среды, воздуха, воды, пара 3. в сравнении с каминами печи
теряют намного меньше тепла 4. тепло от огня поглощается стенками
печи 5. которые нагревают воздух помещения, а не исчезают в дымовой трубе в виде горючих газов 6. горячий воздух в результате прохождения под полом его нагревает 7. центральная система появляется
вновь только в 19 веке 8. использование пара в качестве энергии пред-
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лагает новый способ обогрева помещений, пар подается в трубах
9. котел на твёрдом топливе выдает горячий пар через устанавливаемые радиаторы
2. You are going to read an article on the basics of central-heating
systems. Six sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from
the sentences (A-G) the one which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
Central-heating systems and fuels
1
The essential components of a central-heating system are an appliance
in which fuel may be burned to generate heat; a medium conveyed in pipes
or ducts for transferring the heat to the spaces to be heated; and an emitting
apparatus in those spaces for releasing the heat either by convection or radiation or both.
Radiant heating, by contrast, involves the direct transmission of heat
from an emitter to the walls, ceiling, or floor of an enclosed space independent of the air temperature between them; the emitted heat sets up a
convection cycle throughout the space, producing a uniformly warmed temperature within it.
2
Air temperature and the effects of solar radiation, relative humidity, and
convection all influence the design of a heating system. An equally important consideration is the amount of physical activity that is anticipated in
a particular setting. In a work atmosphere in which strenuous activity is the
norm, the human body gives off more heat.
An upper temperature limit of 24° C (75° F) is appropriate for sedentary
workers and domestic living rooms, while a lower temperature limit of
13 °C (55 °F) is appropriate for persons doing heavy manual work.
In the combustion of fuel, carbon and hydrogen react with atmospheric
oxygen to produce heat, which is transferred from the combustion chamber
to a medium consisting of either air or water. The equipment is so arranged
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that the heated medium is constantly removed and replaced by a cooler supply – i.e., by circulation.
3
The term “boiler” more correctly refers to a vessel in which steam is
produced, and “water heater” to one in which water is heated and circulated
below its boiling point.
Natural gas and fuel oil are the chief fuels used to produce heat in
boilers and furnaces.
4
Unlike their predecessors, coal and coke, there is no residual ash product left for disposal after use. Natural gas requires no storage whatsoever,
while oil is pumped into storage tanks that may be located at some distance
from the heating equipment. The growth of natural-gas heating has been
closely related to the increased availability of gas from networks of underground pipelines, the reliability of underground delivery, and the cleanliness
of gas combustion.
5
Gas is easier to burn and control than oil, the user needs no storage tank
and pays for the fuel after he has used it, and fuel delivery is not dependent
on the vagaries of motorized transport. Gas burners are generally simpler
than those required for oil and have few moving parts.
6
In areas outside the reach of natural-gas pipelines, liquefied petroleum
gas (propane or butane) is delivered in special tank trucks and stored under
pressure in the home until ready for use in the same manner as natural gas.
A In compensation, the air temperature is kept lower in order to allow
the extra body heat to dissipate.
B If air is the medium, the equipment is called a furnace, and if water is
the medium, a boiler or water heater.
C Because burning gas produces a noxious exhaust, gas heaters must be
vented to the outside.
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D Automatic heating plants are so thoroughly protected by thermostats
that nearly every conceivable circumstance that could be dangerous is anticipated and controlled.
E They require no labour except for occasional cleaning, and they are
handled by completely automatic burners, which may be thermostatically
controlled.
F This growth is also linked to the popularity of warm-air heating systems, to which gas fuel is particularly adaptable and which accounts for
most of the natural gas consumed in residences.
G Forced-air distribution moves heated air into the space by a system of
ducts and fans that produce pressure differentials.
2.1. Make sure you know the meaning of Focus Words and Word Col-
locations. Use Glossary Section if necessary.
Focus Words and Word Collocations (2)
water / gas heater
furnace
central-heating system
warm-air heating system
natural gas heating
liquefied petroleum gas
storage tank
gas combustion
combustion chamber
residual ash product
generate heat
release the heat
produce a noxious exhaust
be vented to the outside
be stored under pressure
2.2. Check the Essential Vocabulary from the text. Give the English
equivalents to the words and word collocations.
(a)
1. нагревание излучением 2. система отопления 3. при сжигании
топлива 4. атмосферный кислород 5. камера сгорания 6. бойлер 7. водонагреватель 8. обогреватели 9. остаточный зольный продукт 10. ре-
78
зервуары для хранения 11. отопительное оборудование 12. отопление
природным газом 13. сеть подземных трубопроводов 14. сгорание газа
15. сжиженный углеводородный газ 16. отработанные газы (газовые
продукты)
(b)
1. генерировать тепловую энергию 2. отдавать (выпускать) тепло
конвекционным или радиационным способом 3. запускать (устанавливать) конвекционный цикл 4. вступать во взаимодействие с 5. производить токсичные продукты горения 6. храниться под давлением 7. доставляться в автоцистернах
(c)
1. основными компонентами центральной отопительной системы
являются 2. для получения тепловой энергии сжигается твердое или
жидкое топливо 3. эмиттеры используются для передачи тепла конвекционным или радиационным способом или и тем и другим способами
4. излучаемое тепло запускает конвекционный цикл 5. при сгорании
топлива углерод и водород, вступая во взаимодействие с атмосферным
кислородом, генерируют тепловую энергию 6. после сгорания природного газа остаточный зольный продукт не образуется 7. популярность
газового отопления может объясняться «чистым» сгоранием газа
8. в районах вне зоны доступа к газопроводам сжиженный углеводородный газ доставляется в автоцистернах и хранится под давлением
9. используется так же, как и природный газ
3. Read the articles on the three types of heating to formulate the idea
which one is most (a) awkward; (b) inefficient; (c) cumbersome; (d) costly. Justify your answers.
Hot-water heating
Water is especially favoured for central-heating systems because its
high density allows it to hold more heat and because its temperature can be
regulated more easily. A hot-water heating system consists of the boiler and
a system of pipes connected to radiators, piping, or other heat emitters
located in rooms to be heated. The pipes, usually of steel or copper, feed hot
water to radiators or convectors, which give up their heat to the room. The
water, now cooled, is then returned to the boiler for reheating. Two important requirements of a hot-water system are (1) provision to allow for the
expansion of the water in the system, which fills the boiler, heat emitters,
79
and piping, and (2) means for allowing air to escape by a manually or automatically operated valve. Early hot-water systems, like warm-air systems,
operated by gravity, the cool water, being more dense, dropping back to the
boiler, and forcing the heated lighter water to rise to the radiators. Neither
the gravity warm-air nor gravity hot-water system could be used to heat
rooms below the furnace or boiler. Consequently, motor-driven pumps are
used to drive hot water through the pipes, making it possible to locate the
boiler at any elevation in relation to the heat emitters. As with warm air,
smaller pipes can be used when the fluid is pumped than with gravity operation.
Steam heating
Steam systems are those in which steam is generated, usually at less
than 35 kilopascals (5 pounds per square inch) in the boiler, and the steam is
led to the radiators through steel or copper pipes. The steam gives up its
heat to the radiator and the radiator to the room, and the cooling of the
steam condenses it to water. The condensate is returned to the boiler either
by gravity or by a pump. The air valve on each radiator is necessary to allow
air to escape; otherwise it would prevent steam from entering the radiator.
In this system, both the steam supply and the condensate return are conveyed by the same pipe. More sophisticated systems use a two-pipe distribution system, keeping the steam supply and the condensate return as two
separate streams. Steam's chief advantage, its high heat-carrying capacity, is
also the source of its disadvantages. The high temperature (about 102 °C
[215 °F]) of the steam inside the system makes it hard to control and
requires frequent adjustments in its rate of input to the rooms. To perform
most efficiently, steam systems require more apparatus than do hot-water or
warm-air systems, and the radiators used are bulky and unattractive.
Electric heat
Electricity can also be used in central heating. Though generally more
expensive than fossil fuels, its relatively high cost can be offset by the use
of electric current when normal demand decreases, either at night or in the
wintertime – i.e., when lighting, power, and air-conditioning demands are
low and there is excess power capacity in regional or local electrical grids.
The most common method of converting electricity to heat is by resistors,
which become hot when an electric current is sent through them and meets
resistance. The current is automatically activated by thermostats in the
rooms to be heated. Resistors can be used to heat circulating air or water, or,
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