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Файл:Английский язык для студентов бакалавриата технических направлений. English Vocabulary for power Engineering Undergraduates. Учебное пособие
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Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor
These reactors are cooled by liquid sodium metal. Sodium is heavier
than hydrogen, a fact that leads to the neutrons moving around at higher
speeds (hence fast). These can use metal or oxide fuel, and burn a wide variety of fuels.
Can breed its own fuel, effectively eliminating any concerns about uranium shortages.
Can burn its own waste.
Metallic fuel and excellent thermal properties of sodium allow for passively safe operation – the reactor will shut itself down safely without any
backup-systems working (or people around), only relying on physics.
4 A Pro Con
Sodium coolant is reactive with air and water. Thus, leaks in the pipes
result in sodium fires. These can be engineered around but are a major setback for these reactors.
To fully burn waste, these require reprocessing facilities which can also
be used for nuclear proliferation.
The excess neutrons used to give the reactor its resource-utilization capabilities could clandestinely be used to make plutonium for weapons.
Positive void coefficients are inherent to most fast reactors, especially
large ones. This is a safety concern.
Not as much operating experience has been accumulated. We have only
about 300 reactor-years of experience with sodium cooled reactors.
4 В Pro Con
Molten Salt Reactor
Molten Salt Reactor’s (MSRs) are unique so far in that they use fluid fuel.
Radioactive gaseous fission products are not contained in small pins, as
they are in typical reactors. So if there is a containment breach, all the fission gases can release instead of just the gases from one tiny pin. This necessitates things like triple-redundant containments, etc. and can be handled.
The presence of an online reprocessing facility with incoming premelted fuel is a proliferation concern. The operator could divert Pa-233 to
provide a small stream of nearly pure weapons-grade U-233. Also, the entire uranium inventory can be separated without much effort.
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Very little operating experience, though a successful test reactor was
operated in the 1960s.
5 A Pro Con
Can constantly breed new fuel, eliminating concerns over energy resources.
Can make excellent use of thorium, an alternative nuclear fuel to uranium.
Can be maintained online with chemical fission product removal, eliminating the need to shut down during refueling.
No cladding means less neutron-absorbing material in the core, which
leads to better neutron efficiency and thus higher fuel utilization.
Liquid fuel also means that structural dose does not limit the life of the
fuel, allowing the reactor to extract very much energy out of the loaded fuel.
5 В Pro Con
High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor
HTGRs use little pellets of fuel backed into either hexagonal compacts
or into larger pebbles (in the prismatic and pebble-bed designs). Gas such as
helium or carbon dioxide is passed through the reactor rapidly to cool it.
Due to their low power density, these reactors are seen as promising for using nuclear energy outside of electricity: in transportation, in industry, and
in residential regimes. They are not particularly good at just producing electricity.
Materials that can stay structurally sound in high temperatures and with
many neutrons flying through them are hard to come by.
If the gas stops flowing, the reactor heats up very quickly. Backup cooling systems are necessary.
Gas is a poor coolant, necessitating large amounts of coolant for relatively small amounts of power. Therefore, these reactors must be very large
to produce power at the rate of other reactors.
Not as much operating experience.
6 A Pro Con
Can operate at very high temperatures, leading to great thermal efficiency (near 50 %!) and the ability to create process heat for things like oil re-
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fineries, water desalination plants, hydrogen fuel cell production, and much
more.
Each little pebble of fuel has its own containment structure, adding yet
another barrier between radioactive material and the environment.
6 В Pro Con
4.2. Make sure you know the meaning of Focus Words and Word Col-
locations. Use Glossary Section if necessary.
Focus Words and Word Collocations (4)
pressurized water reactor
boiling water reactor
Canada Deuterium-Uranium Reactor
sodium cooled fast reactor
coolant loop
heat exchanger
void coefficient
jet pump
fuel rod
breed fuel
heavy water
triple-redundant containment
containment breach
4.3. Check the Essential Vocabulary from the text. Give the English
equivalents to the words and word collocations.
(a)
1. корпусной водо-водяной энергетический ядерный реактор
2. теплообменник 3. теплоноситель (ядерного реактора) 4. контур теплоносителя реактора 5. оксидные топливные таблетки 6. паровой коэффициент реактивности 7. показатели парового коэффициента реактивности 8. модератор, замедлитель нейтронов 9. эксплуатационный
опыт реактора
(b)
1. использовать воду в качестве теплоносителя 2. находиться под
высоким давлением 3. проходить через теплообменник 4. образовывать
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петлю (теплоносителя) второго контура 5. вращать турбину 6. помещать в циркониевые тубы 7. обладать способностью потреблять плутониевое (ториевое) топливо 8. пузыриться (о воде) 9. зависеть от недостаточного количества урана 10. поддерживать цепную (ядерную)
реакцию 11. нарабатывать вторичное горючее 12. не позволять радиоактивным продуктам поступать в турбину 13. заставлять срабатывать
защитные охлаждающие системы 14. упрощать обслуживание реактора 15. оптимизировать процедурные работы ЯР
(c)
1. водо-водяной ядерный реактор (ВВЭР) является наиболее распространенным ЯР 2. в котором в качестве теплоносителя используется обычная вода 3. вода находится под высоким давлением 4. вода
проходит через теплообменник, передавая тепло второму контуру
ядерного реактора 5. заставляя, таким образом, турбину вращаться
6. реакторы этого типа используют оксидные топливные таблетки,
плутониевое и ториевое топливо 7. ВВЭР обладают высокими показателями отрицательного парового коэффициента реактивности 8.в случае пузырения воды реактор охлаждается 9. поскольку теплоноситель
реактора является и замедлителем реактора 10. петля (теплоносителя)
второго контура предотвращает попадание радиоактивных продуктов в
пространство турбины 11. оптимизируя, таким образом, обслуживание
реактора
5. Uranium mining and nuclear energy continue to be contentious
issues involving both factual and biased information.
Look through the responses to common nuclear power claims and say
which claims seem most plausible. What makes you think so?
Claims Responses
Uranium mines today aim for zero emission
Uranium mines inevitably pollute
their environment, tailings dams
cause pollution through leakage.
Uranium tailings retain almost all
their radioactivity, which continues
for hundreds of thousands of years.
of pollutants. Any water release is of surface
run-off and is close to drinking standard.
Tailings retention does not normally cause
pollution off site.
True, but the level of radioactivity is very low
& with normal engineering, they pose no
threat to anyone. All the radioactivity is from
the original orebody (no more is created).
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There is no safe level of radiation
N
exposure.
Nuclear wastes (as, or in, spent
fuel) are an unresolved problem.
The nuclear industry is responsible
for horrific wastes which will endure as a nightmare for our grandchildren.
Nuclear reactors are unsafe, Chernobyl was typical, and resulted in a
huge death toll.
Nuclear energy is too expensive,
energy efficiency is all that's needed, with more use of renewables.
Nuclear power enjoys massive government subsidies.
Low levels of radiation comparable to those
received naturally in some places are not
harmful. There is no evidence of any harm
below about 100 mSv/yr.
In all countries using nuclear energy there
are well established procedures for storing,
managing and transporting such wastes,
funded from electricity users. Wastes are
contained and managed, not released.
Nuclear power is the only energy-producing
industry which takes full responsibility for
managing all its wastes, and bears the cost
of this.
The nuclear industry has an excellent safety
record, with some 14,800 reactor years of
operation spanning five decades. Even a ma-
jor accident and meltdown as at Fukushima in
2011 would not endanger its neighbours.
Some Soviet designed and built reactors have
been a safety concern for many years, but are
much better now than in 1986. The Cherno-
byl disaster was basically irrelevant to any
western reactor, or any that might be built
today.
According to authoritative UN figures, the
Chernobyl death toll is 56.
There were no deaths or serious radiation
doses from the Fukushima accident.
uclear electricity is mostly competitive with
coal. If external costs are accounted, nuclear
is very competitive. Energy efficiency is vital
but cannot displace most generating capacity.
Wind power typically costs much more than
nuclear - often twice as much per kWh, and
cannot provide power on demand.
Nowhere in the world is nuclear power subsidised – on the contrary in Sweden and Germany it has a special tax. In the USA limited
subsidies are offered for initial third generation plants, the level (1.9c/kWh) equivalent to
the unlimited subsidies available for wind
generation.
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In the whole fuel cycle, nuclear
power uses nearly as much energy
as it produces.
This popular folklore is easily rebutted by
published data. In fact, considering all inputs
including waste management, less than 6% of
the output is required, usually only 2-3%.
5.1. Will you complete the table? Try to justify your point of view.
Nuclear energy does not contribute to world energy
needs.
Renewable energy sources should be used instead.
Nuclear energy makes only a trivial contribution to
reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
Transport of uranium and other radioactive material
is hazardous.
There is not enough uranium to sustain nuclear power
beyond a few decades.
Uranium enrichment plants are major emitters of
chemicals which damage the ozone layer, specifically
CFC-114 (Freon) used as coolant.
Fill in the correct word derived from the word in bold.
6.
To achieve optimum safety, nuclear… … … in the western world PLANT
operate … … … a 'defence-in-depth' approach, with multiple USE
safety systems … … … the natural features of the reactor core. SUPPLEMENT
Key aspects of the approach are: high-quality design & … … … CONSTRUCT
equipment which … … …operational disturbances or human failures PREVENT
and errors developing into problems, comprehensive … … … and MONITOR
regular testing to detect equipment or … … … failures, redundant OPERATE
and … … … systems to control damage to the fuel and prevent DIVERSIFY
significant radioactive releases, … … … to confine the effects PROVIDE
of severe fuel … … … (or any other problem) to the plant itself. DAMAGE
These can be summed up as: … … …, Monitoring, and PREVENT
Action (to mitigate … … … of failures). The safety CONSEQUENCE
provisions include a series of … … … barriers between PSYSICS
the radioactive … … … core and the environment, the provision REACT
of multiple safety systems, each with backup and … … … DESIGN
to accommodate … … … error. Safety systems account for about HUMANITY
one quarter of the … … … cost of such reactors. CAPITAL
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7. A Match the Phrasal Verbs with their definitions.
bring forward carry forward come forward (2) look forward to
move forward
push forward put forward (2) step forward
a) make something happen earlier than originally planned
b) make progress
c) want it to happen because you expect to enjoy it, anticipate
d) transfer to a new page, column, ledger (a book of financial accounts),
or similar entity
e) offer help or information
f) continue to act or do something, especially with a lot of effort
g) offer help in a difficult situation
h) propose for consideration
B Complete the lines with the Phrasal Verb from A.
1. The meeting …………………………. to eight o’clock.
2. The World Nuclear Association …………………………. a more
ambitious and effective scenario.
3. The Russians ……………………. and offered to pay the entire cost.
4. The negotiations will come to an end unless someone
…………………………. with a new proposal.
5. The total …….... then …………………. for next month’s accounts.
6. Will no one …………………………. as a candidate?
7. This meeting is intended to help us …………………………. on the
new project.
8. NPP manager of engineering support… ……………………… new
plans to tackle new targets.
9. That might be most effective means of …………………………. the
interests of the local committee.
10. We …………………………. seeing you here again.
8. Choose the correct item.
How does a nuclear power plant work?
1. A … … … power plant works pretty much like a conventional power
plant, but it produces heat energy from atoms rather than by burning coal,
oil, gas, or another fuel.
A atomical B atom C nuclear D nucleate
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2. The heat it produces is used to … … … water to make steam, which
drives one or more giant steam turbines connected to generators—and those
produce the electricity we're after.
A boil B foam C simmer D stew
3. First, uranium fuel is loaded up into the reactor—a giant concrete
dome that … … … case it explodes.
A is fortified B is strengthened C is enhanced D is reinforced
4. In the heart of the reactor (the core), atoms split apart and … … …,
producing neutrons and splitting other atoms in a carefully controlled nuclear reaction.
A confine heat energy B free heat energy C block heat energy D release
heat energy
5. … … … made of materials such as cadmium and boron can be raised
or lowered into the reactor to soak up neutrons and slow down or speed up
the chain reaction.
A coolants B cooling towers C control rods D fuel pins
6. Water is pumped through the reactor to … … … that the chain reac-
tion produces.
A obtain the heat energy B collect the heat energy C gather the heat en-
ergy D pick up the heat energy
7. It constantly flows around a … … … linking the reactor with a heat
exchanger.
A closing loop B opening loop C open loop Dclosed loop
8. … … … the heat exchanger, the water from the reactor gives up its
energy to cooler water flowing in another closed loop, turning it into steam.
A in B into C inside D within
9. Using two unconnected loops of water and the heat exchanger … …
… to keep water contaminated with radioactivity safely contained in one
place and well away from most of the equipment in the plant.
A helps B handles C encourages D enables
10. The steam from the heat exchanger … … … to a turbine, as the
steam blows past the turbine's vanes, they spin around at high speed.
A is converted B is transferred C is forwarded Dis piped
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11. The spinning turbine … … … to an electricity generator and makes
that spin too.
A is combined B is connected C is linked D is tied
12. The generator produces … … … that flows out to the power grid –
and to our homes, shops, offices, and factories.
A electricity B electric light C energy D power
9. Give the English equivalents to the following sentences.
А
1. История ядерной энергетики охватывает период более полувека,
и за это время она уже стала традиционной отраслью энергетики.
2. В настоящее время 31 страна эксплуатирует атомные электро-
станции.
3. По состоянию на 2016 год в мире насчитывалось 449 энергетиче-
ских реакторов (включая остановленные на длительный срок) общей
мощностью 391770 МВт.
4. Подавляющее большинство АЭС находятся в странах Европы,
Северной Америки, Дальневосточной Азии и на территории бывшего
СССР, в то время как в Африке их почти нет, а в Австралии и Океании
их нет вообще.
5. Доля выработки электроэнергии на АЭС в некоторых странах
достигает больших значений, так в 13 странах она превышает 30 %.
6. Мировым лидером по доле в общей выработке является Франция
(второе место по установленной мощности), в которой ядерная энергетика является национальным приоритетом – 77 %.
7. С другой стороны, в некоторых странах доля атомной энергетики
в энергобалансе незначительна, так Китай является одним из лидеров
по установленной мощности, однако, АЭС дают около 2,5 % электричества страны.
8. Мировым лидером по установленной мощности является США,
однако ядерная энергетика составляет лишь 20 % в общем энергобалансе этой страны.
9. КНР осуществляет самую масштабную программу строительства
новых АЭС, подобные программы имеют Индия, Россия, Южная Корея и в меньшей мере ещё около полутора десятка стран мира. На первые три страны приходится чуть больше половины (а именно – 32)
строящихся реакторов.
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10. В то же время в мире существует противоположные тенденции
стагнации и даже отказа от ядерной энергетики, США, Франция, Япония и некоторые другие страны закрыли ряд АЭС, Италия стала единственной страной, закрывшей все имевшиеся АЭС и полностью отказавшейся от ядерной энергетики.
11. Бельгия, Германия, Испания, Швейцария осуществляют долгосрочную политику по отказу от ядерной энергетики.
12. Азербайджан, Грузия, Литва, Казахстан отказались от ядерной
энергетики.
В
1. Атомная энергетика – это сложное производство, включающее
множество промышленных процессов, которые вместе образуют топливный цикл.
2. Существуют разные типы топливных циклов, зависящие от типа
реактора и от того, как протекает конечная стадия цикла.
3.Обычно топливный цикл состоит из следующих процессов.
4. В рудниках добывается урановая руда. Руда измельчается для
отделения диоксида урана, а радиоактивные отходы идут в отвал.
5. Полученный оксид урана (желтый кек) преобразуется в гексафторид урана – газообразное соединение.
6. Для повышения концентрации урана-235 гексафторид урана обогащают на заводах по разделению изотопов.
7. Затем обогащенный уран снова переводят в твердый диоксид
урана, из которого изготавливают топливные таблетки.
8. Из таблеток собирают тепловыделяющие элементы (твэлы), которые объединяют в сборки для ввода в активную зону ядерного реактора АЭС.
9. Извлеченное из реактора отработанное топливо имеет высокий
уровень радиации и после охлаждения на территории электростанции
отправляется в специальное хранилище.
10. Предусматривается также удаление отходов с низким уровнем
радиации, накапливающихся в ходе эксплуатации и технического обслуживания станции.
11. По истечении срока службы и сам реактор должен быть выведен из эксплуатации (с дезактивацией и удалением в отходы узлов
реактора).
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