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Файл:Lingua Latina in Pharmacia (for students in the English medium). Study aid
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Term-elements are mostly of Greek origin. They describe parts of the body, a function, a condition, or some abstract notions. The basic term-elements occur over and
over again in various combinations. The knowledge of the meaning of the roots, prefixes, and suffixes enables the student to analyze medical terms into component parts.
This is of the greatest aid in understanding the vocabulary of medicine. Some names
of diseases given by the ancients are still used nowadays, e.g. hydrophobia — fear of
water (in case of rabies).
The classical term-elements form the international language of medicine, be-
cause they are easily understood by anyone familiar with the subject matter. By
knowing the meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and root words, you can easily figure
out the meaning of the greater part of medical terms. Being declined clinical terms
get the endings like other Latin words.
Pharmacists must understand this type of words because they are an important
part of medical specialists, they are involved in discussing medication related issues
with doctors, they can advise patients about their pharmacological treatment (that’s
why they must understand the meaning of the clinical words).
Task IV. Study and memorize the following term-elements.
aetia
alg(ia)
card(ia)
enter
gastr
hydr
log(ia)
log(us)
neur
— reason, cause
— pain/ache
— heart
— small intestine
— stomach
— water
— science
— specialist
— nerve
my(os)
onc
oste
pathia
pharmac
phyt
stom(at)
— muscle
— tumor
— bone
— pathological condition,
any disease or pathology
— suffering, feeling, state
— medicine
— plant
— mouth, oral cavity
Latin ending -ia is equivalent to English -y:
E.g. cardiologia (Lat.) → cardiology (Engl.). Mind that in some Englsih clini-
cal terms the ending -ia is preserved.
Latin -logus is equivalent to English -logist:
E.g. cardiologus → cardiologist.
Dictionary form of Latin words:
(i)a → ae, f (e.g. cardiologia, ae, f).
us → i, m (cardiologus, i, m)
Task V. Find the term-elements in the following Latin terms and explain
their meanings.
Model: ostalgia → oste (bone) + algia (pain) → pain in the bones
32
aetiologia
oncologia
cardiologus
osteologia
gastralgia
neuropathologus
cardiopathia
gastroenterologia
myocardium
stomatologia
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS
Task VI. Translate the following word combinations from English into
Latin; write down the dictionary form of the words.
1. in the blue box (location)
2. yellow substance
3. aloe tinctures
4. vitaminized water
5. a jar of peppermint tincture
6. (sing.) Form tablets!
7. (sing.) Add into the mixture!
8. (plur.) Take yellow tablets!
9. (plur.) Dry chamomile!
10. (plur.) Put under the white paper.
Task VII. Derive Latin and English terms with the following meanings,
write down the dictionary form of Latin words.
Model: a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system →
neur (nerve) + logia (science) → neurologia, ae, f (English: neurology)
1. a branch of medicine that deals with the disorders of the heart as well as
some parts of the circulatory system
2. a doctor who studies and treats tumours (or cancer specialist)
3. a branch of medicine which deals with medicines and their action
4. a disease of the stomach
5. pain in the heart
6. muscle pain/ache
7. a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle
8. a medical professional who specializes in the digestive system and its
diseases
9. a specialist who treats nervous system diseases
10. the study of the muscular system, including the study of the structure, func-
tion and diseases of muscles
33
UNIT 5
MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION
Medical prescription is a doctor’s written instruction for making up (by a
pharmacist) and taking the medicine (by a patient).
The form of a medical prescription is divided into 9 parts.
I. Inscriptio — the name and code of medical institution (stamp).
II. Datum — the date of prescribing the medicine.
III. Nomen aegroti — patient’s name.
IV. Aetas aegroti — patient's age.
V. Nomen medici — doctor’s name.
Vl. Designatio materiarum (Praescriptio) — designation of medicines and
their quantity (in the Latin language).
VII. Subscriptio — directions to a pharmacist (in the Latin language).
VIII. Signatura — way of the medicine administration (in the native
language).
IX. Sigillum medici — doctor’s signature and personal seal.
Some more information about medical prescription you will get during your
further study at the University.
Structure of the medical prescription
Inscriptio — the name and code
of medical institution (stamp)
Datum — the date of prescribing the medicine.
Nomen aegroti — patient’s name. Aetas aegroti — patient's age.
Nomen medici — doctor’s name.
Recipe:
Designatio materiarum — designation of medicines quantity
and their quantity (in the Latin language)
Subscriptio — directions to a pharmacist (in the Latin language)
Signatura — way of the medicine administration
(in the native language)
Sigillum medici — doctor’s signature and personal seal
Part VI and Part VII are of particular interest because they are compiled in the
Latin language.
34
Part VI. Parts VI-VIII look like a table consisting of three columns.
Designation of medicines and their quantity begins with the word
Recipe: (or Rp.:) = Take:. It is written in the first column.
The names of the drugs are written in the second column. The quantity is writ-
ten in the third column.
There are some rules which should be observed when you compile a medical
prescription.
The name of each new component of the prescription is written on a new line
and with a capital letter. The names of medicinal substances and plants, the names of
chemical elements are always capitalized. Adjectives and anions are written with
small letters.
Recipe (Rp.:): Tincturae (Tinct.) Valerianae 10 ml
Take: Tincture of valerian 10 ml
Recipe (Rp.:): Zinci oxydi 10.0
Take: Zinc oxide 10.0
The Grammar model of a prescription line is the following:
Recipe:
Drug name in the Genitive case
(what?)
Dose (Accusative case)
(how much?)
Each drug name is used in the form of Genetive case as it depends grammati-
cally on the dose designation. The dose designation is in the Accusative Case (corresponding to the English Objective case) as it is a direct object to the verb «Recipe» —
Take.
The brand names of tablets and suppositories are written in the second column,
their names are used in the Accusative Case plural. Their dosage is standard and is
not designated. The number of prescribed tablets or suppositories is given after the
word Numero.
Recipe: Tabulettas Ancophеnum Numero 20
Take: Ancophenum tablets number 20
Recipe: Suppositoria «Bethiolum» Numero 10
Take: Bethiol suppositories number 10
35
Tablets and suppositories having one ingredient and dose designation are pre-
scribed in the similar way:
Recipe: Tabulettas Barbamyli 0.1 Numero 10
Take: Barbamyl tablets 0.1 number 10
Adjectives always follow the nouns and they never occupy the first place. The
first letter in adjectives and in the names of the anions is always small.
Recipe: Solutionis Natrii chloridi isotonicae
Take: Isotonic sodium chlorine solution
Drug dose is designated in grams or parts of grams. The parts of grams are sep-
arated from the whole number by a dot, if parts of grams are absent, a zero is put instead (e.g.: 130.0 = 130 gram,
0.3 = 0 point 3 gram,
0.003 = 3 milligram).
Liquid medicines are designated in milliliter (1 ml; 100 ml) or drops.
Recipe: Foliorum Menthae piperitae 100.0
Aquae destillatae 50 ml
If the quantity of a medicine is less than 1 ml, it is dosed in drops. One drop of
an aqueous solution equals to 0.05 ml. The number of drops is designated through
Roman figures after the word «drops» in the Accusative Case (one drop — guttam I,
ten drops — guttas X).
Recipe: Olei Menthae guttas XV
Take: Mint oil 15 drops
If two or more medicines are prescribed in equal doses, the quantity is desig-
nated once after the last drug name with the Greek word ana which means «in equal
measures». It goes before the amount.
Recipe: Tincturae Valerianae
Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml
36
Part VII. This part instructs the pharmacist what to do with the components
listed in the medical prescription above (mix, sterilize, etc.), what drug form to obtain
(pills, powder, ointment etc.), how many doses to prepare (number of pills, ampoules)
and how to pack the medicine (in paper, in a bottle, etc.). this information is given in
the second column, after the names of the components.
The directions to the pharmacists are standard phrases which use verbs in the
Imperative mood. A physician may use either the forms of the Imperative or the
forms of the Conjunctive Mood as they are considered interchangeable.
The following words are used: Misce. — Mix. Da. — Give.
If a doctor wants to give the limited number of tablets or ampoules etc., we can
write Da tales doses Numero 10 which means - Give such doses number 10.
It can also be Da tales doses Numero 10 in tabulettis (in ampoules)
Give such doses number 10 in tablets (or in ampoules)
A doctor can write Da in vitro nigro (Give in a black vial)
Da in charta cerata (Give in waxed paper).
In a medical prescription the verbs fiat (+ noun in Nominative singular) or
fiant (+ noun in Nominative plural) designate which drug form should be obtained. It
usually deals with powders, oinments, pastes, liniments, emulsions and suppositories.
After the verb fiat Nominative case singular is used. After the verb fiant Nominative
case plural is used.
E.g. Misce, fiat, unguentum
Misce, fiant tabulettae
Part VII. This part designates the way the patients must take the drug, in
which dose and how often. This part is introduced by the Latin word Signa (Desig-
nate in English). The instruction to the patient is written in the native language of the
patient.
Example of the medical prescription:
Recipe:
Tincturae Aloës
Olei Menthae piperitae
Olei Hippophaës
Foliorum Althaeae
Gemmarum Betulae
Paracetamoli
Misce. Da.
Signa.
5 ml
guttam I
guttas X
10.0
ana 3.0
37
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
aceticus, a, um
acetylsalicylicus, a, um
ascorbinicus, a, um
clausus, a, um
compositus, a, um
concisus, a, um
concentratus, a, um
destilatus, a, um
depuratus, a, um
dilutus, a, um
exciccatus, a, um
externus, a, um
internus, a, um
lactosus, a, um
medicatus, a, um
multus, a, um
obductus, a, um
paratus, a, um
pulveratus, a, um
purificatus, a, um
rectificatus, a, um
sterilisatus, a, um
venenatus, a, um
Artemisia cina (ae, f)
Recipe
Da tales doses Numero 10
ad
ana
Misce.
Da.
Signa.
cito
citissime
statim
asceptice
quantum satis
caute
— acetic
— acetylsalicylic
— ascorbic
— closed, clogged
— composite, compound, compounded
— fragmented, cut very small
— concentrated
— distilled
— depurated, clear (about fat)
— diluted
— dried
— external
— internal
— lactic
— medicinal
— a lot of, many
—film-coated (tablet)
— prepared
— pulverized, in powder, powdered, reduced
— to powder
— purified (about vaccine, serum, antitoxin)
— refined (through distillation)
— sterilized
— poisonous, toxic
— Levant wormwood, santonica wormwood
— Take
— Give such doses number10
— up to
— in equal measures/amount
— Mix.
— Give.
— Designate.
— urgently
— as soon as possible
— immediately
— aseptically
— a sufficient quantity
— carefully, cautiously, with security
38
LATIN APHORISMS
Verba volant, scripta manent.
Circulus vitiosus.
— Words fly away, written remains.
— Vicious circle. Up a gum-tree.
ASSIGNMENTS
Task I. Decline the following word combinations in all cases:
scatula clausa
tinctura parata
Task II. Translate the following word combinations from Latin into
English.
1. in aqua destillata
2. tabulattae obductae
3. Camphora trita
4. herba pulverata
5. in ampullis sterilisatis
6. herba Artemisia cinae concisa
7. tincturae paratae
8. plantae exciccatae
9. in plantis venenatis
10. lagoena clausa
Task III. Write down the dictionary form of the words and translate the
following word combinations from English into Latin. Turn them into the
Genetive case.
1. grated camphor
2. peppermint
3. distilled water
4. etheric tincture
5. bitter tablet
6. bitter tablets
7. substantia amara
8. tincture of magnolia vine
9. leaves of magnolia vine
10. buds of birch
11. herb of althaea
12. leaves of aloe
39
Task IV. Translate the following medical prescriptions from Latin into
English.
1
Recipe:
Tincturae Menthae piperitae
Da. Signa.
15 ml
2
Recipe:
Tincturae Valerianae aethereae
Gemmarum Betulae
Misce. Da. Signa
10 ml
30.0
3
Recipe:
Tincturae Convallariae
Tincturae Valerianae aethereae
Tincturae Belladonnae
Misce. Da. Signa.
5 ml
ana 10 ml
4
Recipe:
Tincturae amarae
Da in vitro nigro. Signa.
20.0
5
Recipe:
Tincturae Armeniacae
Herbae Tormentillae
Tincturae Echinaceae purpureae
Da. Signa.
guttas V
30.0
30 ml
Task V. Translate the following medical prescriptions from English into
Latin.
6
Take:
Tincture of eucommia
Give. Designate.
25 ml
7
Take:
Tincture of purple coneflower
Give. Designate.
30 ml
8
Take:
Burnet
Distilled water
Give. Designate.
25.0
100 ml
9
Take:
Nettle
Mint
Distilled water
Give. Designate
15.0
30.0
100 ml
10
Take:
Pillular mass in a sufficient quantity
Give. Designate.
40
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS
Task VI. Decline the following word combinations in all cases:
- Chamomilla alba;
- olla flava.
Task VII. Translate the following sentences from Latin into English. Pay
attention to the usage of verbs in the Imperative mood.
1. Ausculta collegam.
2. Verte!
3. Miscete, filtrate, date.
4. Bene audi.
5. Bene stude.
6. Divide massam pilularum.
7. Da tabulettas et capsulas.
8. Praepara guttas tincturae Convallariae.
9. Da Bromcamphoram in tabulettis.
10. Recipe guttas tincturae Valerianae.
Task VIII. Find the term-elements in the following Latin terms and ex-
plain their meanings.
gastroenteropathia
pahrmacologia
osteologus
stomatopathia
phytologia
cardiomyopathia
aetiologia
neuralgia
neurooncologia
oncopharmacologus
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