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Файл:Linguistic and Cultural Studies of English-speaking countries. Лингвострановедение. Англоязычные страны. Учебное пособие
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное
учреждение высшего образования
«Воронежский государственный технический университет»
Лукина Л. В.
LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL STUDIES
OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
ЛИНГВОСТРАНОВЕДЕНИЕ.
АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫЕ СТРАНЫ
Учебное пособие
2-е издание, переработанное и дополненное
Воронеж 2022
УДК 802:910(075.8)
Лукина, Л. В.
Л841
Linguistic and Cultural Studies of English-speaking countries.
Лингвострановедение. Англоязычные страны: учебное пособие /
Л. В. Лукина. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп.; ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский
государственный технический университет». – Воронеж: Изд-во
ВГТУ, 2022. – 140 с.
ББК 81.2 Англ: 26.89я7
Л841
Рецензенты:
кафедра общегуманитарных и естественнонаучных дисциплин и физического
воспитания Воронежского филиала Московского гуманитарно-экономического
института (д-р филол. наук, проф. Панкина М. Ф.);
М. А. Стернина, д-р филол. наук, проф., зав. кафедрой английского языка
естественнонаучных факультетов Воронежского государственного
университета
ISBN 978-5-7731-1006-4
Пособие содержит обширный страноведческий материал по англоязычным
странам, отдельные разделы знакомят студентов с географией, политической и
образовательной системами англоязычных государств, а также с различными
сторонами их современной жизни. Пособие включает теоретический и
практический материалы: лекции, планы семинарских занятий, темы презентаций,
контрольные вопросы, тесты для самостоятельной оценки качества освоения
дисциплины, а также народные и популярные песни Великобритании и США.
Материал пособия предполагает активное усвоение и самостоятельное изучение
дисциплины «Лингвострановедение англоязычных стран».
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, занимающихся по
программе «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации», и рассчитано
на 141 час (121 час аудиторных занятий и 20 часов самостоятельной работы).
Библиогр.: 38 назв.
УДК 802:910(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ: 26.89я7
ISBN 978-5-7731-1006-4 © Лукина Л. В., 2022
© Воронежский государственный
технический университет, 2022
2
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Учебное пособие «Лингвострановедение. Англоязычные страны» предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по программе дополнительной квалификации «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации» и составлено в
соответствии с действующими государственными стандартами и программой
по данному курсу.
Пособие в систематизированном виде содержит необходимые для изучения курса материалы: лекции, планы семинарских занятий, практические задания, темы презентаций, контрольные вопросы и тесты для самостоятельной
оценки качества освоения дисциплины. Оно может быть использовано как для
аудиторной, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов.
Цель пособия заключается в том, чтобы познакомить студентов с историей и культурой Великобритании, США, Канады, Ирландии, Австралии и Новой
Зеландии, а также сформировать навыки критического осмысления явлений современной англоязычной культуры. Данная цель определяется тем, что курс
лингвострановедения является составной частью подготовки студентов переводческой специализации в области профессиональной коммуникации.
Пособие охватывает шесть англоязычных стран мира. В нем отражена обширная информация о прошлом и настоящем Великобритании, Соединенных
Штатов Америки, Канады, Ирландии, Австралии и Новой Зеландии. В пособии
использованы аутентичные страноведческие материалы, которые сопровождаются
заданиями, способствующими умению выражать мысль на английском языке.
Данное учебное пособие состоит из 12 разделов (Part), включающих 27
лекций (Lecture) и 8 семинарских занятий (Seminar). Заключительная часть пособия (Supplements) содержит перечень тем для курсовой работы, образцы
оформления курсовой работы, вопросы для повторения и подготовки к сдаче
зачета и экзамена.
Пособие открывается тестом для самоконтроля исходных знаний студентов по различным сторонам жизни Великобритании.
Первый раздел посвящен предмету «Лингвострановедение» и понятию
«Культура». Второй и третий разделы содержат общие сведения о Великобритании. Далее следуют шесть тематических разделов, посвященных Великобритании и другим англоязычным странам, каждый из которых состоит из нескольких лекций. Темы для обсуждения в конце каждой лекции дают возможность обобщить материал лекции, закрепить и детализировать его, а также выразить свое отношение к данной теме. В пособие включен раздел, посвященный народной музыке и песням Британии и США.
Курс «Лингвострановедение. Англоязычные страны» объемом 121 час
изучается в течение трех семестров на 2-м и 3-м курсах.
3
CULTURAL STUDIES
British Studies Quiz
Test your Knowledge
I. Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. The capital of Northern Ireland is
a) Dublin
b) Cardiff
c) Belfast
2. The British flag is often called
a) the Union Jack
b) the Stars and Stripes
c) the Maple Leaf
3. Ben Nevis is
a) a famous footballer
b) a sort of whiskey
c) a mountain
4. The national currency of the UK is
a) the euro
b) the dollar
c) the pound
5. The most popular sport in Britain is
a) ice hockey
b) baseball
c) football
6. Britain’s national drink is
a) tea
b) Coca-Cola
c) Coffee
7. The mysterious Loch Ness Monster is from
a) Wales
b) Iceland
c) Scotland
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8. The famous British newspaper which is printed on pink paper is
a) The Times
b) The Guardian
c) The Financial Times
9. The Beatles started their career in
a) London
b) Liverpool
c) Birmingham
10. The kilt is
a) a shirt
b) a skirt
c) a pair of trousers
11. British football fans
a) are the most indifferent fans in the world.
b) are very reserved.
c) have a very bad reputation in Europe for their behaviour.
12. Stonehenge is about …….. years old.
a) 40
b) 400
c) 4000
II. True or false.
1. The future king of England is called the Prince of Wales.
2. Welsh is an official language in Wales.
3. The BBC stands for “Best British Culture”.
4. A mile is longer than a kilometre.
5. Elizabeth II has two birthdays.
6. In Britain, black cats are believed to bring bad luck.
7. Speakers’ Corner is part of the British Parliament.
8. The President of Britain is elected every seven years.
9. A bobby is a guard at the Tower of London.
10. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.
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PART ONE
BRITISH CULTURAL STUDIES
Subject
Iceberg of Culture
High Culture and Sub-cultures
Culture and Traditions
The Language of Cross Cultural Communication
Subject. Cultural studies as an academic discipline emerged in the second
half of the 1980s. The subject of British Cultural Studies is the history, social
and cultural practice of people of the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States
of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and also connecting with language
phenomena.
British Cultural Studies as a multidisciplinary subject is based on the no-
tion of culture. In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars such as Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams developed Cultural Studies. They identified "culture"
with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports,
and clothing). The British version of cultural studies was developed in the 1950s and
1960s. In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular
culture, that is, the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. It
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began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history.
Iceberg of Culture. According to the British scholar Robert Gibson’s view of
culture, it is an iceberg phenomenon. The visible part of culture is formed up by insti-
tutes (state structure, government, mass media, education system, etc.), artifacts
(fashion, food, etc.), and behaviour (body language, addressing other people, conducting business, expressing love, hate, etc.). The invisible part of an iceberg of culture is made up of beliefs (faith, religion), attitudes (those formed up by upbringing,
education) and values (shaped by the family, tradition, society).
"Cultural studies" is concerned with the meaning and practices of everyday
life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching
television, or eating out) in a given culture.
High Culture and Sub-Cultures. Culture is made up of High Culture
(Arts) and Sub-Cultures. Culture includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture.
High Culture or Arts includes literature, visual arts, especially painting, archi-
tecture and the performing arts – music, drama, dance and film.
In cultural studies, a subculture is a culture (whether distinct or hidden), or a
group of people, which differentiates from the larger culture, for example, if a particular subculture is characterized by a systematic opposition to the dominant culture, it
may be described as a counterculture. Members of a subculture often signal their
membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions,
mannerisms, and argot. The study of subcultures often consists of the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible affectations by members of subcultures. It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style (particularly clothing and music) may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes.
Music-based subcultures such as jazz, punk, hip hop and rave cultures now may represent mass culture. The punk subculture's distinctive (and initially shocking) style
of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies.
Cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. A cultural arti-
fact is any object made or modified by a human. An artifact is anything that can be
placed in your houses. Artifacts deal with kitchen and history of food, body culture
and sports, housing and privacy, parks and gardens.
Culture and Traditions. The word ‘Culture’ has a number of meanings. It of-
ten refers to music, literature, art, and higher education. It also means the customs of
a society and the way in which people interact with each other.
These are fundamental things that everyone knows from his or her childhood,
and which are automatic to the people who live in that culture. They include everything from the common courtesies (правила вежливости) and details of daily life to
the deeper issues of a person's place in society, of family, of life.
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Certain types of behaviour are expected in English-speaking countries. The
Americans like to speak about their home, colleges and achievements. The English
like to speak about weather. Nicknames are much more often used in the USA than in
Britain.
People in both countries consider time as an expensive object or material. They
talk about it in many different ways. They save it, waste it, spend it, kill it. They have
free time, leisure time, spare time. They invest in it and carefully budget it. Be polite
and friendly in public places. Daily showers and a fresh set of clothes are the norm.
Smile and people will smile with you.
The Language of Cross Cultural Communication. There are around 6,000
living languages in the world. English is one of the most widely used languages in the
world. In the 16th century, English was the mother tongue of only a few million people living in England. But owing to the nation’s colonization to other parts of the
globe, today English is the native language of over 340 million people in the world,
and about 350 million people speak it as a second language.
Today knowledge of foreign languages is important because they are the main and
the most efficient means of information exchange between the people of the world.
English is the language that originated in England and is now widely spoken on six
continents. English is an official language in over 75 of the world’s territories. The
native speakers of English live in Great Britain, in the United States of America,
Australia and New Zealand, and various islands in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific
Ocean. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada and South
African Republic. As a second language it is used in the former British and US colonies.
In the world, one person in seven speaks English as either a primary or
secondary language.
English is a member of the western group of the Germanic languages (part of
the Indo-European language family).
English is the major international language for communication in such areas as
science, technology, business and mass media. English is used as one of the official
languages of the United Nations Organisation. It is the language of computer
software and video games, literature and education, popular music and satellite
broadcasting, academic conferences and international tourism.
English is the language of international commerce. Over 80 per cent of the
world’s electronically stored information is in English and two-thirds of the world’s
scientists read in English. English words are borrowed to add to other languages.
Almost all computer terms in Russian are taken from English.
Every good specialist has to know English because it is necessary nowadays.
When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the country
where this language is spoken.
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PART TWO
BRITAIN: GENERAL SURVEY
1. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE
The British Isles
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
The British Isles
England is the most important component of Britain and is a part of the
British Isles. When the British themselves speak of England, they mean only
England. When they say Great Britain, they mean England, Wales and Scot-
land. For the United Kingdom they add Northern Ireland. The British Isles is
Great Britain, with the addition of the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, and
other small islands.
The northern and western parts of Britain are highlands, poor inhabited;
the eastern and southern parts are lowlands, rich and densely populated. Low-
land Britain, essentially Anglo-Saxon, has had an entirely different history
from Highland Britain, mainly Celtic. To this day, the Highland peoples – the
Scots, the Welsh and the Irish – are distinct in traditions, language, outlook,
from the Lowland English.
All over the British Isles, there reigns a maritime climate, temperate and
rainy. Winter may be damp and foggy.
England
England is the largest, the industrial and the most densely populated part
of the United Kingdom. England with its 45 million people has varieties of
scenery and humanity. The North of England is its industrial area, and the
South is agricultural.
The coasts of England are washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the
English Channel and the Strait of Dover. The Channel Tunnel, railway network,
is now linked directly to Europe. Eurostar trains run several times a day from the
centre of London to Paris and Brussels.
There are many rivers in England. The longest and the most important one
is the Thames.
Northern England, Midlands and Southern England – each part of England
is different. The Lake District in Northern England with its lakes, mountains and
valleys is a favourite holiday area.
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Scotland
Highland Britain includes Scotland, where over five million people live.
Scotland takes up one third of the territory of the British Isles. The largest section is taken up by the Scottish Highlands, a beautiful region of blue peaks,
freshwater lakes, called lochs (the best-known is Loch Ness), thinly populated
by small farmers and fishermen, some of whom still speak the Gaelic. The Che-
viot Hills mark the boundary between England and Scotland. The highest mountain of the Highlands of Scotland is Ben Nevis (1343 metres).
Edinburgh is the capital and cultural centre of Scotland. Scotland was
joined into the UK in 1707, after a long struggle for its independence.
The Scotsman of comic papers is supposed to have red hair, and to be ad-
dicted to golf, whisky, to wear the kilt and to play the bagpipes. The Scots have
a passion for learning, and a magnificent sense of hospitality. They are proud of
their great poets Robert Burns, George Byron.
Wales
Wales, where 3 million people now live, was long protected from invasion by
its mountains, which accounts for the survival of the Welsh language and culture.
Wales is a highland country of old rocks. North Wales is known for its feudal castles, and impressive scenery including mountains and valleys. South Wales is a land
of high hills. The pride of Wales in scenery is Snowdonia, a region of high mountains. Snowdon is the highest mountain in England and Wales.
The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the largest city of Wales. Wales became
part of England in 1536.
The Welsh are fond of folk music, singing, poetry and drama.
Wales has its own flag called the Welsh dragon. A red dragon is the offi-
cial symbol of Wales.
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is the smallest component of the United Kingdom, where 1,7
million people live. It occupies the northeast of the island of Ireland, only one-sixth of its
territory. Belfast is its capital city, a modern industrial town and a large sea-port.
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