Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Основы трансформации теплоты. Учебное пособие
.pdf
ȼ. Ⱦ. Ƚɚɥɞɢɧ
ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ ɌȿɉɅɈɌɕ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
2023
ɍȾɄ 621.577
ȻȻɄ 31.39
Ƚ15
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ (ɈɦȽɍɉɋ) ȼ. Ɋ. ȼɟɞɪɭɱɟɧɤɨ;
ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ (ɋɢɛȺȾɂ) Ⱥ. Ʌ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ
Ƚɚɥɞɢɧ, ȼ. Ⱦ.
Ƚ15 Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ȼ. Ⱦ. Ƚɚɥɞɢɧ. –
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2023. – 116 ɫ. : ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-1477-7
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ, ɩɚɪɨɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ, ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ. Ⱦɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɢɚɬɚ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ «Ɍɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ
ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦ «Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ» ɢ «Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ».
ISBN 978-5-9729-1477-7
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2023
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2023
Ƚɚɥɞɢɧ ȼ. Ⱦ., 2023
ɍȾɄ 621.577
ȻȻɄ 31.39
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ ............................................................................................... 4
1. ɌȿɊɆɈȾɂɇȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
ɌȿɉɅɈɌɕ ......................................................................................................... 5
1.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ..................................................... 5
1.2. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ............................ 7
2. ɊȺȻɈɑɂȿ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼȺ ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɌɈɊɈȼ ɌȿɉɅɈɌɕ ................ 10
2.1. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ .................................................................. 11
2.2. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ........................ 17
2.3. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ............................... 21
2.4. Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ......................................................... 25
3. ɋɏȿɆɕ ɂ ɐɂɄɅɕ ɉȺɊɈȼɕɏ ɏɈɅɈȾɂɅɖɇɕɏ ɆȺɒɂɇ .............. 30
3.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ....................................................................................... 30
3.2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ..................................................................................... 39
4. ɊȺȻɈɑɂɃ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋ ȼ ɄɈɆɉɊȿɋɋɈɊȿ ............................................... 43
4.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ....................................... 43
4.2. ɏɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ .......................................... 48
4.3. Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ............................ 54
4.4. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ .................................................................................................. 56
5. ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɋɏȿɆɕ ɂ ɐɂɄɅɕ ɉȺɊɈȼɕɏ
ɆɇɈȽɈɋɌɍɉȿɇɑȺɌɕɏ ɏɈɅɈȾɂɅɖɇɕɏ ɆȺɒɂɇ ............................. 62
5.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ .................................................................................... 62
5.2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ... 76
6. ɉȺɊɈɗɀȿɄɌɈɊɇɕȿ ɏɈɅɈȾɂɅɖɇɕȿ ɆȺɒɂɇɕ ............................ 79
7. ȺȻɋɈɊȻɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɏɈɅɈȾɂɅɖɇɕȿ ɆȺɒɂɇɕ ............................... 85
8. ȽȺɁɈȼɕȿ ɏɈɅɈȾɂɅɖɇɕȿ ɆȺɒɂɇɕ ................................................ 88
8.1. Ɍɭɪɛɨɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ................................................................ 88
8.2. ȼɢɯɪɟɜɵɟ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɢ ........................................................................... 96
9. ɌȿɉɅɈȼɕȿ ɇȺɋɈɋɕ ............................................................................ 102
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɋɉɂɋɈɄ .......................................................... 105
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ............................................................................................. 106
3
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ
Ⱦɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ «Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ» ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ 140100 «Ɍɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ» ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɨɣ «Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ» ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ (ɬɟɪɦɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚɦ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɨɬ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ
ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ, ɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ
ɰɢɤɥɵ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ ɟɟ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ. Ʉ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ Ɍ
ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.
t 120 Ʉ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɇ
ɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɢ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
Ʉɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ Ɍ
< 120 Ʉ) ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ-
ɇ
ɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɠɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ,
ɚɡɨɬ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ «ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɹɞɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ» Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲ
-
ɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɅɌɂɏɉ), ɫ 1990 ɝ. – ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ: ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ / ɉɨɞ. ɪɟɞ. ɇ. ɇ. Ʉɨɲɤɢɧɚ – Ʌ.: ɅɌɂɏɉ, 1973 (1985 ɝ. – ɩɨɞ. ɪɟɞ.
ɂ. Ⱥ. ɋɚɤɭɧɚ, 1997, 2006 ɝ. – ɩɨɞ. ɪɟɞ. Ʌ. ɋ. Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ).
4
1. ɌȿɊɆɈȾɂɇȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ
ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ ɌȿɉɅɈɌɕ
1.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ (ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɂɇɌ)) ɤ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ (ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɂȼɌ)) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ (ɬɟɪɦɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1) ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ: ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ – ɂȼɌ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ – ɂɇɌ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ɍ
(20 °ɋ).
, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 293 Ʉ
Ɉɋ
Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɬɟɪɦɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ:
ɚ – ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ; ɛ – ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ;
ɜ – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ; ɝ – ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ
5
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɜɨɞɱɢɤɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ Ɍ
< ɌɈɋ, ɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ
ɂɇɌ
= ɌɈɋ,
ɂȼɌ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 1, ɚ).
ɉɪɢ Ɍ
t ɌɈɋ ɢ Ɍ
ɂɇɌ
> ɌɈɋ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩ-
ɂȼɌ
ɥɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1, ɛ).
ɉɪɢ Ɍ
< ɌɈɋ ɢ Ɍ
ɂɇɌ
> ɌɈɋ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɟ
ɂȼɌ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ – ɢ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ; ɨɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1, ɜ).
ɉɪɢ Ɍ
>> ɌɈɋ ɢ Ɍ
ɂȼɌ
= ɌɈɋ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɜ
ɂɇɌ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ; ɨɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1, ɝ).
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬɜɨɞɟ ɜ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ɍ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ
ɇ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ɍɇ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɩɪɢ Ɍ
t 120 Ʉ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɇ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɩɪɢ Ɍɇ < 120 Ʉ – ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ,
ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɨɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚ), ɞɥɹ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ – ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ Ɍ
> ɌɈɋ.
ȼ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.2 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.2. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
6
1.2. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ [8]. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ
ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɤ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɭɥɸ, ɢ
ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ɏɨɥɨɞ ɞɨ 120 Ʉ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ:
ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɪɢ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɩɨɪɬɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɭɲɤɟ;
ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ –
ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ;
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ – ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ, ɬ. ɟ. ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ;
ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ – ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ;
ɧɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ – ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨɩɨɪɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ;
ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɮɥɨɬɟ – ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɛɵ ɢ
ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ;
ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ,
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɩɟɧɢɰɢɥɥɢɧ,
ɫɬɪɟɩɬɨɦɢɰɢɧ, ɷɮɢɪ, ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɞɪ.);
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞ-
ɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;
ɜ ɩɚɪɮɸɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ;
7
ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɤɟ ɲɚɯɬ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ
ɩɥɨɬɢɧ, ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɟɣ – ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɥɵɜɭɧɨɜ;
ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ – ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɪɦɢɢ;
ɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ – ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɟɞɹɧɵɯ
ɤɚɬɤɨɜ.
ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɧɢɠɟ
120 Ʉ), ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ:
ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ – ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɟɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɱɭɝɭɧɚ, ɮɟɪɪɨɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ȼ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ
(ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɪɝɨɧ – ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ
ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ;
ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɤɢ ɢ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɹɝɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɜɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɢ. ɇɢɡɤɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɹɡɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚɬɹɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ;
ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ,
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɟɣɬɟɪɢɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɢɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɨɜ, ɨɫɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɤɢɩɹɳɢɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ;
ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ,
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɥɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ;
ɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɟ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ) ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɟ;
ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ – ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɝɟ-
ɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɥɢɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ) ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
8
ɤɪɢɨɪɟɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ;
ɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ – ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɤɪɢɨɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɪɚɞɢɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ;
ɜ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ – ɞɥɹ ɯɢɪɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (ɤɪɢɨɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ);
ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ
-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ – ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɥ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ
ɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ (ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ), ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ
ɞɥɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, «ɬɨɤɚɦɚɤɢ» ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ
ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɢɤɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ t > °ɋ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɠɚɪɤɢɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɥɹ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɟɤɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɫɭɲɤɢ, ɫɭɛɥɢɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ.,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ 130230 °ɋ.
Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
9
2. ɊȺȻɈɑɂȿ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼȺ ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɌɈɊɈȼ ɌȿɉɅɈɌɕ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɨɦ. ɗɬɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɟɥ, ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ –
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɟ (ɢɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɟɟ) – ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ (ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 100 ɞɨ – 160 °ɋ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40 ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɬɨɪɯɥɨɪɛɪɨɦɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, ɷɬɚɧɚ, ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ ɢ ɛɭɬɚɧɚ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɮɪɟɨɧɨɜ (ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ). Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɮɪɟɨɧɚ
ɋmHnFpClqBrr,
ɝɞɟ m, n, p, q, r – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɟɨɧɚ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ 15 ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ, 55 – ɷɬɚɧɚ, 332 – ɩɪɨɩɚɧɚ, ɛɨɥɟɟ 1000 – ɛɭɬɚɧɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜ-ɮɪɟɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɹɬɶ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɚɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭɪɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ
-
ɥɹɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ: ɯɥɨɪɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ – ɏɎɍ; ɛɪɨɦɯɥɨɪɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ – ȻɏɎɍ; ɝɢɞɪɨɯɥɨɪɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ –
ȽɏɎɍ; ɝɢɞɪɨɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ – ȽɎɍ; ɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ – Ɏɍ; ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ – Ƚɍ.
ɏɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ – ɧɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ. ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ – ɧɚ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ. ɉɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ 30 °ɋ – ɧɚ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ (27 Ɇɉɚ),
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ (0,32 Ɇɉɚ) ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ (ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0,3 Ɇɉɚ) ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ – ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ (t
ɧɟɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ (t
= 60…10 °ɋ), ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ (tɇ > 10 °ɋ).
H
< 60 °ɋ), ɫɪɟɞ-
ɇ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ. ɏɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ.
10
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]