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2.3. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ [11].
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ Ɇɨɧɪɟɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ (1987 ɝ.) ɢ Ʉɢɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ (1997 ɝ.) ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɏɎɍ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɡɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ: ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɨɡɨɧɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ;
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ
ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɧɟ ɯɭɠɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ.
ɋ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ R12 ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ R134ɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ȽɎɍ. Ɉɧ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ R12 ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɯ,
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɧɚ R134ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 5 % ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟ 0 °ɋ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɧɚ 5 % ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ – 10 °ɋ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ R134ɚ ɧɚ 812 % ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ
ɭ R12, ɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɜɵɲɟ. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɭ R12 ɢ R134ɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 2 ɤȼɬ/ɦ2) ɟɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ R 134ɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 515 %. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ (ɧɚ 1030 %) ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ
ɞɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ. ɏɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬ R134ɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ. ɂ ɬɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
21
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ (ɪɟɬɪɨɮɢɬɚ) R12 ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɦɟɫɟɜɵɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ ɪɟɬɪɨɮɢɬ (retrofit) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɨɡɨɧɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɏɎɍ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ R12, R11, R502. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ȽɏɎɍ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ 20302040 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ. Ʉɢɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ 1997 ɝ. ɨɬɧɟɫ ȽɎɍ ɢ Ɏɍ
ɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɝɚɡɚɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ,
ɜɨɞɚ, ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ, ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ. ȼɫɟ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɡɨɧɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɨɬ 0 (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɚɦɦɢɚɤ) ɞɨ ɬɪɟɯ
(ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ). ɍɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɩɨɠɚɪɨ- ɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵ.
Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ – ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ, ɞɟɲɟɜɵɣ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ,
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɞɜɚ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ (ODP = 0, GWP = 0). ɍ
ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ. ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɚ
ɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɢɠɟ ɜ 1015 ɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ
R22 ɢ R502. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬ, ɱɟɦ ɮɪɟɨɧ R22, ɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ R134ɚ (310 %).
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, TEWI.
Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɫ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ
ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɋɟɡɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɟɬ
ɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɬɟɱɤɚɯ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɥɟɝɱɟ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɨɧ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ.
22
Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦ ɫ ɦɟɞɶɸ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɦɟɞɶ.
ɍ R717 ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ.
R717 ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦ ɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɚɫɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ. ȼ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɝɥɢɤɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ
ɜ
ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ,
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ 1528 %
(ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ.
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɪɹɞ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɧɢɡɤɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ – ɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɤȼɬ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɤ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɭ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɟ, ɧɟɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɟ, ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɟɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ (ODP = 0, GWP = 1). Ɉɧ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦ ɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ. R744
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɪɨɣɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ: ɪ = 0,518 Ɇɉɚ
t = 56,4 °ɋ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ: ɪ
= 7,38 Ɇɉɚ, tɄɊ = 31,2 °ɋ. Ɍɟɪ-
ɄɊ
,
ɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ R744 ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ: ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɜ ɋɈ
ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɟ-
2
ɥɢɤɚ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɯ (ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɌȿWI ɞɥɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫ R744 ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫ R134ɚ), ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɟ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɯ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɨɞɵ. R744 ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ. ȿɝɨ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ
ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ.
23
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ
(~1,0 ɤȾɠ/(ɤɝāɄ)). ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɠɢɦɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ (ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ) ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ (ȼɏɆ)
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ȼɏɆ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɚ, ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɚ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɚ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬ. ɉɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ȼɏɆ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ. ȼɏɆ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ – 70 °ɋ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40 °ɋ.
ȼɨɞɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ (R718) – 2501 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ ɩɪɢ 0 °ɋ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ (0,796 ɤɉɚ ɩɪɢ t = 2 °ɋ), ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɚɪɚ
ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ (226 ɦ3/ɤɝ ɩɪɢ 0 °ɋ), ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
(ɩɪɢ 0 °ɋ ɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. ȼɨɞɭ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɦɢɫɬɨɥɢɬɢɟɜɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ.
ɇɨɜɨɟ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨ-
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ.
Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɏɏI ɜ. ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɡɨɧɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚɦ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɯɨɥɨɞɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɜ [11].
24
2.4. Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɯɥɚɞɨɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ Ɍs- ɢ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ
(ɪɢɫ. 2.1). Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ.
ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ: ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ – t,
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ X, ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ – s ɢ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ h.
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ Ʉ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɚ. ɇɢɠɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ – ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ – ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ – ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ, ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ (
ɬɪɨɣɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ). ɇɢɠɟ ɬɪɨɣɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ – ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ.
ɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.1 (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ). Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
ɚ – Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ
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ɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.1 (ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ). Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ:
ɛ – lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɪɨɣɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɵɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ (ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɩɚɪ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɤɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɭɯɢɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɦ.
ɇɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ Ʉ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ (ɥɢɧɢɹ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ) ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɍɨɱɤɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ
ɧɚ ɧɟɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ (ɥɢɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ) ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ
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ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ. Ɍɨɱɤɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 1. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɯ = 0, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɯ = 1.
ɉɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɚɪ (ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ) ɩɪɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ
ɛɟɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ
ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
Ʌɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ – ɢɡɨɛɚɪɵ (ɪ = const) – ɜ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ,
ɚ ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ – ɥɨɦɚɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ
Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ – ɫɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ, ɷɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ
ɤɪɢɜɨɣ.
Ʌɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ – ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɵ (Ɍ = const) ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ,
ɚ ɜ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ – ɥɨɦɚɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ
lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ – ɤɪɭɬɨ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ, ɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ – ɤɪɭɬɨ
ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɞɚɧɵ ɩɨ
ɲɤɚɥɟ ɐɟɥɶɫɢɹ.
Ʌɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ – ɢɡɨɯɨɪɵ (
X
= const) – ɜ ɨɛɟɢɯ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɡɥɨɦ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ. ȼɛɥɢɡɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɧɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ
ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ).
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Ʌɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣ – ɢɡɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɵ (h = const) – ɜ lgph-
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɚ ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ – ɷɬɨ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɧɚɤɥɨɧ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɬɵɟ.
Ʌɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣ – ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɵ (s = const) – ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɚ
ɜ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ – ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ.
ȼ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɶ
ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ
ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ –
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢɡɜɧɟ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ = const ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɢ
ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ:
q
= h2 – h1.
1-2
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
l = h1 – h2.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɚ ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ – ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2.1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɨɱɟɤ 1, 2 (ɪɢɫ. 2.2)
ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɤ 10 ɤɝ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ t = – 20 °ɋ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ t ɢɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɉ.3 ɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɦ
ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ 2.2.
28
Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ lgph
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2
ɇɨɦɟɪ
ɬɨɱɤɢ
t,
°ɋ
ɪ,
Ɇɉɚ
X
,
3
ɦ
/ɤɝ
h,
ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ
1 – 20 1,966 0,001504 327,41 9,09 0
2 – 20 1,966 0,624 1655,9 3,841 1
s,
ɤȾɠ/(ɤɝɄ)
ɯ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ 1 ɤɝ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ:
q
= h2 – h1 = 1656 – 327,4 = 1328,6 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
1-2
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ 10 ɤɝ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ:
Q = G q = 10 ā 1328,4 = 13 284 ɤȾɠ.
29
3. ɋɏȿɆɕ ɂ ɐɂɄɅɕ ɉȺɊɈȼɕɏ ɏɈɅɈȾɂɅɖɇɕɏ ɆȺɒɂɇ
ɉɚɪɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ (ɉɏɆ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ (ɏɆ). Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ 278 Ʉ (ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɏɆ) ɞɨ 113 Ʉ (ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɏɆ).
ɏɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɏɆ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬ ɜɚɬɬ
ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɤɢɥɨɜɚɬɬ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɉɏɆ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ
ɰɢɤɥɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ «ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ» ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɉɏɆ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ, ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɉɏɆ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ: ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ, ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ, ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ, ɨɫɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɉɏɆ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɢɤɥ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɢɩ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɏɆ.
3.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɏɆ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ Ɍs- ɢ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.1, ɚ, ɛ, ɜ.
ɂɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɂ ɩɚɪ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ
ɝɞɟ ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɧɨ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ Ʉ,
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 12). ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱ-
Ʉ
ɤɢ 1 ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɫɹ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ Ʉɞ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 23). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ
ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɌɄ
Ʉ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ 34 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɨɷɧ-
ɬɪɨɩɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ
30
ɞɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɩɟ-
Ʉ
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