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Файл:Основы трансформации теплоты. Учебное пособие
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ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Q0 ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪ
ɢ ɪ0. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɉɊ ɢ ɪ'ɉɊ ɜɵɛɢ-
Ʉ
ɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɯ:
ɪɄ / ɪɉɊ = ɪɉɊ / ɪ'ɉɊ = ɪ'ɉɊ / ɪ0,
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ
2
3
;
ɪɪp
0
ɄɉɊ
2
3
.
ɪɪp
0
ɄɉɊ
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢ-
ɱɟɧ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ ɞɜɭɯɤɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ, ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ.
ɐɢɤɥ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɥɶɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.7). Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ-
ɧɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ – ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɫɭɯɨɣ ɥɟɞ, ɋɈ
, ɯɥɚɞɨɧ R-744) – ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ, ɚ
2
ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɋɈ2 ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɲɟ 216,6 Ʉ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 0,53 Ɇɉɚ. ɉɪɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɈ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ:
2
ɠɢɞɤɨɣ, ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ, ɬɨ ɋɈ
ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɜɵɲɟ 216,6 Ʉ, ɋɈ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ: ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɚɡɨ-
2
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
2
ɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɧɢɠɟ ɬɪɨɣɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɋɈ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɢ ɝɚɡɨ-
2
ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɋɈ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ 0,53 Ɇɉɚ
2
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ), ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ,
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɹ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɋɈ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɋɈ
ɞɨ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
2
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
2
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɚɪ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 4.7). ȿɫɥɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ 1 ɤɝ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɋɈ
71
) ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪ-
2
ɜɨɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ1 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 910), ɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟ-
ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɫɨɫɭɞɟ ɉɋ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɯ10 ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 11
1
ɢ (1 – ɯ10) ɤɝ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 12. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
ɢɞɭɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
, ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ Ʉɞ.
2
, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɋɈ2,
3
Ʉɞ
Ⱦɜ
9
1
11
8
Ʉ
3
ɉɏ
6
7
2
5
10
ɉɋ
1
12
Ⱦɜ
13
2
ɉɋ
2
14
16
15
Ⱦɜ
3
Ʉ
2
ɉɏ
3
4
1
2
Ʉ
1
1
ɋ
ɚ
8
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
ɤ
12
216,6 Ʉ
15
18 17
9
16
10
13
ɯ
, Ɍ
ɪ
Ʉ
Ʉ
11
14
6
7
ɯ
10
ɯ
13
16
ɦ
2
5
3
4
0
1
ɧ
Ɋɢɫ. 5.7. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ) ɢ ɰɢɤɥ (ɛ)
ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
s
ɛ
72
ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ
ɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɚɪ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ (1 ɯ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1213). Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɨɫ-
2
) ɯ10 ɤɝ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɭ-
10
ɩɟɧɶ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 14). ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 15, ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ (1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13) ɤɝ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ3 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 15–16), ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ (1 – ɯ
) (1 – ɯ13) ɯ16 ɤɝ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 17, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ
10
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ1, ɢ (1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13) (1 – ɯ16) ɤɝ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 18, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɋ.
ɇɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
(1 – ɯ
) (1 – ɯ16) ɤɝ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡɜɧɟ, ɜɡɚɦɟɧ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟ-
13
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ (1 – ɯ10)
1
ɫɬɜɨ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
(1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13) (1 – ɯ16) + (1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13) ɯ16 = (1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13).
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
(ɬɨɱɤɚ 1) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ:
(1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13) h1 = (1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13) (1 – ɯ16) h0 + (1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13) ɯ16 h17,
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ:
h1 = h0 – x16 (h0 – h17).
Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ Ʉ1 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 12) ɨɯɥɚ-
ɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ ɉɏ1 (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 3), ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ (1 – ɯ10) ɯ13 ɤɝ ɩɚɪɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ2
(ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 14), ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ Ʉ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɋɈ
, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
2
ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ.
2
(1 – ɯ10)(1 – ɯ13) + (1 – ɯ10) ɯ13 = (1 – ɯ10),
ɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ – ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ:
(1 – ɯ10) h4 = (1 – x10)(1 – x13) h3 + (1 – x10) x
13 h14
,
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ
h4 = h3 – s13 (h3 – h14).
73
Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ Ʉ2 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 45)
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ ɉɏ
ɫ ɯ
ɤɝ ɩɚɪɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɉɋ1 (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 11), ɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬ-
10
(ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 6), ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
2
ɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ Ʉ3. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɋɈ2 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1 ɤɝ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ Ʉ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ:
3
h7 = (1 – ɯ10) h6 + ɯ10 h11,
ɨɬɤɭɞɚ
h7 = h6 – x10 (h6 – h11).
ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ 1 ɤɝ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ɇ):
)1)(1)(1(
ɯɯɯ
Ɇ
161310
.
)())(1())(1)(1(
hhhhxhhɯɯ
784510121310
ɐɢɤɥɨɦ-ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɰɢɤɥ 0–ɤ–18–17–0. Ɉɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ q ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧ–0–ɤ–ɦ, ɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ q
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧ–0–17–18–ɦ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ
0
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɢɤɥɚ:
l
= q – q0 = (s0 – sɄ) ɌɈɋ – (h0 – h18),
min
ɬɨɝɞɚ
M
0
1
Ɉɋ
.
)()(
hhɌss
180Ʉ0
Ɋɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɥɶɞɚ (ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ).
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 5.1. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɥɶɞɚ ɩɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ-
ɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 5.7).
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, Ʉ:
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ɍ
…………. 288
Ɉɋ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɌɄ ………………….. 293
ɫɭɛɥɢɦɚɰɢɢ Ɍ
…………………… 194,1
ɋ
74
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ2 ɢ ɪ5 ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 5.7)
ɩɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ (ɬɚɛɥ. 5.1).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5.1
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɰɢɤɥɚ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɪ, Ɇɉɚ 0,0981 0,5886 0,5886 0,5886 1,962 1,962 1,962
Ɍ, Ʉ 249 366 288 271 354,5 288 275
h, ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ 688,2 786,9 716,1 703,3 768,0 698,1 683,6
X
, ɦ3/ɤɝ
ɯ, ɤɝ/ɤɝ – – – – – – –
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0,47 – – – – – 0,014
Ɍɨɱɤɢ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɪ, Ɇɉɚ 5,734 5,734 1,962 1,962 1,962 0,5886 0,5886
Ɍ, Ʉ 350,5 293 253 253 253 219 219
h, ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ 735,3 769,3 769,3 655,7 353,3 353,3 649,0
X
, ɦ3/ɤɝ
ɯ, ɤɝ/ɤɝ – – 0,34 – – 0,19 –
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
– – – – – – –
Ɍɨɱɤɢ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɪ, Ɇɉɚ 0,5886 0,0981 0,0981 0,0981 0,0981
Ɍ, Ʉ 219 194,1 194,1 194,1 288
h, ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ 306,7 306,7 641,1 71,23 720,7
X
, ɦ3/ɤɝ
ɯ, ɤɝ/ɤɝ – 0,41 – – –
15 16 17 18 19
– – – – –
Ɍɨɱɤɢ
1. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ g
3
, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɱɟ-
ɪɟɡ 3-ɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ, ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 1 ɤɝ/ɤɝ; ɬɨɝɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ 2-ɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɬ:
g2 = 1 – ɯ10 = 1 – 0,34 = 0,66 ɤɝ/ɤɝ,
ɱɟɪɟɡ 1-ɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɬ:
g1 = (1 – ɯ10) (1 – ɯ13) = (1 – 0,34)ā(1 – 0,19) = 0,5184 ɤɝ/ɤɝ.
75
2. ɗɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ 1, 2 ɢ 3 ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ:
h1 = h0 – x16 (h0 – h17) = 720,7 – 0,41ā(720,7 – 641,1) = 688,2 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ;
h4 = h3 (1 – x13) + x13 h14 = 716,1ā(1 – 0,19) + 0,19ā649,0 = 703,3 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ;
h7 = h11 x10 + (1 – x0) h6 = 0,34ā655,7 + (1 – 0,34)ā698,1 = 683,6 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
3. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ 1, 2 ɢ 3 ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ:
1
l
= g1 (h2 – h1) = 0,5184ā(786,9 – 688,2) = 53,8 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ;
S
2
l
= g2 (h5 – h4) = 0,66ā(768,0 – 703,3) = 42,75 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ;
S
3
l
= h8 – h7 = 735,3 – 683,6 = 51,7 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
S
4. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɋɈ2, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ:
gC = (1 – x10)(1 – x13)(1 – x16) = (1 – 0,34)ā(1 – 0,19)ā(1 – 0,41) = 0,306 ɤɝ/ɤɝ.
5. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɋɈ2, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ 1 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ:
M
g
C
321
lll
SSS
306,0
7,5175,428,53
ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.00213,0
6. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɤɝ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɋɈ2
ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ 0ɤ18170:
l
= (s0 – sɄ) ɌɈɋ – (h0 – h18) =
min
= (5,924 – 2,694)ā288ā(320,7 – 71,23) = 279 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ
Ɇ
= 1 / l
0
= 1 / 279 = 0,00358 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ.
min
7. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ:
K
= Ɇ / Ɇ0 = 0,00213 / 0,00358 = 0,5871.
ɈȻɊ
5.2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ
ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ (ɧɢɠɟ – 70 °ɋ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɯ.
76
ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.8) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ
ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɝɟɧɬɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ –
ɧɚ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɯ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
Ʉɞ
7
ȼ
6
Ⱦɜ
ȼ
Ʉ
ȼ
ɂ-Ʉ
8
5
Ɍ
2 3
Ʉɇ
Ⱦɜ
ɇ
Ɋɋ
4
ɚ ɛ
1
ɂ
ɇ
, Ɍ
ɇ
Ʉ
, Ɍ
6
2
ɇ
5
ȼ
0
ɇ
0
1
s
ȼ
ȼ
ɪ
7
, Ɍ
Ʉ
Ʉ
ɇ
ɪ
, Ɍ
3
Ʉ
8
ȼ
ɪ
0
ɪ
0
4
Ɋɢɫ. 5.8. Ʉɚɫɤɚɞɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ:
ɚ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ – ɰɢɤɥ ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɂ
ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɢɩɢɬ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 41), ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ Ʉɇ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 12), ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɂɄ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 23), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 34). Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɢɠ-
ɇ
ɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɜɟɬɤɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɢɩɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ-ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ.
ɉɚɪ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɜɟɬɤɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ Ʉ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 56) ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ Ʉɞȼ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 67),
ȼ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 78) ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ
ȼ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ-ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ.
ɇ
77
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɜɟɬɤɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɰɢɤɥ 1234, ɚ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɜɟɬɤɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ – ɰɢɤɥ 5678,
ɢ ɷɬɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɦ-ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ.
ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɜɟɬɤɟ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɟ
ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ 25 °ɋ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ R-13 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 3,62 Ɇɉɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɚ
ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɞ Ɋɋ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
78
6. ɉȺɊɈɗɀȿɄɌɈɊɇɕȿ ɏɈɅɈȾɂɅɖɇɕȿ ɆȺɒɂɇɕ
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɚɪɨɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
(ɉɗɏɆ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.1. ȼ ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɟ Ƚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɟ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ q
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɊ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
Ƚ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɨɩɥɚ ɋ, ɤɚɦɟɪɵ
ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ Ʉɋ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɚ Ⱦ.
ɪ
Ɋ
1
Ƚ
ɋ
Ʉɋ
2
3
ɪ
0
9
ɂ ɉɏ
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ
Ⱦ
q
Ƚ
Ʉɞ
q
Ʉ
Ʉɇ
4
ɪ
Ʉ
5
Ɋȼ
6
q
0
ɐɇ
Ɋȼ
1
2
8
ɚ
h
7
6
5
8
1
10
ɪ
Ɋ
11
4
S
0
9
3
2
S
s
ɛ
ɪ
Ʉ
ɪ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ) ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ (ɛ)
ɩɚɪɨɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
79
ȼ ɫɨɩɥɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɪ
ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟ-
0
ɥɟ ɂ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɫɬɪɭɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɢ
ɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɪ
ɞɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ ɪɄ.
0
ɯɨ-
ɂɡ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɚ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ Ʉɞ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɵɣ
ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ q
ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɤɨɧ-
Ʉ
ɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ: ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ,
ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɚɪɭ, ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ Ʉɇ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƚ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ Ɋȼ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɂ.
1
Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɟɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɵ 7 °ɋ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ~ 1 ɤɉɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ,
ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɫɨɫ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ.
ɂɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɚɪ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ «ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ», ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ
ɉɏ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɐɇ, ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɧɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ Ɋȼ
.
2
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɉɗɏɆ ɜ hs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.1, ɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪ
ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɧɨ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 12
). ɂɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɞɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ
S
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɩɥɟ ɞɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ0
Ɋ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 9. ȼ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 3, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɟ ɞɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 6.1, ɛ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 4
5 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ; 56 ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
S
ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɧɨ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 34S).
Ʉ
ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 58 – ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨ-
80
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