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Файл:Основы трансформации теплоты. Учебное пособие
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Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ: ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ (t
> –10 °ɋ – ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ,
0
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ); ɫɪɟɞɧɟɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ (t
= – 10…–30 °ɋ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧ-
0
ɱɚɬɵɟ); ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ (t0 = –30…–55 °ɋ), ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ (t
ɞɨ –70 °ɋ) ɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɟ (t0 ɞɨ –110 °ɋ).
0
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ.
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɡɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ (ODP) ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
(GWP), ɝɨɪɸɱɟɫɬɶ, ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ.
2.1. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨ-
ɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɦɚɫɫɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ,
ɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɦɚɫɫɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɟɟ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 70100 °ɋ, ɚ ɭ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ – 150 °ɋ.
11
100 ɥɟɬ
2
(CO
=1)
GWP
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.1
(R11=1)
ODP
0 8000
0 610
0 9100
0,02 90
0 3
0 580
0 1000
0 1300
0 4400
0,030 480
ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɵ k
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
Ⱦɠ/(ɤɝāɄ)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ R,
Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ
ɩɪɢ 98 ɤɉɚ, ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ
Ɇɉɚ
54,68
–
62,05
–
143,05
–
60,92
–
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɄɊ
t
, °ɋ
3
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
0
, °ɋ
ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ t
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
P
, ɤɝ/ɤɦɨɥɶ
ɦɚɫɫɚ
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ
102,92 8,73 178,50 5,173 239,0 80,78 1,160 0,1 > 2000
152,90 27,90 183,80 3,674 167,6 54,368
3
2
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ [11]
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
2
CF
2
–CHCl
CH
3
3
200,04 – 5,97 115,32 2,78 112,0 41,56
CHF
8
2
F
4
FCF
2
CH
2
O 18,016 100,0 374,15 22,11 2259,72 461,51 1,330 0 < 1
CH
2
2
CH
3
120,91 – 29,74 112,0 4,119 166,0 68,76 1,140 0,9 8500
2
Cl
2
136,48 – 12,0 122,50 3,63
120,0 – 48,30 66,25 3,631 161,9 69,275
3
3
52,02 – 51,70 78,40 5,83 391,9 159,80
2
Cl 86,47 – 40,81 96,13 4,99 229,0 96,16 1,160 0,05 1700
F
2
–CF
2
2
84,04 – 47,58 73,30 3,83 226,0 98,93
F 102,03 – 26,10 101,10 4,067 217,8 81,46
3
2
Cl 100,49 – 9,70 137,20 4,138 223,5 82,74 1,135 0,065 2000
2
F
3
F
3
CH
H
3
2
H
2
58,12 – 0,50 152,0 3,80
3
134,05 25,50 178,50 3,86
2
152,04 – 1,10 130,70 3,18
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ
R21 ɋHFCl
R123 CF
R236fa CF
R600 CH
R718 H
RC318 C
R245ca CH
R12 CF
R22 CHF
R32 CH
R124 CHClFCF
R125 CHF
R134a CF
R143a C
R142b C
2
=1)
100 ɥɟɬ
(CO
GWP
(R11=1)
ODP
–
0 140
0
0 3300
0 3
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2.1
ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɵ k
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
Ⱦɠ/(ɤɝāɄ)
–
–
–
–
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ R,
Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ
ɩɪɢ 98 ɤɉɚ, ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ
ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ
Ɇɉɚ
48,90
–
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɄɊ
t
, °ɋ
4
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
0
, °ɋ
ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ t
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
P
, ɤɝ/ɤɦɨɥɶ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
– 24,80 128,80 5,32 410,2 180,46
ɦɚɫɫɚ
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ
46,07
58,12 – 11,80 135,0 3,65 365,3 143,05
3
170,03 – 18,30 103,50 2,95
66,05 – 24,15 113,30 4,52 331,9 125,90
3
3
H–CH
2
3
OCH
3
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
CH
44,10 – 41,97 96,81 4,269 419,0 188,53 1,130 0 3
8
H
3
CHFCF
3
CH
2
)
3
17,03 – 33,35 132,40 11,397 1360,0 488,16 1,300 0 0
3
70,01 – 82,14 26,30 4,811 239,5 118,76 – 0 12 100
3
88,0 – 128,02 – 45,65 3,745 136,3 94,48 1,220 0 6300
4
Cl 104,46 – 81,59 28,75 3,868 149,7 79,59 – 1 11 700
3
28,05 – 103,74 9,50 5,056 465,57 296,37 – 0 –
2
138,10 – 78,40 19,90 3,04 – 60,20 – 0 12 500
3
30,07 – 88,53 32,27 4,934 470,0 276,51 1,250 0 3
44,10 – 78,50 31,20 7,383 573,13* 188,54 1,300 0 1
6
CF
3
2
H
=CH
2
2
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ
E170
R290 C
R152a CF
R227ea CF
R717 NH
R600a CH(CH
R13 CF
R14 CF
R23 CHF
R116 CF
R170 C
R744 CO
R1150 CH
ȼɨɡɞɭɯ – 28,95 – 192…– 195 – 140,70 3,756 196,8 288,0 1,400 – –
* Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɭɛɥɢɦɚɰɢɢ
Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɮɨɫɝɟɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ 150170 °ɋ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɵ, ɤɚɤ R12, R22, R502, R13; ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɵ R11, R21 ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵ ɤ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɛɪɨɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ.
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ
1626,8 % ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɟɧ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɦ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɬɚɧ, ɩɪɨɩɚɧ ɢ ɛɭɬɚɧ. ɇɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɵ, ɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ, R22, R23.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɲɢɧ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ȽɈɋɌɨɦ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,2 %
ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɚɯ ɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 15,6 °ɋ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɚ 0,0010,10 % (ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ).
ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɟ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɶɞɚ ɜ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ.
ɍɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ
. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ
ɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɟɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ –
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ, ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ.
ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ (ɷɬɚɧ, ɩɪɨɩɚɧ, ɢɡɨɛɭɬɚɧ) ɧɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ.
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɢɪɦ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ-ɨɫɭɲɢɬɟɥɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɝɟɥɶ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɤɢɫɶ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɰɟɨɥɢɬɵ.
14
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ. ɋɦɚɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɬɪɭɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫ. Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɡɨɪɵ, ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢɡɧɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɹɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
, ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɚɫɥɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʉ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɧɢɟ (ɯɥɨɩɶɟɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ), ɜɫɩɵɲɤɚ, ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɡɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ
ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɟ, ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ ɥɭɱɲɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɧɢɠɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɫɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 30 °ɋ. ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɨɤɫɨɜɚɧɢɸ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɝɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɦɨɥ. ɉɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɜɫɩɵɲɤɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 160180 °ɋ.
ɋɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɢ.
ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ – ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬ
.
ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜɫɩɥɵɜɚɟɬ, ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ –
ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
15
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ.
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨ. ɇɢɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ
ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ. ȼ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɚɫɥɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɟ, ɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɫ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɧɨ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɦɚɫɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɥɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɢ.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ. ɏɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɢ
ɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɨ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɥɚɦɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ. Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɰɢɧɤɨɦ, ɛɪɨɧɡɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɦɟɞɶ. Ⱦɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɩɚɧ, ɢɡɨɛɭɬɚɧ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ. ȼ ɨɛɟɡɜɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɵ
ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ
ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2 % ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. ȼɫɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɬɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ.
ɏɥɚɞɨɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɢ. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɯ
ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɸ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ
ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɨ-ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.
16
Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ (R717) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɝɥɚɡ, ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɚɡɦɵ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɠɨɝɢ ɤɨɠɢ
. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 0,0005 %. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ
ɜɵɲɟ 0,5 % ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ R11 ɢ R21 ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10 % (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ), ɞɥɹ R12 ɢ R22 – 20 % (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ). Ɏɍɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ.
2.2. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɏɪɟɨɧɵ – ɝɚɡɨɝɟɧɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɫ 30-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɏɏ ɜ. ɋɩɭɫɬɹ 50 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. ɏɎɍ- ɢ ȻɏɎɍ-ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬ
-
ɫɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɠɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɥɟɬ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɯɥɨɪɚ – ɫɢɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɡɨɧɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɨɬ 16 ɞɨ 45 ɤɦ,
ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ 25 ɤɦ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɮɪɟɨɧɨɜ.
Ɉɡɨɧɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦɥɸ
ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɣ
17
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɇȺɋȺ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1970 ɩɨ 1986 ɝɨɞɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɨɡɨɧɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ 2 %.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɮɪɟɨɧɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɜ 80-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ 1986 ɝ. ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ 1,123 ɦɥɧ ɬ ɮɪɟɨɧɨɜ (ɋɒȺ – 30 %,
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ – 20 %, ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ ɢ əɩɨɧɢɹ – ɩɨ 10 %), ɜ 1988 ɝ. – 1,3 ɦɥɧ ɬ
(95 % ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɮɪɟɨɧɵ 11, 12, 22, 113 ɢ 115) [10].
ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɡɚ
ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɏɎɍ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɲɟɧɨ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɦɥɧ ɬ.
ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɡɨɧɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
– ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɡɨɧɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɈDɊ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 0,6 ɞɨ 10 (ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɏɎɍ ɢ ȻɏɎɍ);
– ɫ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɨɡɨɧɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 0 < ODP
< 0,6
(ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ȽɏɎɍ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ);
– ɨɡɨɧɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ODP = 0 (ɜ ɷɬɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ
ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ȽɎɍ, Ɏɍ, Ƚɍ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ).
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɡɨɧɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɏɎɍ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ȼɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɡɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ 1985 ɝ. ȼ 1987 ɝ. ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧ Ɇɨɧɪɟɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɩɨ ɏɎɍ.
ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ 2002 ɝ. ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɥɢ 184 ɝɨɫɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɇɨɧɪɟɚɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɜ 1990 ɝ. (Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ), ɜ 1992 ɝ. (Ʉɨɩɟɧɝɚɝɟɧ) ɢ ɜ 1995 ɝ.
(ȼɟɧɚ) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɏɎɍ, ȻɏɎɍ, ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɨ ɫ 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1996 ɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ȽɏɎɍ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, R22) ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɧɚ 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2030 ɝ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɥɶɝɨɬɧɵɣ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɏɎɍ ɫ 2006 ɝ. ɢ ȽɏɎɍ ɫ 2040 ɝ.
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 19871996 ɝ. ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɡɨɧɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ 9098 %. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɏɎɍ
ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2000 ɝ.
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɢɥ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ȽɎɏɍ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɢɹ – 2015 ɝ. Ɋɹɞ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɬɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ (Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, ɒɜɟɰɢɹ, Ⱦɚɧɢɹ, ɂɬɚɥɢɹ) ɭɠɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ȽɎɏɍ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ – ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ,
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ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ȽɎɏɍ. ɋɒȺ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ R22 ɫ 2010 ɝ. ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ R123 ɫ 2020 ɝ.
ɏɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɡɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ. Ɋɹɞ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ
. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ (ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɨɡɨɧ, ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɪ, ɦɟɬɚɧ), ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɞɨɥɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ
Ɂɟɦɥɢ
ɫ 1950 ɝ. ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɧɚ 30 %, ɦɟɬɚɧɚ – ɧɚ 145 %, ɡɚɤɢɫɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ – ɧɚ 15 %. ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɟɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ.
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɨɪɹɯ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɚɯ
. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜ, ɫ 1960 ɝ. ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ Ɂɟɦɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɫɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ 3 °ɋ
ɤ 2100 ɝ., ɩɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ 1,5 %. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɭ ɜ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ 5 °ɋ.
ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ Ⱦɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɧɨɬɟ
Ɇɂɏ (1997 ɝ.), ɜɤɥɚɞ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 10,2 % ɧɚ 1992 ɝ. ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ 3,7 % ɧɚ 2100 ɝɨɞ. ɉɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ
ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ
ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧ-
ɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɡɨɧɚ – Ozone Depletion Potential
(
ODP) ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ) –
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɤɨɷɮ-
ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impaɫt – ɫɭɦɦɚɪ-
19
ɧɵɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ ɡɚ
ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧ
ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 1520 ɥɟɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɹ TEWI ɨɬ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ – 9599 %.
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɧɚ R134ɚ (GWP = 1300) ɢ R744
(GWP = 1) ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɭɬɟɱɤɨɣ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ 2 % ɜ ɝɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ TEWI ɷɬɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɨɳɭɬɢɦɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 20 %. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ 10 % ɧɢɠɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ R134ɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ TEWI ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɟɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɬɟɱɤɚɯ 20 % ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ Ʉɢɨɬɨ (1997 ɝ.), ɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦ ɨɬ-
ɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɝɚɡɵ: ɋɈ
, ɋɇ4, N2O, SF6, ȽɎɍ, Ɏɍ. ɋɨ-
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ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɩɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɧɚ 5 % ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 1990 ɝ. ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
20082012 ɝ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ 2005 ɝ. ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 2004 ɝ.
ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ Ʉɢɨɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ȽɎɍ ɢ
Ɏɍ
ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ, ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɯɥɚɞɚɝɟɧɬɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ.
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