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Файл:Основы трансформации теплоты. Учебное пособие
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ɉɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ Ⱥɍ45. Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɪɲɧɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ, V
= 0,0366 ɦ3/ɫ ɩɪɢ n = 24 1/ɫ ɢ Q
h
= 55 800 ȼɬ.
ɋɌ
0
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ:
NT = G (h2 – h1) = 0,0417 ā (1940 – 1680) = 10,84 ɤȼɬ.
ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4.3) ɩɪɢ:
p
K
,7,50
K
= 0,72.
p
i
ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ:
N
N
i
K
84,10
T
i
ɤȼɬ.1,15
72,0
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ:
N
N
i
ɟ
K
Ɇȿɏ
1,15
ɤȼɬ.9,18
8,0
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ:
N
ɟ
N
ɗɅ
KK
ɗɅɉ
9,18
ɤȼɬ.9,24
80,095,0
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ, ɢɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡ-
ɤɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ:
QɄ = G (h2 – h3) = 0,0417ā(1940 – 565) = 57,3 ɤȼɬ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɢɥɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ:
Q
H
0
T
N
T
0,46
84,10
.2,4
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ:
Q
H
e
N
0,46
0
9,18
e
.43,2
61
5. ɉɊɂɇɐɂɉɂȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɋɏȿɆɕ ɂ ɐɂɄɅɕ ɉȺɊɈȼɕɏ
ɆɇɈȽɈɋɌɍɉȿɇɑȺɌɕɏ ɏɈɅɈȾɂɅɖɇɕɏ ɆȺɒɂɇ
5.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɯ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ
. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɯɥɚ-
0
ɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ (ɜɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪ
.
Ʉ
ȼɵɲɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɄ / ɪ0
ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 5.1). ȼ ɰɢɤɥɟ
1234 ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ q
q'0 = h6 – h5. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ q0 > q'0.
Ɍ
ɪɄ, Ɍ
3
4
5
Ʉ
ɪ
, Ɍ
0
ɪ'0, Ɍ'
2
0
1
0
Ɋɢɫ. 5.1. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
7
6
s
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪ
ɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɍɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɫɦɚɡɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚɯ, ɢ
ɞɚɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɡɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɄɉȾ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ.
ȼɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ
ɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɦɭ ɫɠɚɬɢɸ.
= h1 – h4, ɜ ɰɢɤɥɟ 6735
0
/ ɪ0 ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɩɪɢ-
Ʉ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɄ / ɪ0 t 8
ɐɢɤɥ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 5.2). ɉɚɪ ɢɡ
ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɂ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
ɧɢɢ ɪ
ɢ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɉɊ (ɩɪɨ-
0
ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɇ
ɰɟɫɫ 12). Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɚɪ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶ-
62
ɧɢɤ ɉɏ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɉɊ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 3.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɦ.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɚɪ ɚɞɢɚɛɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
ȼ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 34) ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ.
Ⱦɜ
Q
Ʉ
Ʉɞ
4 5
Ʉ
ȼ
3
5
Ɍ
5
ɪ
Ʉ
ɪɉɊ, Ɍ
6
2'
4
, t
Ʉ
ɉɊ
, Ɍ
ɪ
0
0
3'
3
1'
2
1
s
ɛ
2
5
Ʉ
ɇ
6
1
p
ɂ
Q
0
6
ɪ
, Ɍ
Ʉ
Ʉ
, Ɍ
ɪ
ɉɊ
ɉɊ
ɪ
, T
0
0
1'
4
2'
2
3
1
ɚ ɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 5.2. Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɣ:
ɚ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ, ɜ – ɰɢɤɥ ɜ Ɍs- ɢ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɫɠɚɬɢɟɦ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 12') ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɡɚɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ 22'43).
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ
ɫɠɚɬɢɹ:
Q
G
0
.
hh
6'1
63
h
ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
.
ɪɪp
0
ɄɉɊ
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɯ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɭ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Lɇ = G (h2 – h1), LB = G (h4' – h3').
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Q
0
H
.
LL
ȼH
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ – 40 °ɋ.
ɐɢɤɥ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 5.3). ɂɡ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫ-
ɫɨɪɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ G ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧ-
ȼ
ɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ Ʉɞ, ɝɞɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 6. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɸ Ⱦɜ
. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚ-
ȼ
ɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 67) ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 7 ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɯ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ
7
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɞ ɉɋ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɚɪ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 4) ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 8), ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ G ɤɝ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ G ɯ
ɥɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ G
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɸ Ⱦɜ
ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ G (1 – ɯ7) ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚ-
7
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦɭ
1
, ɝɞɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 89) ɢ
ɇ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɂɇ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ G2
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɂ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪ
ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ tɉɊ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 84), ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɹ
ɉɊ
, ɝɞɟ ɤɢɩɢɬ ɩɪɢ
ȼ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɂȼ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɬɶ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ G
ɩɪɢ ɪɉɊ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ.
2
64
ȼ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɂɇ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ ɤɢɩɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɪ0
ɢ Ɍ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 91'), ɨɬɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
0
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɚɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 1 ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
.
ɇ
Q
Ʉ
Ʉɞ
6
G
5
Ʉ
ȼ
4
G
Ⱦɜ
G x
0
G'
8
ɇ
ɂ
ȼ
G
Ⱦɜ
Q'
ȼ
7
8
2
G
1
7+G1
ɉɋ
+G'
G
1
3
ɉɏ
2
Ʉ
ɇ
1
9
ɂ
ɇ
Q
0
ɚ
Ɍ
, t
ɪ
Ʉ
6
8
ɪɉɊ, Ɍ
7
9
5
Ʉ
2
3
ɉɊ
p
8
4
ɪ
, Ɍ
0
0
1'
1
s
9
, Ɍ
ɪ
Ʉ
ɉɊ
0
, T
, Ɍ
Ʉ
4
ɉɊ
0
1'
2
3
1
h
6
ɪ
7
ɪ
ɛ ɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 5.3. Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ:
ɚ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ, ɜ – ɰɢɤɥ ɜ Ɍs- ɢ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
65
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 3) ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ 4) ɩɚɪ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɞ, ɝɞɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ G' ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ:
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɉɋ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ:
G1 (h3 – h4) = G' (h4 – h8).
G = G x7 + G1 + G2 + G'.
ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ.
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɚɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ.
ɐɢɤɥ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ (ɪɢɫ. 5.4). ɂɡ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ Ʉɞ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ G ɤɝ
ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ G
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɡɦɟɟɜɢɤ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɉɋ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (G – G
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ Ⱦɜ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 56) ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɉɋ.
ȼ
ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 5
1
1
ȼ ɡɦɟɟɜɢɤɟ ɉɋ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 57) ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶ-
ɧɵɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ, ɤɢɩɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɪ
ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ Ɍ
(Ɍ7 = Ɍ9). ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɉɊ
. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɦɟɟɜɢɤɟ
ɉɊ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ɍ7 ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ
ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ Ɍ
ɧɚ 34 °ɋ.
9
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ⱦɜ
ɨɬ ɪɄ ɞɨ ɪ0 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 78) ɢ ɩɨ-
ɇ
ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɤɢɩɢɬ, ɨɬɧɢɦɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɨɬ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 81'). Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɚɪ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɉɋ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɫɨ-
ɇ
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ 3.
ȼ ɉɋ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ (G – G
) ɤɝ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
1
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 5–6) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ (G – G1)ɯ6 ɤɝ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ (G –
G
)(1 – ɯ6) ɤɝ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɉɋ ɜ ɩɚɪ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ
1
ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ G
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɢɡ-
1
ɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ G1 ɜ ɡɦɟɟɜɢɤɟ ɉɋ.
66
)
Q
(
GG1) x
G
Ʉ
Ʉɞ
+G'+G"
1
G
4
Ʉ
ȼ
5
+
6
3
ɪ
G
G-G1
ɉɊ
G
1
6
ɉɋ
2
9
Ⱦɜ
ȼ
5
G1
Ⱦɜ
7
ɇ
G
1
Ʉ
ɇ
1
8
ɂ
ɇ
Q
0
ɚ
Ɍ
, t
ɪ
Ʉ
5
7
ɪɉɊ, Ɍ
9
6
8
4
Ʉ
p
7
2
ɉɊ
9
3
ɪ
, Ɍ
0
0
1
1'
s
ɪ
, Ɍ
Ʉ
ɉɊ
0
, T
, Ɍ
Ʉ
3
ɉɊ
0
1'
5
ɪ
6
ɪ
8
4
2
1
h
ɛ ɜ
Ɋɢɫ. 5.4. Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ
ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ:
ɚ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ, ɜ – ɰɢɤɥ ɜ Ɍs- ɢ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
67
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ G', ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɉɋ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ G
ɤɝ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ (ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 3),
1
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ:
G1 (h2 – h3) = G' (h3 – h9).
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ G", ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɉɋ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ G1 ɤɝ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɦɟɟɜɢɤɟ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 5–7), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ:
G1 (h5 – h7) = G" (h3 – h9).
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚ, ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉȼ
ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ:
G = (G – G1) x6 + G1 + G' + G".
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɦɚɡɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ, ɢɞɭɳɭɸ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ, ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɚ
ɫɯɟɦɚ – ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ.
ɐɢɤɥ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 5.5). Ʉɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉɇ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬ
ɩɚɪ G
ɨɬ ɪ0 ɞɨ ɪɉɊ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 12). ɉɚɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱ-
1
ɧɨɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ ɉɏ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 3, ɞɚɥɟɟ ɨɧ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 10 ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚ ɌɈ
ɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 4 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫ-
2
ɫɨɪ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉȼ. ɋɠɚɬɵɣ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ Ʉȼ ɩɚɪ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 5
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ Ʉɞ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 56) ɠɢɞɤɢɣ
ɯɥɚɞɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ ɌɈ1 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 67) ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ ɌɈ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 78) ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ
2
ɩɪɢ ɪɉɊ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ ɌɈ2 ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
(GG
) ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ1 ɨɬ ɪɄ ɞɨ ɪɉɊ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 89)
1
ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɌɈ2. ɉɚɪ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɌɈ
ɩɨɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (G
, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 10 ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ Ʉɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɠɟ
2
) ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ⱦɜ2 ɨɬ ɪɄ ɞɨ ɪ0 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 811) ɢ ɩɨ-
1
ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɂ. ȼ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɩɢɬ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1112),
ɨɬɧɢɦɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɨɬ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɚ ɩɚɪ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 12 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɌɈ
ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ Ʉ
ɇ
, ɝɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 1 ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦ-
1
.
68
GG
ɪ
, Ɍ
Ʉ
Ʉ
ɪ
ɉɊ
ɪ
, T
0
0
1
12
4
10
5
3
2
h
ɌɈ
ɌɈ
Ⱦɜ
Q
Ʉ
p
Ʉ
Ʉɞ
G
5 6
G
Ʉ
1
G
1
ȼ
4
3
7
2
8
2
G
11
p
ɉɊ
10
1
9
Ⱦɜ
1
1
p
0
Q
0
12
ɂ
p
ɉɊ
G
1
p
0
ɉɏ
7 6
p
2
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ɇ
1
8
9
11
ɚ ɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 5.5. Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ:
ɚ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ – ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɯɥɚɞɨɧɨɜɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚ-
ɲɢɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 5.6). ɋɭɯɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɂ,
ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ1 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 12) ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɞ ɉɋ1, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ 3,
ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ
.
2
Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ'
. ɀɢɞɤɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɢɩɢɬ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɉɊ
ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪ ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ. ɉɪɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1011) ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨ-
2
ɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɚɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 34) ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ
ɉɏ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 45) ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɭɞ ɉɋ2, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ
69
ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ Ʉ3 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 67) ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ Ʉɞ, ɝɞɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 78). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ1 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 89) ɢ ɜ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟ Ⱦɜ2 (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1011).
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɩɪɨɣɞɹ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ Ⱦɜ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1213), ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟ-
3
ɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɂ ɢ ɤɢɩɢɬ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 131).
Ʉɞ
Ⱦɜ
8
8
5
1
6
9
7
Ʉ
3
6
ɉɋ
2
Ⱦɜ
10
2
5
2
4
Ʉ
2
3
11
3
2
ɉɋ
1
ɂ
12
13
Ⱦɜ
3
Q
0
Ʉ
1
1
ɚ
Ɍ
12
10
ɪ
Ʉ
8
ɪɉɊ, Ɍ
9
ɪ'
ɉɊ
11
13
, Ɍ
ɪ
, Ɍ'
, Ɍ
0
7
Ʉ
ɉɊ
6
ɉɊ
0
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
5
4
2
3
1
s
ɛ
Ɋɢɫ. 5.6. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ)
ɢ ɰɢɤɥ (ɛ) ɬɪɟɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
70
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