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Файл:Основы трансформации теплоты. Учебное пособие
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ɧɢɹ ɪ0 ɜ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɟ Ⱦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɂ, ɝɞɟ ɤɢɩɢɬ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 41) ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ Ɍ
ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪ0 ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ-
0
ɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ.
Ʉɞ
3
2
Ɍ
ɪɄ, Ɍ
3
2
Ʉ
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
Ⱦ
4
ɂ
Ʉ
0
4
1
l
ɐ
ɪ0, Ɍ
q
0
Ɍ
1
0
ɂɇɌ
1' 4'
s
ɚ ɛ
p
3
4
, Ɍ
ɪ
Ʉ
ɪ0, Ɍ
q
Ʉ
0
0
q
2
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
1
l
Ʉ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ)
ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ Ɍ-s (ɛ)
ɢ ɪ-h (ɜ) ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɉɏɆ
ɫ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɨɦ
h
ɜ
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ (ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸ-
ɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ) ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ Ʉɚɪɧɨ.
31
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ, ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ 1 ɤɝ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ, ɜ Ɍsɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 1'144' ɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ
ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣ h
ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ q
h4. ɗɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨ-
1
. ȼ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ q0 ɫɨ-
0
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɭ 14.
ɉɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ l
. ɗɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
Ʉ
ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 12301; ɜ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ –
ɨɬɪɟɡɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ 12.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ 23 ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ɗɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɜ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɭ 23, ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 1'234'.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ 34 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ l
. ɗɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ Ɍs-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ
Ⱦ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɪ-
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ 4304, ɜ ɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ – ɨɬɪɟɡɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ 34.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɰɢɤɥ 1234, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
q0 = h1 – h4;
lɄ = h2 – h1;
q = h2 – h3;
lȾ = h3 – h4.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ – ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɟ:
lɐ = lɄ – lȾ = (h2 – h1) – (h3 – h4);
lɐ = q – q0 = (h2 – h3) – (h1 – h4) = (h2 – h1) – (h3 – h4).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ
ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɪɚɜɧɭɸ l
.
ɐ
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɰɢɤɥɚ 1–2–3–4 ɪɚɜɟɧ:
q
0
H
l
ɐ
hh
21
.
)()(
hhhh
4312
32
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɏɆ.
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ Ɍs ɢ ɪh ɬɚɤɨɣ ɏɆ.
Ʉɞ
3
Ⱦɜ
Ʉ
2
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
ɪ
Ʉ
ɪɄ, Ɍ
3
2
Ʉ
0
Ɍ
ɂɇɌ
1
4
ɂ
3'
ɪ0, Ɍ
4
q
0
1
0
ɚ
1' 4'
s
ɚ ɛ
p
3
ɪ
, Ɍ
Ʉ
Ʉ
2
Ɋɢɫ. 3.2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ)
1
ɚ
ɪ0, Ɍ
0
4
q
0
q
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
l
Ʉ
ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ Ɍ-s (ɛ)
ɢ ɪ-h (ɜ
) ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɉɏɆ
ɫ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟɦ
h
ɜ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɏɆ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 12 – ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɧɨɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɟ;
23 – ɨɬɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ; ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 34 – ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ; 41 ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɤ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ȼ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɚɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɏɆ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟ-
33
ɪɨɦ, ɦɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɏɆ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟɦ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɧɞɟɪɚ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɉɏɆ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨ ɛɵ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ
ɩɚɪ (ɬɨɱɤɚ 1). ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɏɆ ɫ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɦ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɯɨɞɧɵ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɞɚɪɭ.
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɚɪ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɦɚɫɥɚ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ ɢ ɤɪɵɲɤɨɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɯ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ
(ɬɨɱɤɚ ɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.2) ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɚɤɬɟ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɞɫɭɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚ1).
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟɦ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.3 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɜ
Ɍ–s- ɢ ɪ
–h-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɏɆ ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟɦ. ȼ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ Ʉɞ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ ɌɈ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɚɪɬɟɡɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ɍ–s-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ 3'–3,
ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ
ɫ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɨ, ɱɟɦ ɥɟɜɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ 3'–3 ɩɨ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ.
34
Ʉɞ
'
q
'
q
3'
ɌɈ
3
Ⱦɜ
Ʉ
2
1
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
ɂɇɌ
0
4
ɂ
ɪ
Ʉ
ɪ0, Ɍ
0
2
Ʉ
1
0
s
ɪɄ, Ɍ
3'
3
5
4
ɚ
p
3
, Ɍ
ɪ
Ʉ
Ʉ
2 3'
Ɋɢɫ. 3.3. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ)
ɛ
ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ Ɍ-s (ɛ)
ɪ0, Ɍ
4
5
0
0
q
0
1
h
ɢ ɪ-h (ɜ) ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɉɏɆ
ɫ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟɦ
ɜ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨ-
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ 'q
= h4 – h5 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.3).
0
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.4 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ
ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɉɏɆ ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɚɪ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 1', ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤɟ ɊɌɈ
(ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 1'–1) ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ (ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ 3'–3). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ
'q
ɧɚ 'l
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ
= h4 – h3', ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ
0
~ ɩɥ. 1–2–2'–1'.
Ʉ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ 'q
/'lɄ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬ
0
ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
35
'
q
'
q
l
ɪɄ, Ɍ
5
ɛ
ɪ0, Ɍ
0
ɪ
Ʉ
2
2'
Ʉ
'
Ʉ
ɪ
0
0
1
1'
s
ɊɌɈ
Ʉɞ
3'
2
Ɍ
Ʉ
Ɍ
Ɉɋ
3
Ⱦɜ
4
1'
ɂ
1
Ɍ
ɂɇɌ
3'
3
0
4
ɚ
p
3'
3
, Ɍ
ɪ
Ʉ
Ʉ
2'
2
Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ)
ɢ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ Ɍ-s (ɛ)
4
0
1
0
1'
q
0
h
ɢ ɪ-h (ɜ) ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɉɏɆ
ɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ
ɪ0, Ɍ
5
ɜ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 3.0. ȼɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ (ɪɢɫ. 3.4) ɜ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ (ɪɢɫ. 3.5) ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɯɨ-
ɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: t
t
= 30 °ɋ, tɉ = 25 °ɋ, tȼɋ = 0 °ɋ.
Ʉ
= 10 °ɋ,
0
Ɋɢɫ. 3.5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɏɆ
36
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ
ɥɢɧɢɢ t
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ
= 10 °ɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ
0
= 0,30 Ɇɉɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ
0
ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɬɨɱɤɚ 1', ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɚɪɚ (ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɚɪ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ
ɢɥɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ. ɉɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɟ ɪ
lgɪh-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ
, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
0
ɩɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ
0
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ (ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ.3 ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ).
ɇɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3.1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.1
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
ɇɨɦɟɪ
ɬɨɱɤɢ
1'
1 0 0,30 1693 0,44 9,04
2 102 1,21 1880 0,148 9,04
2' 30 1,21 1705 0,11 8,45 1
3' 30 1,21 560
3 25 1,21 530
4
t,
°ɋ
10
10
ɪ,
Ɇɉɚ
0,30 1670 0,42 8,94 1
0,30 530 0,055 4,65 0,125
h,
ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ
X
,
3
ɦ
/ɤɝ
s,
ɤȾɠ/(ɤɝāɄ)
4,7 0
ɯ
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 1,
ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɵ ɪ0 = 0,30 Ɇɉɚ
ɫ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɨɣ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɚɪɚ, ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ, t
= 0 °ɋ. ɂɡɨɬɟɪɦɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ
ȼɋ
ɜ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɲɬɪɢɯɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɜɵɦɢ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 2, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɵ s = 9,04 ɤȾɠ/(ɤɝāɄ), ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ 1, ɫ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɨɣ ɪ
t
= 30 °ɋ). ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɚ ɪɄ = 1,21 Ɇɉɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ
Ʉ
ɫ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɨɣ t
= 30 °ɋ, ɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢ-
Ʉ
(ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ
Ʉ
ɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ.
Ɍɨɱɤɚ 2' ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ), ɚ ɬɨɱɤɚ 3' – ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ).
37
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ 3, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɵ ɪ
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ t
= 25 °ɋ.
ɉ
ɫ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɨɣ, ɫɨɨɬ-
Ʉ
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɬɨɱɤɚ 4)
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ h
ɪɟɡ ɬɨɱɤɭ 3, ɫ ɢɡɨɛɚɪɨɣ ɪ
= 0,30 Ɇɉɚ (ɢɥɢ ɫ ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɨɣ t0 = 10 °ɋ).
0
= 530 ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟ-
3
ɉɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ 3 ɢ 3'. ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ t
ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ t
= 30 °ɋ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪ0 ɢ ɪɄ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
Ʉ
= 10 °ɋ ɢ
0
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ (1', 2', 3'), ɬ. ɟ.
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɠɟ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɬɨɱɤɚ 3) ɩɨ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ t
= 25 °ɋ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 3 ɪɚɜɧɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɄ.
ɉ
ɉɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɨɱɟɤ 1 ɢ 2, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪ
= 0,30 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦ-
0
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ tȼɋ = 0 °ɋ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ 1.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɨɱɤɢ 2 ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪ
s
= 9,04 ɤȾɠ/(ɤɝāɄ).
1
= 1,21 Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ
Ʉ
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɨɱɤɢ 4 ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ 34 ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ, ɬ. ɟ. h
= h3, ɚ h3 ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧ-
4
ɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 3.1. ȼɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
ɜ lgph-ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.5) ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: t
, tɄ, tɉ, tȼɋ.
0
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3.2.
38
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3.2
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ
ʋ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ
1 R-22
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɚɝɟɧɬ
" 25
" 20
" 15
" 10
" 5
"
"
" 30
" 25
" 20
" 15
" 10
" 5
"
t0,
°ɋ
30
tɄ,
°ɋ
35 30
30 25
25 20
35 30
35 30
25 20 0
0 35 30 5
5 30 25 10
25 20
35 30
30 25
25 20
35 30
30 25 0
0 25 20 5
tɉ,
°ɋ
tȼɋ,
°ɋ
25
20 "
15 "
10 "
5 "
25 "
20 "
15 "
10 "
5 "
ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɚɝɟɧɬ
R-714 (NH3) 30
"
"
"
"
"
ʋ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
3.2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ) ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ Q
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ Ɍ
ɫɬɜɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɬɨ Ɍ
ɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɌɄ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟ-
0
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚ 58 °ɋ
Ʉ
.
0
ɜɵɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ, ɬɨ Ɍ
ɧɚ 1020 °ɋ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ
Ʉ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ, ɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 58 °ɋ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ (ɜɨɡɞɭɯ), ɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 10 °ɋ. Ɍɟɦɩɟ-
39
ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɟɦ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 24 °ɋ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 510 °ɋ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɰɢɤɥ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.2, ɛ ɢ ɜ).
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɟ (ɤɝ/ɫ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Ga = Q0 / q0,
ɝɞɟ Q0 – ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼɬ;
q
– ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȾɠ/ɤɝ,
0
q0 = h1 – h4.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɢɫ-
ɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ:
VȾ = Ga
X
= Q0 /(q0 /
1
X
) = Q0 / qX,
1
ɝɞɟ VȾ – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦ3/ɫ;
X
– ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1, ɦ3/ɤɝ;
1
– ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟ-
q
X
ɫɬɜɚ, ɤȾɠ/ɦ
3
.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (ɢɡɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɧɚɹ) ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɤȼɬ,
LɌ = Ga (h2 – h1).
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɬɟ-
O
ɪɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ – ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ
O
. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ
ɟ
, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢ-
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ (ɦ3/ɫ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
VɌ = VȾ / O.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ LȾ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
LȾ = LT /
O
.
ɟ
40
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