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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для зоотехнических специальностей
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3) It is necessary to give some colostrum for the newborn foal.
4) The quality of the grain to be given to the foal is 2 to 3 lbs. per day.
5) Foals were allowed to run with their dams for five months.
6) Exercise is necessary to keep the sire in optimum breeding condition.
7) The stallion should be provided with plenty of salt and water.
8) Brood mares are forced to take exercise daily.
5. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Point out the Infinitive
constructions.
1) Confinement and overfeeding are known to be harmful for the health of
the animal.
2) Horses are said to be classified into light horses and work ones.
3) Most horsemen know pasture to be an excellent environment for brood
mares.
4) Foals are known to be weaned at 4 to 6 months of age.
5) Take the mare from the foal quietly and far enough for the foal not to hear
its mother.
6) The young stallion is known to be not earlier than at the age of three years.
7) We know the condition of the sire to be influenced by the kind of
the ration given.
8) The amount of feed is supposed to depend on the quality of the feed given.
9) Everyone knows exercise to be very important for the health of the horse.
6. Translate the following words into English.
Тяжеловоз, родильное отделение, выжереб, жеребец, жеребенок, жеребая
кобыла, племенной скот, выгонять на пастбище, жеребиться, следовать за,
влиять на.
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) на состояние кобылы влияют условия содержания;
2) отнятого жеребенка кормят бобовым сеном;
3) после выжереба кобыле дают теплую воду;
4) единственным кормом для лошадей в летний период является
пастбище;
5) известно, что поить и кормить лошадей следует 3 раза в день;
6) не следует давать лошади большое количество объемистых кормов;
7) молочная продуктивность кобыл, как известно, довольно высокая.
72
TEXT 25. STALLION
1. Read and translate the text.
The stallion should be kept in a large box stall or without a stanchion. Light,
proper ventilation and sanitation are essential for the health of the sire. Stalls must be
well bedded. Wheat straw is the best material for this purpose. Oat straw may be used
for bedding as well. Stalls are to be cleaned daily to keep them clean, dry and
sanitary.
A large paddock adjoining the stable is very desirable for the stallion to
exercise. Exercise is absolutely necessary to keep the sire in optimum breeding
condition. All horses need plenty of exercise and will get enough provided with it
when they are on pasture. If they are confined to a stall, they should be turned out for
exercise daily.
During the mating season the sire should be fed the ration rich in protein,
minerals and vitamins. The best grain ration is oats. The stallion should be provided
with plenty of salt and water. He may drink as much as 10 to 12 gallons of water
a day and even more in hot weather.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) Where should the stallion be kept in?
2) What conditions are essential for the health of the sire?
3) What straw is used for bedding?
4) What is necessary for keeping breeding condition?
5) What is the best ration for the stallion?
3. Make up your own sentences using these word combinations.
To be essential, proper conditions, the best material, to exercise, optimum
bedding condition, to be provided with, the mating season.
4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) Large box stalls are usually used for stallions.
2) The main conditions are made for the health of the sire: light, ventilation and
sanitation.
3) It is necessary to make stalls well bedded.
4) Good sanitation is one of the main parts in keeping stallions healthy.
5) To exercise a large paddock is desirable.
6) The mating sire requires more protein, minerals and vitamins in his ration.
73
5. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions.
1) The stallion needs a large box stall to be kept ______.
2) ______ order to be kept clean, dry and sanitary stalls are cleaned daily.
3) Ration, rich ______ protein, minerals and vitamins, is one of the best.
4) In hot weather stallion requires ______ much water ______ possible.
TEXT 26. BREEDS (PART I)
Vocabulary
rear, v
[rɪə]
разводить, выводить
justifiable, adj
[ˏdʒʌstɪ´faɪəbl ]
оправданный
versatile, adj
[´vɜːsətaɪl]
многоцелевой
carry, v
[´kærı]
возить, перевозить
plough, v
[plaʊ]
пахать
harrow, v
[´hærəʊ]
боронить
rake up, v
[reɪk ʌp]
ворошить
copse, n
[kɒps]
роща
ravine, n
[rə´viːn]
ложбина, овраг
harness, n
[´hɑːnəs]
молодой лесок
trotter, n
[´trɒtə]
рысак
sturdy, adj
[´stɜːdı]
упряжь
indispensable, adj
[ˏɪndɪ´spensəbl ]
крепкий, сильный
equestrian, adj
[ɪ´kwestrɪən]
конный
endow, v
[ɪn´daʊ]
наделять качеством
mow, v
[məʊ]
косить
gait, n
[ɡeɪt]
походка
1. Read and translate the text.
There are forty-five breeds and breed groups reared in Russia. The question
arises: what causes such a variety and is it justifiable?
The answer primarily lies in extremely versatile purposes of the horse’s use.
The horse continues to be used for various work, such as drawing loads, pulling carts,
sledges, carrying packs; it helps in ploughing and harrowing small plots, grass
mowing, hay raking up in copses and ravines; the horse in light harness and under
saddle is used for transportation, particularly on seasonably encountered slick roads
and in winter during snow flurry, and, of course, on mountainous paths far away from
motor ways.
74
Various breeds of heavy-draught horses (athletes), fast trotters, sturdy riding
and packhorses have been developed to be the most effectively used. With the advent
of farm mechanization the role of a live traction has certainly diminished and
nevertheless it is not uncommon when horses are used for utility purposes on the
farm and there are cases when they are merely indispensable.
With the rise in Russian people`s standard, equestrian sports and horseback
traveling have increased in popularity and that necessitated special breeds. Sportsmen
are in need of the horses on which one could win in major events at hippodromes, in
cross-country races, in overtaking complex obstacles, in dressage competitions. Apart
from this, numerous folk equestrian games and contests are being held. For this
purpose, horses should be endowed with several gaits and gifts.
In some areas, particularly, in the eastern part of the country, the horses are
conventionally bred for meat and milk production. It is obvious that in this case
definite goals are being pursued in the breeding and certain breeds have evolved for
this purpose.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) Is it justifiable to rear horses? Why?
2) What happens with the advent of farm mechanization?
3) How are horses used nowadays?
4) What are horses bred for in the eastern part of our country?
3. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
Breed groups reared in Russia, extremely versatile purposes, various work,
drawing loads, pulling carts, carrying packs, harrowing small plots, grass mowing,
hay raking up, slick roads, snow flurry, heavy-draught horses, a live traction, utility
purposes, equestrian sports, cross-country races, overtaking complex obstacles,
dressage competitions, gaits and gifts, definite goals.
4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) The Russian Government is taking care of the promotion of native horse
breeding.
2) In the past some pedigree stock were proclaimed as public property.
3) To raise the horse population the great importance was attached to
investigators in reproduction.
4) Horse breeding is one of the important branches of animal husbandry.
5) The horse was also widely used at timber cutting and in road construction.
6) The modern horse breeding in our country represents the system of studs.
75
5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) ведущая роль в системе разведения лошадей принадлежит государст-
венным конным заводам;
2) эти заводы работают над репродукцией и улучшением пород лошадей;
3) заводы в северной и центральной части страны специализируются на
рысаках и тяжеловозах;
4) южные районы отдают предпочтение ездовым лошадям;
5) что касается качества поголовья, то некоторые заводы не отстают от
широко известных конных заводов.
TEXT 27. BREEDS (PART II)
Vocabulary
strive, v
[straɪv]
стараться
detrimental, adj
[ˏdetrɪ´mentl ]
убыточный
procure, v
[prə´kjʊə]
обеспечивать
mould, v
[məʊld]
уподобить, делать
подобным
exert, v
[ɪɡ´zɜːt]
стараться, прилагать
усилия
seek (sought, sought), v
[siːk (sɔːt)]
искать, разыскивать
purchase, v
[´pɜːtʃəs]
покупать, закупать
offspring, n
[´ɒfsprɪŋ]
потомство
indigenous, adj
[ɪn´dɪdʒɪnəs]
местный
subsequent, adj
[´sʌbsɪkwənt]
последующий
proceed, v
[prə´siːd]
продолжать
1. Read and translate the text.
Horses of some breeds can easily endure scorching sun of desert while others
are kept in the open very close to “the Cold Pole”. Man strives to protect horses from
exposure to detrimental effect of environment, and therefore he builds barns and
procures feeds. But it is not always expedient to create artificial conditions for
horses’ keeping. As a rule, the horse should be highly adaptable to local environment.
During the lengthy history of horse breeding, the breeds have long been
moulded and retained their importance up to the present time. From the depth of
centuries came to us the gem of the ancient horse breeding — the Akhal-Teke horse.
76
It is important not only as one of the oldest forms of the horse, but as the one which is
very valuable for sporting events and breeding purpose. Other old breeds such as the
Don, Kabardin, are also very important. For example, Don horses were extremely
used to develop the Budyonny, Kustanair, New Kirgiz and Kushum breeds.
Horses purchased abroad, exerted a considerable influence on the process of
the breed formation.
With the increase in popularity of hippodromes races at the end of the
19th century there was a great demand for fast horses. They were sought after both at
home and abroad. Trotters from the USA turned out to be the fastest and they started
to be purchased. American trotters were used not only in prize winning but also in
crossing to the Orlov. That marked the beginning of the work resulted in the
development of a new breed — the Russian trotter.
These heavy-draught horses were poorly adapted to continental climate
conditions and too slow at work over long distances, while their offsprings resulted
from the crosses with indigenous horses, did fit in with the requirements. In
a subsequent period of time Russian animal specialists would develop new breeds of
heavy-draught horses by breeding these crossbreeds.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) How do men care about horses?
2) How do horses endure climate conditions?
3) What is the Akhal-Teke important for?
4) What other horse breeds do you know?
5) How do trotters appear in our country?
6) Why were offsprings of better quality than their adults?
3. Fill in the prepositions into the sentences: on, in (3), over, as, to (3), of,
from, at.
1) Some breeds are kept ______ the open very close ______ “the Cold Pole”.
2) Man strives to protect horses ______ exposure to detrimental effect of
environment.
3) The horse should be highly adaptable ______ local environment.
4) Akhal-Teke horse is important ______ very valuable for sporting events and
breeding purpose.
5) Horses purchased abroad, exerted a considerable influence ______ the
process ______ the breed formation.
77
6) American trotters were used not only ______ prize winning but also ______
crossing ______ the Orlov.
7) Heavy-draught horses were too slow ______ work ______ long distances.
4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) The working horse has not lost its importance in our days.
2) It is natural that mechanization of agricultural production has reduced the
horse population.
3) Even in the modern village the horse still remains the true servant
of a farmer.
4) Large state farms and horse farms are specializing in the production
of horse.
5) Keeping horse herds on natural pastures ensures the production of
inexpensive food production.
6) The production of horseflesh under natural conditions is profitable.
5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) значительная работа по улучшению качества пород проведена в 69 го-
сударственных конных заводах;
2) ездовых лошадей отбирают только на летних забегах;
3) большинство пород рысаков проходят отбор круглый год;
4) все достижения в коневодстве зависят от опыта заводчиков, конюхов
и другого рабочего персонала;
5) заводчики и конюхи вкладывают дополнительные средства в высокие
продуктивные результаты у подрастающего потомства.
TEXT 28. SHEEP
Vocabulary
mutton, n
[´mʌtn ]
баранина
male, n
[meɪl]
самец
ram, n
[ræm]
баран
ewe, n
[juː]
овца
lamb, n
[læm]
ягненок, ягниться
wither, n
[´wɪðə]
валух, кастрированный баран
twin, n
[twɪn]
двойня
78
triple, n
[´trɪpl ]
тройня
face, n
[feɪs]
голова
horn, n
[hɔːn]
рог
fleece, n
[fli:s]
руно, овечья шерсть
flock, n
[flɒk]
отара, стадо овец
1. Read and translate the text.
The sheep is one of the most valuable and important of all domesticated
animals. Sheep are kept for the production of mutton and wool. The sheep is the most
common name of this kind of animals. For the adult male we have ram. Ewe is the
name of the female of the sheep. Lamb is a young sheep. Wither is the term applied
to the castrated male.
Sheep differ from cattle in that there are usually only two (in place of four)
teats to the udders of the ewes. In common with the great majority of the ruminants,
adult sheep possess 32 functioned teeth. The period of gestation in various breeds is
stated to vary from 144 days to 150 days. Analogous variations occur in the relative
degree of fertility of the various breeds, some usually producing only a single lamb at
a birth, while others commonly produce twins or even triplets. There is definite
seasonality in lambing. The ewes of most breeds come in heat in SeptemberNovember with the exception of the Romanov and Finnish. Landrace breeds can be
bred at any time of the year.
Healthy lambs can withstand bad weather, provided the coat dries immediately
after birth. If, because of very wet severe weather, the coat does not dry, losses even
among the strong lambs may occur. When the lambs are about one month old male
lambs are castrated as withers produce better muttons than do rams.
Sheep are well adapted for grazing on pastures, they eat 520 kinds of grasses
while cattle uses 460 and horses only 416. In some countries where the snow does not
lie very deep sheep may be kept in the open throughout the winter. They are
considered very hardly, distinguished by superior size and greater fatness.
The British breeds of sheep may be divided into three main groups:
1. Long-woolen. There are the most numerous group. They are white faced,
hornless and have a fleece of long wool. They mature early and fatten readily, but the
mutton at least of the older animals, tends to be coarse-grained and poor in flavour,
and readily becomes too fat.
2. Short-woolen. They are usually hornless, with dark faces and legs, with
a short fleece of fine quality. The mutton is of good quality, with a high proportion of
lean meat. They are kept in a variety of conditions.
79
3. Mountain Breeds. They are known for their ability to live on mountain
grazing. They all belong to the black-faced, coarse-woolen, horned type.
At present there are about 60 breeds of sheep in Russia: long-tailed, short-
tailed, soft-woolen, fat-tailed breeds, etc.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What are sheep kept for?
2) What is wither?
3) Is “ewe” the name applied to the male or female?
4) Lamb is a young sheep, isn`t it?
5) How many teats does an ewe have?
6) How long is the period of gestation?
7) When do the ewes of most breeds come in heat?
8) Why are male lambs castrated?
9) Can we say that sheep are well-adapted for grazing?
10) How many breeds of sheep are there in Russia?
3. Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations.
To come into heat, the period of gestation, seasonality in lambing, lean meat,
a variety of conditions, to graze on pasture, hornless, at any time of the year, most
breeds, throughout the winter, to keep in the open, at least, too fat, at present.
4. Finish the sentences with the words: lamb, grasses, ram, dry, castrated,
at any time.
1) The adult male of sheep is called ______.
2) Usually ewes produce a single ______ at a birth.
3) Landrace breeds can be bred ______ of the year.
4) The coat of lambs should be ______ after birth.
5) When the lambs are about one month-old male lambs are ______.
6) Sheep eat 520 kinds of ______.
5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined words.
1) It is best to feed about 0.5 lb. of grain per head daily.
2) Wheat gives the best returns when fed with alfalfa or clover hay.
3) Corn alone builds fat rather than bone and muscle.
4) Clover hay is extremely useful because of the nitrogenous matter.
5) Barley is satisfactory in sheep feeding unless used in large quantities.
80
TEXT 29. EXPERIMENTS IN FATTENING SHEEP
1. Read and translate the text.
Indian corn is extremely used for fattening sheep and lambs over the United
States. Experiments have shown that corn will force the largest and most economical
gains with lambs both before and after weaning, the protein required coming from the
dam`s milk and pasture grass. It is not desirable, however, to use corn alone for ewe
lambs designed for the flock, since this grain builds fat rather than bone and muscle.
Wheat is less valuable than corn for fattening lambs. Wheat gives the best
returns when fed with alfalfa or clover hay. Corn, peas, barley and oats when fed with
such roughages as mixed hay, roots and cabbages have practically the same value for
fattening mature sheep.
When mixed with better-liked feed, sheep will readily consume a ration
containing from five to ten per cent of meat meal. Meat meal produced larger but less
economical gains than grain alone, and evidently increased the wool production.
Regnant obtained excellent results when feeding dried blood to lambs in place of
milk, supplying about 0.5 lb. daily for each 100 lbs. of live weight.
The value of wet beet pulp with and without grain for fattening lambs was
tested at the Utah Station. It is best to feed about 0.5 lb. of grain per head daily when
the rest of the ration consists of wet beet pulp and alfalfa hay.
Sheep-fattening in Great Britain. Clover hay proved extremely useful not
only because of the nitrogenous matter but also of its high content of lime compared
with phosphoric acid. Linseed cake produced a given increase with less than the
average amount of feed, and the carcasses dressed above the average. Cotton cake
gave average results. Oats, on the whole, were unsatisfactory. Barley was satisfactory
unless used in large quantity, when it seemed to have an injurious effect on
the animals. Wheat gave good results. Best results followed feeding from 95 to
100 lbs. of roots weekly per 100 lbs. of live sheep.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What food is used for fattening sheep in the United States?
2) Why is it not desirable to use corn alone for ewe lambs designed for the
flock?
3) Will sheep consume meat meal?
4) What can you say about the value of wet beet pulp?
5) What feed was tested for sheep fattening in Great Britain?
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