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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для зоотехнических специальностей
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Consisted, concentrated, digested, produced, excepted, pastured, included,
studied, separated, required, milked, obtained, provided, amounted, consumed.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) существует много пород молочных коров;
2) трава на пастбище — зеленый корм, а силос — сочный корм.
3) в состав рациона коровы должны входить концентраты и грубые
корма;
4) недостаток минералов в рационе вызывает снижение молочной про-
дуктивности;
5) питательные свойства сена и зерна были изучены на многочисленных
опытах;
6) высокопродуктивных коров следует кормить как сеном, так и зерном.
TEXT 16. CALF
Vocabulary
purpose, n
[´pɜːpəs]
цель
herd, n
[hɜːd]
стадо
divide, v
[dɪ´vaɪd]
делить, разделять
last, v
[lɑːst ]
длиться
maturity, n
[mə´tjʊərɪtı]
зрелость
nurse, v
[nɜːs]
сосать
suck, v
[sʌk]
сосать
dam, n
[dæm]
матка (о животном)
pail, n
[peɪl]
поилка
scour, n
[´skaʊə]
понос
access, n
[´ækses]
доступ
skim, adj
[skɪm]
обезжиренный
substitute, n
[´sʌbstɪtjuːt]
заменитель
legume, n
[´leɡjuːm]
бобовый
depend on, v
[dɪ´pend ɒn]
зависеть от
1. Read and translate the text.
Cattle are kept for two purposes: beef production and milk production. The
management of a dairy herd differs markedly from that of beef producing animals,
for milk production is a daily process.
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The life of a dairy cow may be divided into three periods. The first period is
the one, which lasts from the birth of a dairy calf up to about the age of six months.
The second lasts from six months until the heifer calves for the first time, usually at
about 2.5 years of age. The last period is the one of the maturity of a dairy cow.
The calf being normal after birth, the cattlemen should leave it with its mother.
Being healthy, the calf will soon get to its feet and start nursing. The first milk,
colostrum, is very important for the newborn calf. It is secreted by the cow for four or
five days after calving. The calf usually sucks its dam for about a week. Then it
should be put into an individual pen and taught to drink milk from a pail. Calves
should be fed whole milk at the same temperature as milk from the udder of the cow,
the rate being about 1 to 1.5 gallons a day. Feeding cold milk or too much milk will
cause scours. Feeding at irregular intervals may cause digestive troubles too.
Calves being three weeks old, other feeds containing fibre should be given. All
calves at this age should have access to a small amount of good-quality hay and clean
water.
Whole milk is to be given until calves reach eight to ten weeks of age. Calves
reaching this age, whole milk must be gradually decreased and skim milk or a milk
substitute is given. From this age on dry feeding is increased while milk is decreased.
Calves should be turned out to pasture in spring as early as possible. Being
kept on good pasture in summer, calves do not require any other additional feed.
Calves being on poor grass, large amounts of hay, roots and a small amount of
concentrates are necessary in addition to pasture. In winter calves should receive
legume or grass hay. The quantity of grain is different, depending on the quality of
hay fed to the calves.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) Why does the management of a dairy herd differ from that of a beef herd?
2) How many periods may the life of a cow be divided into?
3) When does a heifer calve for the first time?
4) What is very important for the calf for the first four or five days?
5) How long does a calf suck its dam?
6) What may cause scours?
7) When is the feeding of whole milk decreased?
8) What feed is necessary for young calves in summer?
3. Translate the following words and word combinations into English.
Производство говядины, заметно отличается, молозиво, сосать матку,
пить молоко из поилки, понос, телочка, приходить в охоту, выгонять на пастбище, снятое молоко.
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4. Fill in the gaps with the correct words: dam, water, a pail, calves, skim
milk, carbohydrates, young, colostrum, too, fats, hay.
1) The heifer usually ______ at about 2.5 years of age.
2) The first milk ______ is very important for the calf.
3) The calf usually sucks its ______ for about a week.
4) Then the calf begins to drink milk from ______.
5) One should not give the calf ______ cold milk.
6) At three weeks the calf is given some ______.
7) The calf being ten weeks old, ______ ______ is given.
8) To produce milk cows need much ______ and nutritious feed.
9) Energy is supplied by ______ and ______.
10) Materials are especially required by ______ animals.
5. Define the Absolute-with-the-Participial Construction and translate the
sentences.
1) A cow producing 25 pounds of milk, 2.5 to three pounds of protein must be
provided in her ration.
2) Wheat straw containing large amounts of indigestible fiber, the farmers use
it for bedding.
3) Farmers using rotational grazing, the animals eat fresh and clean grass all
the time.
4) The calf being healthy at birth, whole milk from the pail was given to it on
the third day.
5) Feeds are composed of many substances, some of them being required in
small amounts for the growth of the animals.
6) Spring grass being high in water, cows should not eat it too much.
7) In fattening, the animals are fed highly nutritious feeds, feed low in nutrients
being given in small amounts.
8) Fats being supplied in large amounts, digestive troubles may take place.
6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings of the words
underlined.
А. 1) The calves for vealing are fed whole milk until they reach the weight of
about 3 000 pounds.
2) Young grass should not be grazed until it is 4–8 in. high.
3) The calf usually sucks its dam until it is about a week old.
B. 1) Carbohydrates and fats are very important for the animals, for they
supply most of the energy.
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2) The feeding value of this silage is very high, for it is made of young
leafy grass.
3) Whole milk is fed to the calf for eight or ten weeks.
C. 1) The animals should not be given too cold water to drink.
2) Wheat straw is too high in indigestible fibre.
3) This grass is too young to pasture the cattle on it.
4) The bulls are on pasture too.
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) так как здесь климат теплый, то скот содержат на пастбище и летом,
и зимой;
2) снятое молоко содержит большое количество переваримого белка. Оно
очень важно как для поросят, так и для телят;
3) норму цельного молока уменьшают постепенно. Теленок должен со-
сать свою мать в течение недели после рождения;
4) при выращивании молодняка задача состоит не только в том, чтобы
вырастить всех рожденных телят, но и получить высокопродуктивных животных.
TEXT 17. IMPORTANCE OF HAY FOR CALVES
1. Read and translate the text.
Since green-coloured, sun-cured hay is the richest source of vitamin D among
common feeds and is also high in vitamin A, it is very important that calves have
access to good hay as soon as they will eat it. At about two weeks of age a handful of
such hay should therefore be placed each day where the calf can get it.
Little will be eaten at first, but even this may be very important in supplying
needed vitamins and thus preventing rickets and other troubles. As the calf grows and
its paunch develops, more hay will be eaten, until at six months of age it should be
eating three to five lbs. a day. The best way to feed hay is in a rack. All uneaten hay
should be removed daily and fed to other stock, for calves do not like hay, which has
been picked over.
From the standpoint of the amount of protein, calcium, and vitamin A and D
supplied, leafy, fine-stemmed legume hay is the best for calves. Sometimes, young
calves will eat so much of such hay that its laxative properties will cause them to
scour. This can be avoided by limiting the amount or by starting them on mixed
legume-and-grass hay.
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In general, the leafier the hay is, the higher will be its value for calves.
Therefore, second-cutting clover or alfalfa hay is preferred to the first cutting.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) At what age must calves have access to good hay?
2) Will the calves eat much hay at first?
3) How many pounds of hay do calves usually eat daily?
4) What is the best way to feed calves?
5) Why should all uneaten hay be removed?
6) What causes young calves to scour?
7) What kind of hay is the best for calves?
8) Why is second-cutting clover or alfalfa hay better than that of the first
cutting?
3. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Comparative Degree.
1) The leafier the hay is, the higher will be its value for calves.
2) The closer the grass approaches the hay stage, the less its food value is.
3) The longer the calf is allowed to remain with the cow, the greater the
disturbance to the cow during separation is.
4) The sooner this grass is cut, the better will be its nutritive value.
4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) As soon as the calves are six months of age, they will start eating hay.
2) Many cases of scours take place among the calves because of the laxative
properties of legume hay.
3) Good-quality soybean hay and cowpea are also very satisfactory for calves.
4) Hay from the grasses or cereal hay is inferior to legume hay, for it is much
lower in protein, calcium, and vitamins.
5) Most attempts to raise calves on milk and grain without roughage have
ended in failure, and limited success is possible only when special vitamin and
mineral supplements are added to such a ration.
6) The particular importance of full supply of vitamins A and D for the calf
must always be born in mind.
7) Greenish silage, which, as a part of substitute for hay, is excellent for calves,
supplies ample vitamin A.
8) Calves will receive sufficient vitamin A during the whole-milk period if they
are fed milk from cows on normal ration, containing a reasonable amount of wellcured hay or other roughage high in vitamin A value (carotene content).
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9) When cows have been fed poor-quality timothy hay, deficient in vitamin A,
as the only roughage for long periods, the milk has contained but little vitamin A.
10) Calves on good pasture or very good hay, or good hay with some green
fodder such as cabbage do not require supplementary minerals.
5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) хорошее сено является отличным кормом для телят;
2) высушенное на солнце сено — самый богатый источник витамина D
среди общих кормов;
3) телята обычно начинают поедать сено в двухнедельном возрасте;
4) все несъедобное сено следует забирать и скармливать другим животным;
5) известно, что витамины предотвращают рахит;
6) с точки зрения количества протеина, кальция и витаминов A и D тонкостебельчатое бобовое сено является лучшим кормом для телят.
TEXT 18. SWINE
Vocabulary
swine, pig, hog, n
[swaɪn] [pɪɡ] [hɒɡ]
свинья
boar, n
[bɔː]
хряк
service boar
breeding boar
[´sɜːvɪs bɔː]
[´briːdɪŋ bɔː]
племенной хряк
castrated boar
barrow, n
[kæ´streɪtɪd bɔː]
[´bærəʊ]
боров
gilt, n
[ɡɪlt]
подсвинок
swine raising
swine production
swine industry
[swaɪn ´reɪzɪŋ]
[swaɪn prə´dʌkʃn]
[swaɪn ´ɪndəstrı]
свиноводство
breed, n, v
[briːd]
порода, разводить
pig population
[pɪɡ ˏpɒpjʊ´leɪʃn]
поголовье свиней
live weight
[laɪv weɪt]
живой вес
flesh, meat, n
[fleʃ] [miːt]
мясо
early maturity
[´ɜːlı mə´tjʊərɪtı]
скороспелость
high meat yield
[haı miːt jiːld]
высокая мясная
продуктивность
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confinement complexes
[kən´faɪnmənt
´kɒmpleksɪz]
комплексы
с безвыгульным
содержанием
assembly line schedule
[ə´semblı laɪn ´ʃedjuːl]
поточное
производство
hair, n
[heə]
щетина
back, n
[´bæk]
спина
shoulder, n
[´ʃəʊldə]
лопатки
farrow, v, n
[´færəʊ]
пороситься, опорос
1. Read and translate the text.
The word “swine” is used for all domestic animals commonly referred to as
pigs or hogs. Pigs excel all other farm animals in the economy with which they
convert feed into edible flesh. Swine raising gives 35 % of meat in our country, 61 %
in Denmark, 57,4 % in Germany and 59,2 % in Holland. The aim is to increase the
number of pig raising farms in our country.
There are many pure breeds of pigs. Depending on the feeding they may be
divided into the pork type, the bacon type and the meat type. The main breeds raised
in our region are:
1) The Large White. It forms 80 % of pig population in our country. The live
weight is 180–240 kg. This bacon breed is very prolific and yields a high quality of
lean meat. The animal has a broad, well-developed shoulder, back and hams. The
skin is thin, whitish-pink, covered with white hair;
2) Estonian Bacon;
3) Landrace. The boars of this breed are sound, well-muscled, rugged and
stout. Gilts are big, long, deep-bodied.
Early maturity, size, feeding qualities, quality of meat and carcass-yields are
the main factors in the development of hogs. There is a tendency nowadays to breed
pigs with less fat and more lean in their meat, as, for example, are Hampshire and
Duroc in the United States.
It is very important to breed high resistant swine, which can be successfully
used for 3–4 years on the massive state farm confinement complexes where pigs are
thrust into an assembly line schedule from farrow to finish. Extensive use of breeds
superior in litter size (such as Landrace, Yorkshire and several Large White varieties)
have provided adequate supplies of pork for Russian people.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) Why is pig meat so popular all over the world?
2) What type of pure pig breeds do you know?
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3) What breeds are popular in our country?
4) What are the main factors in the development of hogs?
5) Why is it very important to breed high resistant swine?
3. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
A breeding sow, early spring-farrow, a fall farrow pigling, a bred gilt, an open
gilt, a sow due to farrow, a meat type hog, a lard type hog carcass.
4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different meanings
of the words “should”, “would”.
1) A breeding animal should be in good condition.
2) I wrote to my parent that I should come home in July.
3) If I were an agronomist, I should buy this book.
4) Being a student my brother would prepare for the seminars in the library.
5) We hope that the veterinarian would arrive soon.
6) If pigs had wings, they would be angels.
5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal meanings
of the verbs.
1) It should be pointed out that the quality of fat is determined by feeding
rather, than breeding.
2) A pig should yield about 1 lb of live weight to every 5 or 6 lb of meal fed.
3) Pigs will eat everything eatable, and, if allowed to do so, will consume any
garbage about a farm and convert it into fat.
4) Unfortunately, due to bad weather, our annual meeting had to be postponed.
5) We would like to wish a Happy and Prosperous New Year to all our friends.
6) All animals shall come from validated brucellosis free herd.
7) All animals shall have been tested for pseudo rabies within 30 days prior to
sale day.
8) All breeding animals must be registered.
9) We will retain one or two boars as herd ones.
TEXT 19. FEEDING OF SWINE
1. Read and translate the text.
The pig is an omnivorous animal with a simple stomach. One should remember
that the teeth of the pig can’t grind very fine. That’s why they do not digest the fibre
59
of the feed well. Swine, like all other classes of stock, should always be supplied with
plenty of water. Though swine require less salt than cattle, horses or sheep, they
should be given it regularly. As for vitamins, vitamins A and D are especially
important in swine feeding. Under winter conditions young pigs are often severely
crippled or even paralyzed by rickets, if the diet is deficient in vitamin D.
An assembly line schedule from farrow to finish lasts 222 days on our swine
confinement complexes. It is divided into three parts:
I. The suckling period lasts 21 (26) days.
II. The growth period is 80 days.
III. The finishing or fattening period is 116 days.
The pigs from the 15th till the 106th day are fed on the nonslop diet and
fattening pigs or feeder swine are slop-fed. Our state farm complexes utilize the
liquid feeding program, which is used from the time a pig is 106-days-old until it
reaches market weight. This program consists of mixing one part of feed with three
parts of water. The feed mix contains mostly barley and a vitamin-mineral premix
furnished by the state. Some rye, oats and sparse amounts of corn are also supplied.
Abundant supplies of roughages, including such items as fodder-beets, sugar
beets and whole carrot plants are being fed to growing-finishing pigs on state and
collective farms.
Between 3.86 and 4.27 pounds of feed is used for a pound of gain. Finishing
pigs usually yield about 637 gr of weight gain per day.
2. Remember the following word combinations.
An assembly line schedule from
farrow to finish
поточное производство
Swine confinement complexes
свинокомплексы с безвыгульным
содержанием
A suckling period
подсосный период
The growth period
период доращивания
The finishing period
период откорма
A feeder-swine
свинья на откорме
A slop-fed swine
свинья, откармливаемая жидкими
кормосмесями
A non-slop-fed swine
свинья, откармливаемая сухими
кормосмесями
A stocker swine
свинья на доращивании и откорме
A growing-finishing pig
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The liquid feeding program
кормление жидким кормом
Weight gain per day
ежедневный прирост
3. Answer the following questions.
1) Can swine digest fibre of the feed well?
2) What vitamins are the most important ones in swine feeding?
3) How long does an assembly line schedule from farrow to finish last?
4) When are pigs fed on the non-sloped?
5) What can you say about the liquid feeding program?
6) How many pounds of feed are used for a pound of gain?
4. Fill in the prepositions into the following sentences: from (2), of (2), until,
by, into, with (2), in, to.
1) The pig is an omnivorous animal ______ a simple stomach.
2) Swine do not digest the fibre ______ the feed well.
3) Swine should always be supplied ______ plenty ______ water.
4) Vitamins A and D are especially important ______ swine feeding.
5) Pigs are often severely crippled or even paralyzed ______ rickets
6) An assembly line schedule ______ farrow ______ finish lasts 222 days.
7) An assembly line schedule is divided ______ three parts.
8) The liquid feeding program is used ______ the time a pig is 106-days-
old ______ it reaches market weight
5. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) The pig is an omnivorous animal.
2) The teeth of the pig can’t grind very fine.
3) Swine should always be supplied with plenty of water.
4) Under winter conditions young pigs are often severely crippled if the diet is
deficient in vitamin D.
5) An assembly line schedule from farrow to finish lasts 222 days.
6) Fattening pigs or feeder swine are slop-fed ones.
7) The feed mix contains mostly barley and a vitamin-mineral premix.
8) Finishing pigs usually yield about 637 gr of weight gain per day.
TEXT 20. SWINE BREEDING
1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the homonyms.
litter
помет, подстилка
heat
половая охота, жара
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