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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для зоотехнических специальностей
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3) сено является одним их основных кормов в кормлении жвачных жи-
вотных зимой;
4) лучшее сено содержит много зеленой листвы;
5) разнообразие трав в значительной степени влияет на качество корма;
6) со временем трава становится более волокнистой и жесткой;
7) хорошо приготовленное сено содержит витамины А и D, и некоторые
минералы;
8) солома является сухим кормом и содержит много непереваримого
волокна;
9) овсяная солома является ценным кормом для мясного скота.
TEXT 9. CONCENTRATES
Vocabulary
expensive, adj
[ıks´pensıv]
дорогой
costly, adj
[´kɔ:stlı]
дорогой, затратный
purchase, v
[´pɜ:tʃəs]
покупать
fertility, n
[fɜ:´tılıtı]
плодородие
inferior, adj
[ın´fıərıə]
плохой (по качеству)
residue, n
[´rezıdju:]
остаток, отход
harvest, v
[´ha:vıst]
собирать урожай
coat, n
[kəʊt]
оболочка
mash, n
[mӕʃ]
мешанка, кормовая смесь
pulp, n
[pʌlp]
мякоть
1. Read and translate the text.
Concentrates are foods which are rich in either protein or carbohydrates, or
both. They are usually low in moisture and indigestible fibre but because of their high
feeding value they are expensive. Many farmers produce energy rich concentrates,
particularly barley, on their own farms whereas most protein rich concentrates, which
are more costly, have to be purchased.
Fish meal produced from white fleshed fish is suitable for feeding to young
pigs and calves. In addition to being an excellent source of animal protein it contains
a good supply of calcium and phosphorus. It can be included in cattle rations and may
help improve fertility, but high cost limits its use.
Meat and bone meal is only slightly inferior to fish meal in feeding value.
32
Groundnut cake is an extremely palatable food which can be used for all
classes of stock.
Soya bean meal or cake is the residue from soya beans which have had the oil
extracted from them by a chemical solvent. It is lower in energy than groundnut cake
but it can be used as a source of protein for all classes of stock as well.
Linseed cake is a palatable and slightly laxative food which is used in rations
for calves, cattle and sheep.
Pea and bean meal is the main source of home-grown protein, however
harvesting problems limit the area grown.
Bran is the fibrous outer coat of wheat and is a by-product of flour milling.
Bran mashes are laxative and very suitable for sick animals. It is usually included in
the rations for dairy cows.
There are some more energy rich foods. These are oats, wheat; barley, maize,
beans and dried sugarbeet pulp.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) Why are concentrates considered to be valuable food?
2) What meal is used for feeding farm animals?
3) What cake is the most palatable food?
4) What crops are grown on farms to obtain the food rich in protein?
5) What is bran?
6) What food is used for sick animals?
3. Match the words from the columns.
1) protein;
a) источник;
2) meal;
b) оболочка;
3) source;
c) жмых;
4) bone;
d) белок;
5) cake;
e) побочный продукт;
6) coat;
f) мука;
7) bran;
g) отруби;
8) by-product.
h) кость.
4. Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations.
Богатый белками, низкий по содержанию влаги, высокая пищевая цен-
ность, превосходный источник, хороший запас, вкусная пища, химический
растворитель, источник белка, проблемы со сбором урожая, волокнистая внеш-
33
няя оболочка, побочный продукт мукомольного производства, пища богатая
энергией.
5. Put the following words into the proper boxes.
noun
adjective
verb form
adverb
Moisture, indigestible, expensive, energy, particularly, costly, purchased,
fleshed, suitable, addition, excellent, supply, fertility, slightly, palatable, extracted,
chemical, solvent, laxative, grown, fibrous, included.
6. Open the brackets paying attention to the proper form of the verbs.
1) Many farmers (to produce) energy rich concentrates on their own farms.
2) Fish meal (to be) suitable for feeding young pigs and calves.
3) Fish meal (to contain) a good supply of calcium and phosphorous.
4) High costs of fish meal (to limit) its use in animals’ ration.
5) Linseed cake (to be) used in rations for calves, cattle and sheep.
6) Harvesting problems (to limit) the home-grown protein planting area.
7) Farmers (to include) bran mashes into the rations of dairy cows.
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) концентраты имеют низкое содержание влаги;
2) многие фермеры производят высококалорийные концентраты;
3) рыбную муку изготавливают из рыбы с белым мясом;
4) рыбная мука содержит хороший запас кальция и фосфора;
5) рыбная мука помогает улучшать плодовитость крупного рогатого
скота;
6) муку из соевых бобов можно использовать в качестве источника белка
для всех видов скота;
7) отруби — это волокнистая внешняя оболочка пшеницы;
8) кормовая смесь из отрубей помогает выздороветь больным животным.
34
TEXT 10. DIGESTIBILITY OF FOODSTUFFS
Vocabulary
pass out, v
[pɑ:s aut]
выходить
dung, n
[dʌŋ]
помет, навоз
D-value, n
[diː ´vӕlju:]
усвояемость
matter, n
[´mӕtə]
вещество
reference, n
[´refrəns]
отношение, ссылка
cell, n
[sel]
клетка
yield, n
[ji:ld]
удой, урожай
dry, adj
[draı]
сухостойная
passage, n
[´pӕsıdʒ]
проход
liveweight, n
[´laıvweıt]
живой вес
disadvantage, n
[dısəd´vɑ:ntıdʒ]
недостаток
1. Read and translate the text.
Some of the food eaten by farm animals cannot be digested and passes out of
the body as dung. The digestibility of the food is therefore very important and it is
essential to consider it when feeding stock. In practice farmers actually use the term
D-value to compare the digestibility of foods. This is the percentage of digestible
organic matter contained in the dry matter of the food. The higher the D-value, the
higher the digestibility.
This can be illustrated by reference to grass and silage. As grass gets older its
cell walls get toughened with lignin and its digestibility falls. When making top
quality silage farmers will aim to make a product which has a D-value of 70. This is
very suitable for high yielding dairy cows but it can only be made from relatively
young grass. As a result the yield per ha may be reduced compared to silage made
from grass cut at a later stage. When feeding a dry, in-calf beef cow some farmers
consider quantity and bulk to be more important than quality. They cut grass at a later
stage and obtain silage with a D-value as low as 55 to 60, or even lower.
A low D-value will probably result in the slowing down of the food in its
passage through the body. This will limit the quantity eaten by the animal. In high
yielding dairy cows, or beef cattle required to make good liveweight gains, this can
be a serious disadvantage.
35
2. Answer the following questions.
1) How do farmers compare the digestibility of foods?
2) What is the digestibility of foods?
3) When does the digestibility fall?
4) Is quality or quantity more important in feeding a dry cow?
5) What silage do farmers obtain when cutting grass at a later stage?
6) What is the effect of a low D-value on dairy cows?
3. Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations.
Сельскохозяйственные животные, при кормлении скота, переваримость
кормов, удобоваримое органическое вещество, стенки клетки, снижение переваримости, высокопродуктивные молочные коровы, относительно молодая трава, кормление сухостойной коровы, более поздняя стадия, приводить к снижению, хороший привес.
4. Fill in the proper prepositions: at, out, for, by (4), as (2), to, of (5), in,
with, from.
1) Some food eaten ______ animals cannot be digested.
2) Some ______ the food eaten ______ animals passes ______ ______ the
body ______ dung.
3) The percentage ______ digestible organic matter contained ______ the dry
matter ______ the food is D-value.
4) Digestibility can be illustrated ______ reference ______ grass and silage.
5) ______ grass gets older its cell walls get toughened ______ lignin.
6) D-value ___ 70 is very suitable ______ high yielding dairy cows.
7) Top quality silage can only be made ______ relatively young grass.
8) Farmers cut grass ______ a later stage.
9) A low D-value of grass will limit the quantity eaten ______ the animal.
5. Open the brackets paying attention to the proper form of the verbs.
1) Roughages, usually high in crude fibre and with poor digestibility (to
include) hay, pasture, silage, straw, stover, etc.
2) Concentrates (to be) low in fibre and (to have) a relatively high digestibility.
3) Concentrates (to include) grains and grain by-products, seeds, meals, and
animal products.
4) The quality of stored roughages (to be) affected by several factors: (а) the
stage of maturity when the forage was harvested, (b) the plant species, and (c) the
method of preservation.
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5) As a plant matures, the percent of protein (to decrease), crude fibre (to
increase), and TDN (total digestible nutrients) (to decrease).
6) Grasses (to be) monocotyledonous, usually with simple, parallel veined
leaves.
7) Legumes (to be) dicotyledonous, with compound leaves.
8) Grasses and legumes each (to have) their advantages and disadvantages.
6. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to
participles.
1) Livestock feeds are generally classified into two major groups: roughages
and concentrates.
2) Grains and grain be-products, seeds, meals, and animal products are
included into concentrates.
3) Hay, pasture, silage, straw, stover, etc are included into roughages.
4) The quality of stored roughages is affected by several factors.
5) The stage of maturity when the forage was harvested, the plant species, and
the method of preservation are considered to be the factors affecting the quality of
stored roughages.
6) Legumes and grasses are usual categories of plant species considered.
7) Grass family is composed of timothy, brome, cereal grains, and many others.
8) Legumes are composed of alfalfa, clover, soybeans, peas, etc.
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) переваримость кормов очень важна в кормлении скота;
2) специалисты используют этот термин при оценке удобоваримости
кормов;
3) когда трава растет длительное время, стенки клеток растения становятся жесткими за счет лигнина;
4) высококачественный силос особенно ценен для высокопродуктивных
молочных коров;
5) высококачественный силос можно приготовить только из молодой
травы;
6) фермеры считают, что при кормлении сухостойных коров количество
и объем кормов важнее, чем их качество;
7) низкое содержание витамина D в кормах может стать недостатком при
кормлении высокопродуктивных молочных коров.
37
TEXT 11. COMPOSITION OF FEEDS
Vocabulary
carbohydrate, n
[ˏka:bəʊ´haıdreıt]
углевод
vary, v
[ˈveərı]
различаться
content, n
[´kɒntent]
содержание
amount, n
[ə´maʊnt]
количество
barley, n
[´ba:lı]
ячмень
dairy cow
[´deərı kaʊ]
молочная корова
promote, v
[prə´məʊt]
способствовать
lack, n
[lӕk]
недостаток, нехватка
reduce, v
[rı´dju:s]
сокращать
linseed, n
[´lınsi:d]
льняное семя
cottonseed, n
[´kɒtnˏsi:d]
семя хлопка
soybean, n
[´sɔıbı:n]
соя
starch, n
[stɑ:tʃ]
крахмал
wheat, n
[wiːt]
пшеница
digestible, adj
[daı´dʒestəbl]
удобоваримый,
легко усвояемый
trouble, n
[´trʌbl]
болезнь
source, n
[sɔ:s]
источник
oil, n
[ɔıl]
масло
rapidly, adv
[´rӕpıdlı]
быстро
that is why
[ðӕt ız waı]
поэтому
result in, v
[rı´zʌlt ın]
приводить к
about, prep.
[ə´baʊt]
зд. примерно, около
1. Read and translate the text.
Feeds are composed of many substances. The more common of them are water,
proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins.
Water. Feeds vary greatly in moisture or water content. The amount of water
in oats and barley, for instance, is usually as little as 8 to 10 % (per cent), while
silage, roots and green feeds contain as much as 70 to 90 % of water. Dairy cows
should drink as much water as possible for the production of milk as milk is
87 % water.
38
Proteins. Proteins are complex substances used to build up tissues, promote
growth, maintain and stimulate milk and fat production, develop the unborn calf and
supply protein in milk. A cow producing 25 pounds of milk daily should receive
2.5 to 3 pounds of protein in her ration. The lack of protein will reduce the amount of
milk produced by a cow. The necessary amount of protein may be provided by
feeding both roughage and concentrated feeds, such as linseed meal, cottonseed meal,
soybeans, alfalfa and clover hay, green crops and others.
Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are starches, sugars and fibre. They supply
most of the energy required by the animals in order to do work, to keep themselves
warm and to produce milk. Concentrated feeds such as oats, barley, corn, wheat, rye
are high in carbohydrates. That is why to provide the animal with concentrates is very
important.
Fats. Fats in the diet are also used as a source of energy. But excessive fat in
the ration is undesirable because it may lead to digestive troubles. Fats supply more
heat and energy than carbohydrates. Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of fat.
Minerals. Minerals are essential for the growth of the skeleton and all body
processes. About 80 % of the mineral matter, chiefly calcium and phosphorus, is
found in the skeleton. It is therefore very important to supply the young animals
whose skeleton is growing rapidly with enough minerals.
Vitamins. Vitamins play an important part in the feeding of all classes of
livestock. They are required in small amount for the normal growth and health of the
animals.
To be in good condition farm animals are to be provided with all these
substances in proper proportion.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What are the most common substances of the feeds?
2) How does the amount of water vary in different feeds?
3) Why are proteins essential for animals?
4) How can proteins be provided in the ration?
5) What are carbohydrates?
6) What feeds are high in carbohydrates?
7) Why is fat undesirable in the ration?
8) What feeds are higher in energy and heat?
9) What are minerals essential for?
10) What are vitamins required for?
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3. Translate the following words into Russian and make your own sentences
using them.
Substance, minerals, protein, production, complex, stimulate, ration, concentrates, energy, animal, diet, skeleton, process, class, proportion, vitamin, total,
lactation, calcium, phosphorus, iodine, balance, pasture, clover.
4. Put the word into the proper column according to the reading rules of the
word end.
[t]
[d]
[id]
Composed, varied, contained, promoted, maintained, stimulated, developed,
supplied, received, reduced, used, produced, provided, concentrated, required.
5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice.
1) Various foods are used by man in feeding livestock.
2) Silage was made from different plants.
3) Feeding-stuffs are to be classified into succulents, roughages and con-
centrates.
4) Most of the wheat straw has been used for bedding.
5) Proteins are used to build tissues.
6) Feeds can be composed of many substances.
7) Barley straw is sometimes fed to beef cattle.
8) This group of cows is being milked now.
6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to modal verbs.
1) Green grass should be grazed when it is 4–8 inches.
2) Roots can provide good rations for sheep and cattle.
3) Low fibre content of young grass may cause scours.
4) Silage should be made from young leafy grass and clover.
5) Roughages are bulky feeds and mustn't be used for pigs.
6) One could give large quantities of roughages to cattle and sheep.
7) Dairy cows may drink as much water as possible for the production of milk.
8) Silage can be made from a variety of plants.
40
9) The lack of concentrated feeds will reduce the milk yield of dairy cows.
10) In summer she would milk cows three times a day.
7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different participle
forms.
1) Proteins are complex substances being used for promoting growth, main-
taining and stimulating milk production.
2) The young animal skeleton is growing rapidly with enough minerals.
3) A cow producing 25 pounds of milk daily must receive 2.5 to 3 pounds of
protein in her ration.
4) The lack of protein will reduce the amount of milk produced by a cow.
5) Being necessary for normal growth of the animals, vitamins should be given
with different feeds.
6) Feeding roughage may provide the necessary amount of protein.
7) Oil bearing seeds are the main sources of fat.
8) Concentrated feeds are high in carbohydrates.
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