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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для зоотехнических специальностей
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1) A sow may have ten to twelve pigs in one litter.
2) Swine should be kept in sheds with plenty of litter.
3) Sows usually come in heat a few days after weaning a litter.
4) Swine are very susceptible to excess of both heat and cold.
2. Read and translate the text.
Sows should be chosen with good wide hips and provided with at least a dozen
teats. The pig is the only animal of the four farm varieties, which brings forth
a “litter” at a time. Mares and cows should have single young ones, ewes — a couple
of lambs; the sows are expected to yield ten to twelve. Excessive fatness is not
desirable in a breeding animal though it should be in good condition. She may be
bred from seven to eight months, and a boar can serve upwards of 50 sows in
a season. Well-grown gilts may come in heat at three months of age. Sows usually
come in heat a few days after weaning a litter, but some come in heat while suckling
litters.
Exercise is desirable with breeding sows, and if possible they may be allowed
to run out in the field. The young may be weaned at six weeks to two months old, and
the boars castrated shortly after.
In breeding pens it is a rule to fix a rail a few inches from the walls, about nine
inches above the floor, for the purpose of preventing the sow from crushing her
suckling litter against the wall when she lies down. She requires very careful and
gentle handling at this period. Sows suckling litters require somewhat more water.
Their ration should be supplied with micro- and macro-elements otherwise anemia
will result.
Swine of all kinds are very susceptible to excess of both heat and cold. This
susceptibility arises from the fact that they have but little hair on their bodies even the
most hairy in comparison with the close coats of the other classes of livestock. In
summer, therefore, they should have access to shade when the sun is hot, and in
winter should be in sheds with plenty of litter.
There is extensive use of artificial insemination in breeding programs of our
country. No natural breeding is done on state farms. Artificial insemination helps
save space, feed and labour compared to natural breeding, and provides a method of
preventing disease. The main task in pig breeding are stressing litter size and
increasing conception rate.
3. Answer the following questions.
1) What does the term “litter” mean?
2) When may a sow be bred?
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3) When may well-grown gilts come in heat?
4) When may the young be weaned?
5) Why is a rail fixed in breeding pens?
6) Why should the ration be supplied with micro- and macro-elements?
7) Why are swine very susceptible to excess of both heat and cold?
8) Is artificial insemination used in pigs breeding?
4. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
Good wide hips, farm varieties, excessive fatness, a good condition, wellgrown gilts, after weaning, suckling litters, breeding pens, be very susceptible, access
to shade, sheds with plenty of litter, an artificial insemination, natural breeding,
preventing disease, litter size.
5. Read the text again and find English equivalents.
1) единственное животное;
2) племенное животное;
3) быть в заводской кондиции;
4) приходить в половую охоту;
5) отнимать от матери;
6) племенные свиноматки;
7) внимательный уход;
8) приводить к анемии;
9) чувствительный к холоду;
10) редкий волосяной покров;
11) искусственное осеменение;
12) оплодотворяемость.
TEXT 21. POULTRY
Vocabulary
flesh, n
[fleʃ]
мясо
hen, n
[hen]
курица
turkey, n
[´tɜːkı]
индюк, индюшка
cock, n
[´kɒk]
петух
duck, n
[dʌk]
утка
goose (geese, pl), n
[ɡuːs (ɡiːs)]
гусь, гусыня (гуси)
63
reproduction, n
[ˏriːprə´dʌkʃn]
воспроизводство
raise, v
[reɪz]
выводить, выращивать
rear, v
[rɪə]
hatch, v
[hætʃ]
высиживать, насиживать
carry out, v
[´kærı aʊt]
производить, выполнять
increase, v
[ɪn´kriːs]
увеличивать
available, adj
[ə´veɪləbl ]
наличный, доступный
broody, n
[´bruːdı]
наседка
brooder, n
[´bruːdə]
брудер
beak, n
[biːk]
клюв
pass, v
[pɑːs]
проходить, идти
moisture, n
[´mɔɪstʃə]
влага
proper, adj
[´prɒpə]
подходящий, нужный
vigorous, adj
[´vɪɡərəs]
сильный, энергичный
feather, v
[´feðə]
оперяться
cut off, v
[kʌt ɒf]
зд. снижать
roost, n, v
[ruːst]
насест, нашест, садиться
на насест
trough, n
[trɒf]
кормушка
1. Read and translate the text.
Poultry are kept for flesh and eggs. They include hens with chickens, turkey
with poults, cocks, ducks with ducklings and geese with goslings. The breeds of
poultry are numerous. The reproduction of the flock from year to year is one of the
most important problems of poultry raisers.
Today there are about 2 500 state-owned incubating and poultry stations in our
country. Many state farms in our region are rearing hens and chickens.
Yet until recently chicks were hatched only in spring and in summer.
Experiments carried out at a number of stations have shown that it is possible to
extend operation to the autumn and winter period which considerably increase the
number of chicks available to farm.
Incubating. Certain conditions are necessary to cause a bird embryo to
develop. Incubation is known to provide these. Hatching with hens is called natural
hatching, while hatching with incubators is artificial hatching, or incubation. The
eggs to be hatched should be of the highest possible quality and free from disease.
The hens selected to hatch the eggs are to have the broody instinct welldeveloped. The hen heats the eggs by her body warmth. To regulate the temperature
she turns all the eggs with her foot and beak.
64
Hatching chicks with incubators is not only more satisfactory but also
economical, particularly where larger numbers of chicks are hatched. The conditions
in the incubators are similar to those under a sitting hen. The eggs are heated, fresh
air passes around them, there is a sufficient amount of moisture and the eggs are
regularly turned from one side to another. The period of incubation is 21 days. The
task of incubation is to obtain the largest possible number of good chickens in
proportion to the number of the eggs set.
Brooding. Young incubated chicks need proper care. Providing chickens with
a warm place is called brooding. In natural brooding the necessary heat is provided
by a broody hen under whose body the chickens can be kept warm.
If there is no hens chickens are put into special heated boxes called brooders.
To have chickens healthy and vigorous, it is necessary to provide proper temperature,
plenty of room and sanitation.
The best temperature for the first week of brooding is 95 F. It may be varied
a little up or down, but it should not go below 90 F or over 100 F. Chickens seem to
feather better if the room is kept not too warm. The heat is usually cut off after the
chickens are feathered and low roosts should be placed in the brooder house to
prevent overcrowding on the floor.
Very quickly they learn to pick food from troughs. The chickens properly fed
and having good care are known to grow as fast as those, which are hatched by a hen.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What is poultry kept for?
2) What poultry do you know?
3) What poultry are our regional state farms rearing?
4) Which hatching is more economical, natural or artificial one?
5) Where are chickens put after artificial incubation?
3. Match the sentence with the Infinitive in the function of the adverbial
modifier.
1) It is important to increase lighting regime for receiving high chicken egg
production.
2) To have high egg production is necessary.
3) To have chicken eggs production the lighting regime should be increased.
4. Define the attributive function of the Infinitive in the following sentences.
1) We went to the poultry farm to take some ducklings and chickens.
2) The chickens to be taken are at the age of 2 weeks.
3) They were asked to take the chickens this month.
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5. Match the English equivalent for the Russian sentence.
I. Для того чтобы обогревать брудеры, необходимо электричество:
a) to heat brooders the electricity is necessary;
b) to heat brooders with electricity we should use special device.
II. Делегация, которая придет на нашу птицефабрику, будет состоять из
зоотехников:
a) the delegation to come to our poultry farm will include zooengineers;
b) the delegation, which consists of zooengineers will come to our poultry farm.
6. Translate the following word combinations into English.
Воспроизводство стада, птицеводы, разводить кур и цыплят, высиживать
только весной, увеличить поголовье цыплят, переворачивать яйца, похожий
(сходный), наседка, количество влаги, чтобы получить самое большое количество цыплят, правильный уход, сохранять тепло, здоровый и сильный, оперяться.
TEXT 22. SELECTING POULTRY
Vocabulary
according to
[ə´kɔːdɪŋ tuː]
согласно
the number of
[ðə ´nʌmbər ɒv]
число, количество
lay (laid), v
[leɪ (leɪd)
нести яйца
layer, n
[´leɪə]
несушка
cull, v
[kʌl]
выбраковывать
proper, adj
[´prɒpə]
правильный, хороший
flock, n
[flɒk]
стая птицы
pullet, n
[´pʊlɪt]
молодка
moult, v
[məʊlt]
линять
increase, v
[ɪn´kriːs]
увеличивать
decrease, v
[dɪ´kriːs]
уменьшать
even, adj
[´iːvn]
одинаковый, равный
quality, n
[´kwɒlɪtı]
качество
consumption, n
[kən´sʌmpʃn ]
потребление
management, n
[´mænɪdʒmənt]
уход, содержание
mash, n
[mæʃ]
жидкая масса (корм)
essential, adj
[ɪ´senʃl ]
существенный,
неотъемлемый
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cereals, n
[´sɪərɪəlz]
злаковые
amount of
[ə´maʊnt ɒv]
количество
shortage, n
lack, n
[´ʃɔːtɪdʒ]
[læk]
недостаток
result in, v
[rɪ´zʌlt ɪn]
приводить к чему-либо
retard, v
[rɪ´tɑːd]
задерживать
hopper, n
[´hɒpə]
кормушка, желоб
1. Read and translate the text.
Hens are usually classified as high, medium and low producers according to
the number of eggs laid during the period of the year. Hens of low production are
culled, and choosing of the best layers is known as selection. The best time to cull
hens is in July, August and September. The best hens lay well during the summer and
early autumn. Only those that lay proper size, shape, color and quality of eggs should
be selected. There are many flocks that average 150 to 200 eggs annually per hen.
About 70 % of the pullets in most flocks will lay 20 % fewer eggs the second
year than the first one. But some hens are known to continue egg production for
3 or 4.5 years. The hen that stops laying in June and begins to moult is a poor layer.
Experiments have shown that regulation of the lighting regime can increase chicken
egg production by 30 %. The correct implementation of a proper technique enables
layers to be kept all the year round, thus ensuring an even supply of egg at all times.
Eggs represent a cheap source of high quality protein for human consumption. The
modern poultry industry producing eggs includes the use of specially bred birds,
highly specialized feeds together with new housing and management techniques.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) How can hens be classified according to the number of eggs laid during the
period of the year?
2) What is selection?
3) What is the best period to lay eggs?
4) What can increase chicken eggs production?
5) What are the components of the modern poultry industry?
3. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) количество насиженных яиц зависит от правильного ухода за птицей;
2) необходимо регулярно выбраковывать кур;
3) большую часть этого стада составляют молодки;
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4) потребление всех необходимых кормов приводит к увеличению про-
дуктивности;
5) злаковые являются неотъемлемой частью рациона птицы.
4. Make up your own sentences using the following word combinations.
To be classified, laid during the period of the year, to be culled, proper size,
egg production, regulation of the lighting regime, implementation of a proper
technique.
5. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) Hens are classified as high, medium and low producers.
2) Selection is the choosing of the best layers.
3) Hens of low production are culled.
4) The hen that stops laying in June and begins to moult is a poor layer.
5) Regulation of the lighting regime can increase chicken egg production
by 30 %.
6) The modern poultry industry producing eggs includes highly specialized
feeds as well.
TEXT 23. POULTRY FEEDING
1. Read and translate the text.
In feeding poultry, careful attention is known to be given to the kinds of feeds
used. Modern poultry growers do not usually mix their own feed, they buy chick
mash, growers` mash, and layers` mash. Green vegetable matter is an essential part in
the diet of poultry, cereals form the main part of poultry diet. Clean fresh drinking
water is highly important. If the birds do not get an adequate amount of water the egg
production will quickly be decreased. Birds need a great variety of minerals.
A shortage of salt results in poor growth, a lack of protein retards development of egg
laying in pullets. A deficiency of calcium in the diet causes rickets. Several methods
of feeding poultry are used. The most common method of feeding laying hens, is to
feed a mash in hoppers or troughs and to feed in addition the desired amount of
whole or cracked grain when it is considered desirable to stimulate feed consumption.
A wet mash is fed once a day. To balance the ration it is necessary to use a mash,
which is rich in protein and in vitamins.
Chick mash is fed for the first 8 weeks, the growers’ mash is fed until layers’
mash is introduced, which should take place when about 25 % of the flock has started
68
to lay. The chicken is proved to be of value to man because it converts various plant
and animal materials into mat and eggs that are very desirable and nutritious foods.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) How are hens classified?
2) What is the average egg production per hen?
3) What increases chicken egg production by 30 %?
4) Do poultry-farmers pay special attention to feeding poultry?
5) Is green vegetable matter essential for feeding poultry?
6) Does the lack of protein retard the development of egg laying in pullets?
7) What is the most common method of feeding poultry?
3. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Infinitive and Infinitive
constructions.
1) Eggs to be hatched in incubators should be of proper size and shape.
2) To achieve high quality meat broilers are fed high-protein rations.
3) Broilers are said to be chickens at the age of six to seven weeks.
4) We want our poultry farm to have broiler production and rearing section.
5) Veterinarians think this disease to have been caused by improper mana-
gement conditions.
6) We believe these chickens to be kept on this new poultry farm.
7) Feeding hoppers are certain to become regular in poultry farm practice.
8) Poultry is known to be partly bred for meat and feather, but above all,
for eggs.
9) Eggs are considered to be a cheap source of high quality protein for human
consumption.
4. Find the sentences with the Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
1) Four main species of domesticated poultry are said to be bred by men.
2) Under the intensive system birds are known to be kept only indoors.
3) Eggs are believed to have 65 % of water.
4) Hens kept in laying batteries are said to have laid much more eggs last year
than those kept intensively.
5) The veterinarian believes the rickets in the chickens to have been caused by
their eating food deficient in calcium.
6) Eggs productivity is expected to be defined not only by the number of eggs
laid but by the total weight of all eggs.
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TEXT 24. HORSES
Vocabulary
heavy horse, n
[´hevı hɔːs]
тяжеловоз
light, adj
[laɪt]
верховая
ride, v
[raɪd]
ехать верхом
brood mare
[bruːd meə]
жеребая кобыла
exercise, n
[´eksəsaɪz]
моцион, прогулка
confinement, n
[kən´faɪnmənt]
постоянное содержание
в помещении
scarce, adj
[skeəs]
недостаточный, скудный
in fair flesh
[ɪn feə fleʃ]
в рабочей кондиции
foaling
[´fəʊlɪŋ]
выжереб
foal, n
[fəʊl]
жеребенок
box stall
[bɒks stɔːl]
денник
mare, n
[meə]
кобыла
nibble at grass
[´nɪbl ət ɡrɑːs]
щипать траву
dam, n
[dæm]
мать (о животном)
pedigree stock
[´pedɪɡriː stɒk]
племенные животные
wean, v
[wiːn]
снимать с подсоса
stallion, n
[´stælɪən]
жеребец-производитель
1. Read and translate the text.
Horses are usually classified as light horses and workhorses. Light horses are
used for riding and racing while workhorses are used for pulling wagons, plows and
other implements.
As with all pregnant animals, the brood mare should be maintained in fair flesh
and permitted or forced to get regular and moderate exercise. Confinement and
overfeeding are known to be harmful for the health of the animal. Pasture, which
provides green feed, exercise and sunshine is an excellent environment for brood
mares. Pasture grasses being scarce or not available, the mare should be provided
with good-quality legume or mixed hay. The mare is given oats to maintain her in
good, strong flesh but not fat.
After foaling the mare and her foal should be kept in a foaling box stall for the
first three or four days. Warm water is very desirable for the mare after foaling. Bran
is suitable as her first meal should be followed by oat hay.
70
The first milk, colostrum, is a necessity for the young foal. The foal will begin
to nibble at grass at about three weeks. It does best, having been allowed to run with
its dam for five or six months or for longer period in the case of the pedigree stock.
Foals should be weaned at four to six months of age and weaning be done carefully.
Take the mare from the foal quietly and far enough for the foal not to hear its mother.
After weaning the foal is fed good mixed or legume hay, the amount of oats given
depending on its size, appetite and condition. Such feeding should be followed until
spring comes when the foal is turned out to pasture.
The young stallion is known to be used not earlier than at the age of two or
three years. The condition of the sire is influenced, to a great extent, by the kind of
the ration given. It should be rich in protein, minerals and vitamins. Oats with
a proper proportion of chaff, bran and hay make the main ration of a horse. The
amount of feed fed depends on the quality of the feed given, the age of the horse, as
well as on the nature of the work the horse does. In general, the heavier is the work,
the larger is the proportion of grains in the ration.
Feed the horse four times per day. The second and the last feed should be as
late as possible and should be followed by the greater part of hay. Large feeds should
not be given after very hard work.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What classes of horses do you know?
2) Why is pasture the best place for keeping brood mares?
3) What should the mare be given after foaling?
4) For how many months should the foal run with its dam?
5) What does the amount of oats given to the foal after weaning depend on?
6) Is it good to give large feeds immediately after very hard work?
3. Choose the correct words. Translate sentences into Russian.
1) (Light, work, heavy) horses are used to do different kinds of work.
2) The brood mare is to be maintained in (thin, fair) flesh.
3) The newborn foal is given some (skim milk, colostrum, milk substance).
4) After (farrowing, calving, foaling, lambing) the mare is given some warm
water.
5) The (quality, quantity) of the grain to be given to the foal is 2 to 3 lbs.
4. Define the functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into
English.
1) To do different kinds of work you should use work and heavy horses.
2) The brood mare is to be maintained in fair flesh.
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