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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для зоотехнических специальностей
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PART 2. FARM ANIMAL BREEDING AND FEEDING
TEXT 12. OUR FUTURE SPECIALITY
I live in the country and my parents work on a collective farm. The life of our
family is connected with agriculture. We have a cow, a pig, sheep, hens and rabbits. I
decided to enter agricultural institute to become a zooengineer because I like animals
and want to know how to take care of them.
The main task of a zooengineer is to get as much as possible milk and meat
from animals with the lowest production costs. Scientists develop new, improved and
high producing breeds of farm animals, work out better rations for feeding, new kinds
of food mixtures. Zooengineers are to use their recommendations in their practical
work.
To be good zooengineers we should perfectly master the subjects connected
with our future trade such as anatomy and physiology of farm animals, animal
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nutrition, genetics and animal breeding, animal husbandry, animal hygiene. The
training program also covers basic sciences such as physics, mathematics, biology,
chemistry, and microbiology.
We are to know something about veterinary, agronomy, economics of
agriculture, the protection of nature, the safeguard of labour in agriculture and so on.
Well-equipped laboratories promote training in the theoretical and practical
aspects of the profession. Besides, we have an opportunity to confirm our theoretical
knowledge during our training practice. We have our practice after the second and the
third years of education.
The graduates of our faculty can work as zooengineers on collective and state
farms, on dairy complexes, beef fattening complexes, on big mechanized pig and
poultry complexes and other industrial enterprises.
I hope that I`ll never regret my choice and I’ll get an interesting and good job.
TEXT 13. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
1. Read and translate the text.
Agriculture provides people with food, feed and other useful products. All over
the world farmers cultivate valuable plants and raise productive domesticated
animals. There are two main branches in modern agriculture: crop production (or
crop farming) and animal husbandry (or animal farming).
Nowadays, in many countries people are still relying on meat, milk and eggs
as main sources of food. Both breeders and farmers have already bred and are
still breeding highly productive agricultural animals. Animal farming is a process
in which a farmer breeds, raises and cares for livestock either for commerce or
private use.
The word “livestock” refers to domesticated animals such as beef and dairy
cattle, sheep, goats, swine (hogs), horses, donkeys and mules, buffalo, oxen, rabbits
or “exotic” animals, for example, camels, emus, ostriches, or any animal which
a farmer keeps and uses either for food or pleasure. Sometimes animal scientists
include in this term also poultry, such as chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys, but they
include neither honey bees, nor fish within the term “livestock”. However, poultry
farming and beekeeping are important branches of agriculture as well as aquaculture.
There are over a hundred large land mammals in the world but man has
domesticated only few types into livestock. There are two main requirements for
domestication of mammals:
1) the availability of feed, which a farmer can easily control and provide;
2) a rapid rate of reproduction.
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As cattle, sheep and horses are herbivorous mammals, farmers try to keep these
domestic animals on pastures. However, farmers often grow either cereals or other
agricultural crops as additional feed for their animals. Such ruminant animals as
cattle, sheep and goats are important for people because they convert large quantities
of grasses or other types of feeds, as well as non-protein nitrogen into meat, milk and
wool. Poultry also convert feed efficiently into protein.
Historically, livestock and poultry have provided the following benefits to
humanity: meat, eggs, dairy products, raw materials, fertiliser, labour, management
of land.
1. Meat and eggs. In many countries livestock replaced wild game as the main
source of animal protein because only livestock convert various food sources into
human food. Poultry provide people with white meat as well as with eggs.
2. Dairy products. People process milk of cows, sheep, goats into a variety of
valuable dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese, butter, ice-cream, kefir, and
koumiss.
3. Raw materials. Livestock produce useful raw materials, for example, horses
and cows provide leather, poultry produce feather and down, sheep and goats provide
wool for textile industry.
4. Fertiliser. Livestock leave behind manure which farmers spread on fields
and this increases yields of crops many times. Historically, plant and animal farming
have been closely linked.
5. Labour. In modern agriculture neither cattle nor horses are the main source
of mechanical energy. However, in some poor countries people are still using
livestock as draft cattle.
6. Management of land. Sometimes farmers use the grazing of livestock as
a way to control weeds. When a farmer is planning to rear livestock, he usually
chooses the most suitable type for the local conditions. Both climate and type of land,
as well as local traditions influence a farmer’s choice.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What are the two main branches of agriculture?
2) Why is animal husbandry so important now?
3) What does the term “animal husbandry” include?
4) What are the requirements for domestication of animals?
5) Why are ruminant animals valuable for animal husbandry?
6) Why is poultry farming an important branch of agriculture?
7) What herbivorous animals do you know?
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8) What benefits do livestock and poultry provide for man?
9) How does a farmer choose the type of livestock for his/her farm?
3. Fill the gaps with the words or word combinations in the correct form:
to raise, to rely, to provide, to include, grazing, herbivorous, such as, as, to cultivate,
ruminant, variety, raw materials, requirement, agriculture, source, yield, branch.
1) Milk ______ man with numerous valuable substances ______ ______
proteins, vitamins, etc.
2) Nowadays animal husbandry ______ a large variety of specialized ______
such as poultry farming, cattle farming.
3) Farmers often ______ some crops to feed their animals and use animal
manure to increase the ______ of these crops.
4) Both cows and sheep are ______ animals.
5) Farmers try ______ such ______ of crops which are the most suitable for the
climate of the region.
6) For centuries both meat and milk have been the main ______ of protein for
people.
7) Last year when a farmer began his business, he ______ on the experience of
his neighbours.
8) Since early times in any country ______ has been an important branch of
economy ______ it provides people with food and animals with feed as well as other
industries with ______ ______.
9) In northern regions farmers use ______ of cattle only in summer.
10) We know that elephants are the biggest ______ mammals.
11) During the winter and the summer there are different ______ in labour
on a farm.
4. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verb. There may be more than
one variant: to breed, to develop, to grow, to raise, to rear.
1) People ______ farm animals for different purposes.
2) Some farmers ______ cattle to sell as beef, and others ______ cattle to
produce milk.
3) Farmers usually choose breeds of hogs that ______ rapidly.
4) Animals always ______ well when they are on pasture.
5) In the regions where farmers ______ different grains they usually ______
cattle.
6) The children helped the farmer to ______ young pigs.
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7) In 1850 American farmers ______ four breeds of beef cattle.
8) A little calf ______ better if it gets cow’s milk.
9) At present scientists ______ a new variety of this crop for the northern
regions of the country.
10) On large poultry farms it is possible to ______ thousands of chickens
at once.
5. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the active voice. Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1) The rate of reproduction and efficiency of all domestic animals (to increase)
since scientists (to begin) systematic studies in the 1930s.
2) At present farmers often (to replace) manure by commercial fertilizers.
3) Poultry also (to convert) feed efficiently into protein and (to provide) people
with white meat and eggs.
4) When Columbus (to discover) America, he (to bring) some new varieties of
plants and animals to Europe.
5) What animals ______ people (to use) as draft animals in the 18th century?
6) The farmer (to provide) his livestock with all nutrients and (to raise) very
healthy animals last season.
7) Last week the farmers (to keep) swine on pastures which (to be) not suitable
for crop production.
8) Why ______ people still (to breed) livestock?
9) Modern agriculture (to rely) on engineering and technology as well as on
a large variety of natural sciences.
10) In recent years computers (to become) important for management of a farm.
11) What ______ the term “livestock” (to include)?
12) Farmers (not/to know) much about nutrients in the 17th century.
13) What crops ______ a farmer (to grow) for his animals?
14) For many centuries people in Africa (to breed) camels, but even now
a white camel (to be) an exotic animal.
15) Nowadays the weather greatly (to influence) agricultural production.
TEXT 14. DAIRY COW
Vocabulary
dry period
[draɪ ´pɪərɪəd]
сухостойный период
gestation period
[dʒe´steɪʃn ] [pɪərɪəd]
период стельности
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dry off, v
[draɪ ɒf]
запускать (корову)
to be in a good flesh
[tə bɪ ɪn ə ɡʊd fleʃ]
быть в заводской
кондиции
hereditary
characteristics
[hɪ´redɪtrı
ˏkærəktə´rɪstɪks]
наследственные
задатки
parturition, n
[ˏpɑːtjʊ´rɪʃn ]
отел
(freshening, calving)
([´freʃn ɪŋ, ´kɑːvɪŋ])
Active words and word combinations: dry period, calving, the better… the
longer, no pregnant, to dry, colostrum, a calf, calves, to freshen.
1. Read and translate the text.
The selection of a cow is a very important problem. A healthy cow of good
conformation gives healthy calves. The age of a cow influences her milk yield per
lactation. The yield after her first calving is about 70 % of that obtained when the
cow is mature. The gestation period for a cow is nine months. Now it is the common
practice to have an all-the-year-round calving herd.
The cow should be in a good flesh and in good physical condition at the time of
parturition. About three or four months before freshening she should be brought into
a special barn and given additional grain. A good ration can be made from corn, oats,
bran, malt, etc.
There exist a close relation between the form of an animal and its functions.
The chief work of the dairy cow is to change field crops into dairy products and
a calf. The ability of a cow to produce milk and butterfat is its hereditary
characteristics. When the dairy cow is young she possesses the highest dairy value.
The dairy value decreases with age. It is generally recognized that a dairy cow
is at her best when she is about seven years old. After about ten years the cow
possesses only a beef value.
The mammary gland is a secretary organ. The raw materials are carried by the
blood to the mammary gland. This gland manufactures these raw products into milk.
The milker should be careful that the cow is clean at the time of milking.
A cow should be dry for a time before calving. She will produce more milk if
she is dried off eight weeks before calving. The feed during the dry period should
contain plenty of protein and minerals. The cow freshens from 270 to 290 days after
mating. Several days before calving the cow must be separated and placed in the
calving quarters. After calving the cow is given some warm water. It is necessary to
give the cow much roughage but little concentrates first.
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In selecting the dairy cow the chief aim is to have an animal that will be a good
producer of butterfat and milk. Cows kept on a heavy ration and milked three times a
day will produce more milk than those milked twice a day and fed normally. The
better the cow is cared for, the longer is the lactation period. To obtain high milk
yields is the aim of every cattleman. The more nutritious is the ration, the more milk
the dairy cow will produce. No increase in milk yields will take place if feeding and
management conditions are improper.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) Why is the selection of a cow an important problem?
2) How does the age of a cow influence her milk yield?
3) In what condition should the cow be at the time of parturition?
4) Where should the cow be brought before freshening?
5) What can a good ration be made from?
6) What characteristics of a dairy cow are hereditary ones?
7) What time of a cow`s life is the best for milk production?
3. Translate the following word combinations and sentences into English.
А. Запускать корову, период стельности, отел, сухостойный период, чем…
выше, тем лучше; сухостойная корова.
B. 1) Сухостойный период длится 8 недель.
2) Во время стельности коровам дают много грубых кормов.
3) Молочные коровы потребляют много воды.
4. Find out what part of speech the next words are, translate them without
any dictionary.
To protect, protected, protecting, protective, protection.
Care, to care, careful, careless, carefully.
5. Define the functions of the words with ‘ing’.
1) Feeding cow is not a simple problem.
2) They keep those calves for fattening.
3) Rearing of calves is one of the main branches in animal husbandry.
4) The cow being prolific, the farmer may keep her up to 10 years.
5) Using rotational grazing, farmers control diseases and parasites.
6) Being weaned at the due time, the calves will gain in weight rapidly.
7) Animals receiving balanced ration grow and develop well.
48
6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words under-
lined.
1) The more we take care of the animals, the better they will grow.
2) The higher is the milk yield of a cow, the greater should be the amount of
protein in her ration.
3) No animal will live without water.
4) No grass grows well on this soil.
7. Translate the sentences, paying attention to Participle Constructions.
1) Having chosen a purebred cow, the farmer achieved a great improvement of
the offspring.
2) Having been proved with good pasture, the calves developed well.
3) Being kept on pasture, the calves ought to be provided with shade.
4) The farmers growing oats and legumes obtain very good hay for calves.
5) The best ration for pregnant cows is clean, palatable roughage, a little grain
and succulent feed being fed as well.
6) Good succulent feeds increasing milk-flow, the breeders should give them to
cows after calving.
7) Cereals contain from two to four per cent of protein, oats being commonly
the richest and wheat the poorest ones.
8) Having cleaned the cowshed, the farmer put the calves into it.
9) Feeds being nutritious, our animals grow well.
10) Concentrates supplying much energy, farmers should provide the animals
with them.
11) It is necessary to supply cows with protein, the amount varying with their
productivity.
12) We raise some breeds of dairy cows, this one being the most productive.
8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Participle II.
1) The quality of feed fed is rather high.
2) The animals examined are healthy.
3) The milk analyzed contained much fat.
4) We spoke about the method of feeding used.
5) The amount of oats given varies with the condition of the animal.
6) The system of weaning used is very effective.
7) The amount of grass consumed is not sufficient for the bull.
8) The quality of the grain fed is very good.
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TEXT 15. FEEDING DAIRY COW
Vocabulary
nutritive, adj
[´njuːtrɪtɪv]
питательный
bulk, adj
[bʌlk]
объемистый
digestible, adj
[dɪ´dʒestəbl ]
удобоваримый
root, n
[ruːt]
корнеплод
property, n
[´prɒpətɪ]
свойство
hay, n
[heɪ]
сено
essentials, n pl
[ɪ´senʃl z]
зд. необходимые
вещества
1. Read and translate the text.
A cow’s food consists of concentrates and roughage. The concentrates are
foods in which the nutritive energy is high in proportion to their weight and bulk, and
they are from 75 to 100 % digestible. In roughages, the nutritive energy is lower in
proportion to weight, the digestibility being from 30 to 75 %.
The concentrates consist of grains and highly digestible materials produced
from grains, while roughages are whole plants, with the exception of the roots.
Pasture and silage are also usually included under the head of roughage. In numerous
experiments with cattle, the nutritive properties of grain and hay have been studied by
feeding each kind of feed separately for long periods. Cattle cannot be kept alive for
more than a year or so on grain alone. (High-producing cows, however, cannot be
kept anywhere near their maximum milk production on hay alone, because they are
not able to eat and digest the enormous bulk of this kind of food which would be
necessary to supply the nutritive energy required for heavy milk production.)
In order to keep high-producing cows in good health and obtain maximum milk
production, one should feed them both hay and grain — the hay to provide some
nutritive energy, but particularly certain nutritive essentials necessary to keep animals
in good health; the grain — to provide a large amount of nutritive energy in such
concentrated form that the cows can consume and digest enough of it for heavy milk
production.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What does a cow’s food consist of?
2) What are the concentrates?
3) What do the concentrates consist of?
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4) What are roughages?
5) What has been studied in numerous experiments with cattle?
6) How should high-producing cows be fed?
3. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.
1) It has been shown ______ experiments ______ cattle.
2) Cattle cannot be kept alive ______ more than a year ______ grain alone.
3) High-producing cows should be kept ______ good health.
4) The cows are able ______ digest great number ______ roughage.
5) A cow’s food consists ______ concentrates.
4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1) Cows giving high yield of milk require liberal protein feeding.
2) On account of the richness of milk in protein, minerals and vitamins, the
qualitative character of the food supplied for milk production is important.
3) Cows on pasture assimilate minerals much more quickly than those on dry
food in the house.
4) However, the capability of the cow to utilize the minerals of the food
directly for transference into milk is limited.
5) A shortage of minerals in the diet produces a dull coat, lowered vitality,
a depression of milk yield, and in some cases a depraved appetite, as evidenced by
chewing stones, pieces of wood or extraneous materials.
6) The dairy cow, like other ruminants, is capable of synthesizing in her body
her requirements of vitamins C, as well as the B1 and the B complex group of
vitamins, and the potency of milk in these nutritive factors does not depend on the
supply of them in the cow’s diet.
7) Grass is, of course, the best and cheapest of foods for the cow.
8) The high-producing cow must in winter, except when abundance of firstclass silage is available, be extensively on meals or concentrates.
5. Put the word into the proper column according to the reading rules of the
word end.
[t]
[d]
[id]
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