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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для зоотехнических специальностей
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4. Translate the words and word combinations into Russian, define the
comparison degree of the adjectives in the following word combinations.
Important, the most important, much more important, richer, the least, the
driest, much drier, earlier, much less interesting, six times higher, the best general
purpose, a high fibre content, the richest, less digestible, as good as the green fodder.
5. Put the word into the proper column according to the reading rules of the
word end.
[t]
[d]
[id]
Resulted, supplied, determined, divided, included, characterized, preserved,
placed, used, considered, contained, digested, varied, performed, valued, dried.
6. Use the proper form of the verb to be.
1) Vitamins ______ very important for animals.
2) The protein content ______ low in straw.
3) Succulent foods, roughages and concentrates ______ feeding-stuffs.
4) ______ silage green fodder?
5) Roughages ______ bulky foods.
6) ______ straw less digestible than hay?
7) There ______ a great variation in the quality of roughages.
8) The fibre content in concentrates ______ low.
7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice.
1) хорошие результаты в кормлении определяются не только химическим
составом кормов;
2) все корма делят на сочные, грубые и концентраты;
3) сочные корма характеризуются низким содержанием сухого вещества;
4) кукуруза считается ценным кормом;
5) зеленые корма, картофель и корнеплоды называются сочными кормами;
6) злаковые используют для кормления животных;
7) коров и овец кормят силосом и сеном.
22
TEXT 6. CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS
Vocabulary
livestock, n
stock, n
[´laıvstɒk, stɒk]
домашний скот,
поголовье скота
pasture grasses, n pl
[´pa:stʃə ´ɡrɑːsɪz]
пастбищные травы
laxative, n
[´lӕksətıv]
слабительное средство
graze, v
[greız]
использовать как пастбище;
пасти
scour, n
[´skaʊə]
понос (у скота)
leafy, adj
[´li:fı]
листовой
bulk, n
[bʌlk]
грубая пища
bulky, adj
[´bʌlkı]
объемный, большой
suitable, adj
[´su:təbl]
подходящий
quantity, n
[´kwɒntətı]
количество
stage, n
[steıdʒ]
фаза, стадия
valuable, adj
[´vӕljuəbl]
ценный
bedding, n
[´bedıŋ]
подстилка для скота
cake, n
[keık]
жмых, макуха
bran, n
[brӕn]
отруби
proper, adj
[´prɒpə]
правильный, подходящий,
должный
1. Read and translate the text.
Various feeds are used by man in feeding livestock. They are classified into
three main groups: succulents, roughages and concentrates.
Succulent feeds are pasture grasses, silage and root crops. Roots contain a
large amount of water and are laxative to stock. They are low in protein, but
comparatively high in carbohydrates. Being fed together with hay and straw, roots
provide good ration for sheep and cattle.
Green grass should be grazed when it is 4–8 inches high. Young grass is very
rich in protein and animals eat it readily but its low fibre content may cause scours.
The feeding value of grass is the highest in spring and early summer.
Silage is made from a variety of plants. Good silage is the one that is green in
colour. Silage should be made from young leafy grass and clover. Having been
prepared in this way, silage is always of high feeding value.
23
Roughages are bulky feeds. They are high in fibre content, which is poorly
digestible. For this reason they are not suitable for pigs, but one can give large
quantities of roughages to cattle and sheep.
Good hay is the one that contains plenty of green leaves. The quantity of hay
varies with the kind of grass and the stage of growth at which it is cut. Hay made
from grass in the early flowering stage is better than the one made from mature grass.
Oat straw is a valuable feed for providing bulk in the rations of beef animals
and low-yielding dairy cows. Barley straw is sometimes fed to beef cattle. It is more
digestible than wheat straw. Wheat straw is high in indigestible fibre. Most of it is,
therefore, used for bedding.
Concentrates are feeds, which are rich in either protein or energy or both.
Being high in easily digestible nutrients and low in moisture and indigestible fibre,
concentrates are very valuable in feeding of all classes of animals. General grains,
cakes and brans are illustration of concentrates.
Having supplied the animals with the proper kind and amount of feed, the
farmer will obtain good results.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What three main groups of feeds does man use in feeding livestock?
2) Why are roots laxative to stock?
3) What advantages and disadvantages does young grass have?
4) What should silage be made from?
5) Why are concentrates so valuable in feeding farm animals?
6) Can wheat straw be used for bedding?
7) What should the farmer do to obtain good results in feeding livestock?
3. Translate the following word combinations.
Indigestible fibre, wheat/oat straw, easily digestible nutrients, beef animals,
early flowering stage, a low-yielding dairy cow, stage of growth, high feeding value,
root crops, young leafy grass.
4. Give Participle I and Participle II of the following verbs. Translate them
into Russian.
For example: to use — using — used.
To contain, to provide, to eat, to cause, to give, to vary, to cut, to supply, to
obtain.
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5. Fill in the proper prepositions: with, in (2), for, to, of, into, from, at.
1) used by man ______ feeding livestock;
2) classified ______ three main groups;
3) comparatively high ______ carbohydrates;
4) fed together ______ hay and straw;
5) good ration ______ sheep and cattle;
6) made ______ a variety ______ plants;
7) the stage of growth ______ which it is cut;
8) sometimes fed ______ beef cattle.
6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute
Participle Construction.
1) Being fed together with hay and straw, roots provide good ration for sheep
and cattle.
2) Having supplied the animals with the proper kind and amount of feed, the
farmer will obtain good results.
3) Having been prepared in this way, silage is always of high feeding value.
4) Being high in easily digestible nutrients and low in moisture and indigestible
fibre, concentrates are very valuable in feeding of farm animals.
5) Hay made from grass in the early flowering stage is better than the one made
from mature grass.
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) корма классифицируются на три группы: сочные, грубые и концен-
траты;
2) корнеплоды содержат большое количество влаги. Они богаты углево-
дами, но содержат мало белка;
3) молодая трава богата белком;
4) силос получают из разных растений. Он имеет высокую питательную
ценность;
5) грубые корма содержат много клетчатки, но они плохо усваиваются;
6) овсяная солома используется в кормлении мясного скота;
7) пшеничная солома используется для подстилки;
8) концентраты являются ценными кормами для всех видов животных.
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TEXT 7. SUCCULENTS (GREEN FODDERS AND ROOTS)
Vocabulary
ensile, v
[en´saıl]
силосовать
vinegary, adj
[´vınıgərı]
уксусный, кислый
rancid, adj
[´rӕnsıd]
прогорклый
kale, n
[keıl]
капуста кормовая
D-value, n
[diː ´vӕlju:]
усвояемость
approximately, adv
[ə´prɔksımeıtlı]
приблизительно
nutrient, n
[´nju:trıənt]
питательное
вещество
wilt, v
[wılt]
вянуть, поникать
oxalic, adj
[ɒkˈsælɪk]
щавелевый
mangold, n
[´mӕŋgəʊld]
свекла листовая
swede, n
[swiːd]
брюква
1. Read and translate the text.
Feeding stuffs in common use fall into three main groups:
a) succulents;
b) roughages;
c) concentrates.
Grass should preferably be grazed when it is 10–20 cm high. Young grass is
very rich in protein but its low fibre content may cause some scouring. There are
several varieties of grass whose feeding value is always highest in spring and early
summer.
Silage is the most variable product on the farm. Best silage can only be made if
young material is properly ensiled. Good silage is yellowish-green, green or
brownish-green and has a pleasant but slightly vinegary smell. Rancid, unpleasant
smelling olive green silage is not properly made and animals dislike it. Good silage
will contain a higher ratio of protein to energy than is required for milk production.
Kale produces a useful supply of green material. It is to be fed during winter
months. The D-value is approximately 66 and up to 25 kg can be fed daily to a dairy
cow. It is rich in calcium.
Cabbages produce less digestible nutrients per hectare (ha) than kale. Up to
25 kg per cow may be fed daily.
Sugarbeet tops should be wilted before they are fed to stock because freshly
cut tops contain large quantities of oxalic acid which is poisonous. The feeding value
26
of beet tops is only slightly less than that of kale. Up to 22 kg may be fed daily to
dairy stock.
Roots contain large quantities of water and are laxative to stock. Their dry
matter is low in protein but comparatively rich in carbohydrates. When fed with both
hay and straw they provide useful maintenance rations for sheep and cattle. Mangolds
are used for dairy cows, swedes and turnips for cattle and sheep, potatoes and fodder
beet for pigs.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What crops are termed “succulents”?
2) When is the feeding value of grass the highest?
3) What is young grass very rich in?
4) What color does good silage have?
5) What kind of silage do animals dislike?
6) What is kale rich in?
7) What materials should be wilted before they are fed to stock?
8) What are roots rich in?
9) What do roots provide?
10) What other crops are used for feeding livestock?
3. Translate the following word combinations.
Low fiber content, to cause scouring, several varieties of grass, feeding value,
variable product, slightly vinegary smell, green material, oxalic acid, beet tops, dairy
stock, dry matter, useful maintenance rations.
4. Match the words from the columns.
1) digestibility;
a) вызывать запор;
2) wheat;
b) стебельчатый;
3) barley;
c) коровник;
4) stemmy;
d) объемистый;
5) bind;
e) пшеница;
6) leaf;
g) семя;
7) barn;
h) лист;
8) bulky;
i) сенокос;
9) haymaking;
j) ячмень;
10) seed.
k) перевариваемость.
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5. Put the word into the proper column according to the reading rules of the
word end.
[t]
[d]
[id]
Used, grouped, grazed, enriched, lowered, caused, valued, ensiled, smelled,
disliked, contained, required, milked, produced, supplied, digested, wilted, watered,
maintained, rationed, provided.
6. Open the brackets using the proper form of the verbs.
1) Grass should preferably be grazed when it (to be) 10–20 cm high.
2) Some grasses’ value (to be) always the highest in spring and early summer.
3) Good silage (to have) a pleasant but slightly vinegary smell.
4) Animals (to dislike) rancid, unpleasant smelling olive green silage.
5) Kale (to produce) a useful supply of green material.
6) Sugarbeet tops (to be) wilted before they (to be) fed to stock.
7) Freshly cut tops (to contain) large quantities of oxalic acid.
8) Roots’ dry matter (to be) low in protein.
9) Roots (to provide) useful maintenance rations for sheep and cattle.
7. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to
different functions of the verb to be.
1) The task is to wilt sugarbeet tops before they are fed to stock.
2) The chief problem of any selectioner is to develop desired characteristics of
the animals.
3) The function of root crops is to increase carbohydrates in the ration.
4) The function of kale is to supply cows with feeds having a pleasant but
slightly vinegary smell.
5) The farmers are to make the most valuable silage.
6) Roots fed with hay and straw will be to provide useful maintenance ration
for sheep and cattle.
7) Potatoes were to be used for pigs.
8) Making best silage is to increase its D-value.
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8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) сочные, грубые корма и концентраты — это три основные группы
кормов крупного рогатого скота;
2) низкое содержание волокна в молодой траве может вызывать понос;
3) питательная ценность некоторых трав самая высокая весной и в нача-
ле лета;
4) хороший силос имеет приятный, но слегка уксусный запах;
5) хороший силос характеризуется высоким содержанием белка;
6) кормовая капуста богата кальцием;
7) питательная ценность ботвы кормовой свеклы немного меньше, чем
питательная ценность ботвы кормовой капусты;
8) корнеплоды содержат большое количество воды;
9) содержание белка в сухом веществе корнеплодов низкое;
10) листовую свеклу используют для кормления молочных коров.
TEXT 8. ROUGHAGES (HAY AND STRAW)
Vocabulary
indigestible, adj
[ındı´dʒestəbl]
неперевариваемый
bind, v
[baınd]
вызывать запор
stock, n
[stɒk]
скот
effect, influence, n
[ı´fekt, ´ınfluəns]
влияние, воздействие
ruminant, adj
[´ru:mınənt]
жвачное животное
stemmy, adj
[´stemı]
стебельчатый
depend on, v
[dı´pend ɒn]
зависеть от
1. Read and translate the text.
Roughages are bulky foods, which have a high fibre content that is largely
indigestible. They are therefore not suitable for pigs, but cattle and sheep can
consume large quantities of them. Roughages usually have a partially binding effect
upon stock, which helps balance the laxative effect of roots.
Hay is an extremely variable product and it is one of the main foods used in the
winter feeding of ruminant animals. The best hay ideally contains plenty of green
leaves without being too stemmy. The varieties of grasses and especially the stage of
growth, at which it is cut will greatly influence the quality of the product. Hay made
from grass in the early flowering stage is superior to that left until later because much
29
of the protein is converted into the seeds as they develop. The grass also becomes
more stemmy and fibrous with age, and the digestibility of its contents is reduced.
Haymaking is very dependent upon the weather. Nutrients can be washed out
and the crop can be ruined in a wet season. Barn dried hay is usually excellent, but it
is more expensive to produce. Well-made hay is to contain vitamins A and D and
some minerals.
Straw is also a dry food and generally contains a lot of indigestible fibre. But
farmers know that oat straw is a valuable food for providing the bulk of the rations of
beef animals and low-yielding dairy cows. Barley straw is fed to beef cattle on some
farms. It is more palatable than oat straw. Wheat straw contains large quantities of
indigestible fibre. Most of it is therefore used for bedding.
One should remember that grass cut when the seed is formed can produce hay
with as low feeding value as straw.
2. Answer the following questions.
1) What is characteristic of roughages?
2) What is the fibre content of roughages?
3) Are roughages suitable for pigs?
4) What effect do roughages have upon stock?
5) What is hay?
6) What will greatly influence the quality of hay?
7) What can you say about the digestibility of hay?
8) What is haymaking dependent upon?
9) What kind of hay is usually excellent?
10) Why is straw valuable?
11) What straw is used for bedding?
3. Translate the following word combinations.
High fibre content, binding effect, laxative effect, extremely valuable product,
ruminant animals, green leaf, early flowering stage, a dry food, indigestible fibre, a
beef animal, oat straw, a low feeding value.
4. Fill in the proper prepositions: in (2), with, upon (2), on, at, into, for, of (4),
as, out.
1) Roughages have a binding effect ______ stock.
2) Hay is used ______ winter feeding ______ ruminants.
3) The stage ______ growth ______ which it is cut will influence the
quality ______ the product.
30
4) Much ______ the protein is converted ______ the seeds ______ they develop.
5) The grass becomes more stemmy and fibrous ______ age.
6) Haymaking is very dependent ______ the weather.
7) Nutrients can be washed ______ ______ a wet season.
8) Oat straw is a valuable food ______ dairy cows.
9) Barley straw is fed to beef cattle ______ some farms.
5. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to
different functions of the verb to have.
1) Roughages have a high fibre content.
2) Cattle and sheep have to consume large quantities of hay.
3) These roughages will have to balance the laxative effect of roots.
4) Different grasses have been sown in the fields of our farm this year.
5) Straw has a lot of indigestible fibre.
6) Oat straw will have to provide the bulk of the rations of beef animals and
low-yielding dairy cows.
7) The farmers had worked their fields properly before they sowed forage
crops.
8) She has to milk her cow by hands.
9) Barn dried hay has a lot of minerals and vitamins A and D.
6. Open the brackets using the proper form of the verbs.
1) Roughages (to be) not suitable for pigs.
2) Livestock feeds (to be) generally classified into two major groups:
roughages and concentrates.
3) Legumes (to do) not depend on the soil for their nitrogen supply.
4) Quick haymaking (to reduce) losses resulting from the heating of wet plants.
5) Cereal grains (to have) a TDN (total digestible nutrients) range of about
70 to 80 percent.
6) Grains (to be) added to the ration to meet the TDN requirements of the
animal.
7) Nonruminant rations (to be) based on the cereals as the cheaper source
of TDN.
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
1) грубые корма имеют высокое содержание волокон;
2) крупный рогатый скот и овцы могут потреблять большое количество
грубых кормов;
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