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UNIT 18. TECTONIC EARTH
1.
Exercise 1. Study the following words and word combinations:
to split into
2. tectonic plates
3. to shift
4. to alter
5. to cause
6. to make up of
7. to fuse to
8. shell-like
9. to be driven by
10. convection currents
11. viscous
12. molten rock
13. to sink
14. edges of plates
15. plate boundaries
16. to well up
17. deep-sea trench
18. to scrape past
19. to collide
20. a jigsaw puzzle
21. numerous
разделять на
тектонические плиты
сдвигать, смещать
изменять, менять
становиться причиной
состоять из
плавить, сплавить (вместе)
твердый
движимый
конвекционные потоки
вязкий
расплавленная порода
тонуть
края плит
границы плит
подниматься
глубоководная впадина
скрести, царапать под
сталкиваться
мозаика
многочисленный
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text:
Earth’s surface is a layer of solid rock split into1 large parts called
tectonic plates2, which slowly shift3, altering4 landscapes and causing
earthquakes and volcanoes. The tectonic plates are made up of6 Earth’s
crust fused to7 the top layer of the underlying mantle, forming a shell-
like8 elastic structure called the lithosphere. Plate movement is driven
by9 convection currents10 in the lower, viscous11 layers of the mantle
when hot, molten rock12 rises to the surface and cooler, more solid rock
sinks13. Most tectonic activity happens near the edges of plates14, as they
move apart from, toward, or past each other. Plates move at between 1D
4 in (7 mm) per year and 6 in (150 mm) per year.
Where plates meet, landscape-changing events, such as island
formation, rifting (separation), mountain-building, volcanic activity, and
earthquakes take place. Plate boundaries15 fall into three main classes:
divergent, convergent, and transform. As two plates move apart, magma
welling up16 from the mantle fills the gap and creates new plate. Linked
with volcanic activity, divergent boundaries form mid-ocean spreading
5
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ridges under the sea. As two plates move toward each other, one plate
1.
earth’s
A.
plates
2.
to split
B.
toward
3.
C.
4.
to cause
D.
into
moves down under the other and is destroyed. A deep-sea trench17 or
chain of volcanoes may form, and earthquakes often occur. When plate
edges scrape past18 each other, earthquakes are frequent. The San Andreas
fault in California is a famous example.
Continents drifting
Over millions of years, continents carried by different plates have
collided19 to make mountains, combined to form supercontinents, or split
up in a process called rifting. South America’s east coast and Africa’s
west coast fit like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle20. Similar rock and life forms
suggest that the two continents were once a supercontinent.
Tectonic plates
There are seven large plates and numerous21 medium-sized and
smaller plates, which coincide with the continents and oceans. The Ring
of Fire is a zone of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific plate
from California in the northeast to Japan and New Zealand in the
southwest.
Colliding continents
When continents collide, layers of rock are pushed up into mountain
ranges. Continental convergence between the Indian subcontinent and
Eurasian landmass formed the Himalayas.
Exercise 3. Match words from the left column with the ones from
the right column, translate and use them in the sentences of your
own:
tectonic
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puzzle
1.
edge of
A.
2.
B.
3.
C.
4.
D.
to move
jigsaw
solid
plates
surface
rock
earthquakes
Exercise 4. Choose the best alternative out of two given:
1.Earth’s surface is a layer of solid rock/molten rock split into large
parts.
2.Tectonic plates are parts of the crust/the mantle.
3.Earthquakes are caused by movement of tectonic plates/ eruption
of volcanoes.
4. Tectonic activity happens in the central parts of tectonic plates/
near the edges of tectonic plates.
5.Plate boundaries have many types/three types.
6.A new plate is created by welled up magma/ the destructed crust
when two plates move apart.
7.The San Andreas fault in California is a famous example of
divergent boundaries/ transform boundaries.
8.Over millions of years, continents carried by different plates have
collided to make mountains/ make deserts.
9.The Ring of Fire/ the Death Ring is a zone of earthquakes and
volcanoes around the Pacific plate from California in the northeast to
Japan and New Zealand in the southwest.
10.When continents collide, layers of rock/ magma are pushed up
into mountain ranges.
Exercise 5. Answer the questions:
1. What is the earth’s surface presented by?
2.What are tectonic plates?
3.What are the tectonic plates made of?
4.What are results of movement of tectonic plates?
5.What makes tectonic plates move?
6.Where does most tectonic activity happen?
7.What happens in the points where tectonic plates meet?
8.What happens when two plates move apart?
9.What is the result when two plates move toward each other?
10.What happens when plate edge scrape past each other?
11. How did supercontinents appear?
12.What is the Ring of Fire?
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Exercise 6. Complete the sentences, using the text:
1.A layer of solid rock split into large parts forms …………………..
2.Tectonic plates can ………………. very slowly.
3.When tectonic plates move they ……………… landscape and
………….. earthquakes and volcanoes.
4.Lithosphere is ………………………………….
5.Plate moves because of …………………… in the mantle.
6.The main tectonic activity happens near ……………………….. .
7.There are three main types of ……………………… .
8.Supercontinents appeared more than ………… when plates …… .
9.Nowadays there are …………………… plates.
10. Mountain ranges are the result of ………………………
Exercise 7. Comment on the following pictures:
A.
B.
C.
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UNIT 19. EARTHQUAKES: MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH’S CRUST
Exercise 1. Study the following words and word combinations:
1. an earth quake
2. the sh aking
3. the moving
4. to release
5. se ismic w aves
6. to b e caused by
7. crust
8. plates
9. a fault
10 . a c rack
11 . d irection
12 . s tres s
13 . rupture
14 . landslide
15 . v olcan o
16 . m anmade earthquake
17 . n uclea r testing
18 . m ining explos ion
19 . the ma in shock
20 . g rou nd trem bles
21 . a ftersh ock
22 . e stim a ted
23 . m ajor damage
24 . d estruction
25 . b uildings collapse
26 . b uck le
27 . fire
28 . tsu nam i
29 . flo oding
30 . to predict earthquakes
31 . m onito r the movement of the
plates
землетрясение
тр ясение, тр яска
см ещени е, ш евеление
вы свобож д ать, освобождать
се йсм ические волны
стано виться р езуль татом чего-либ о
земная кора
тектонич еские пли ты
ра зло м
тр ещина
направление
давле ние
ра скалывать, разруш ать
оп о лзень
ву лка н
техноген ное землетр ясение
испытание я дер ного оруж ия
взрывы пр и вед ени и гор ных работ
главн ы й тол чок
подземные толчки
последующее сотрясени е
прибли зительный
си льное разру ш ение
ра зру ш ени е
об руш ение д омов
деформ ация
пож ар
цунами
навод нени я
предсказывать зе млетрясения
наблюдать з а дви ж ени ем текто нических
плит
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Exercise 2. Read the text and say how many earthquakes around the
world happen each year
Earthquakes are the shaking and moving of the ground when energy
is released in waves. These waves are called seismic waves. These waves
are similar to ocean waves, which move through water. Seismic waves,
however, move through the ground.
Most earthquakes are caused by the movement of large sections of
the Earth’s crust, called plates. The place where two plates meet is called
a fault. Faults look like large cracks in the ground. If the two plates move
in different directions, they build up energy at the fault line. When enough
energy builds up, the stress on the fault becomes too great and it ruptures.
This releases the energy and the ground starts to shake.
Earthquakes can also be caused by other natural events, such as
landslides and volcanoes. Manmade earthquakes happen because of
nuclear testing and mining explosions. The first movement of an
earthquake, called the main shock, is often followed by smaller ground
trembles, called aftershocks. These aftershocks are the plates settling into
their new position. Aftershocks can continue for days after the main shock.
There are an estimated 500,000 earthquakes around the world each
year. Most are so mild they are only recorded on scientific instruments.
Only about 100,000 can be felt by humans. Of these, only about 19 a year
cause major damage. Major earthquakes in populated areas can cause
huge destruction. Buildings collapse, roads and bridges buckle and crack,
and electrical and gas lines break and cause fi res. If the earthquake happens
in the ocean, it makes a series of huge ocean waves called a tsunami. The
tsunami travels until it finally reaches land, where it causes large flooding.
Scientists are searching for ways to predict earthquakes. They study
the historical patterns of earthquakes and monitor the movement of the
plates with seismic equipment. While they cannot predict an exact date
of a future earthquake, they have a better understanding of when
earthquakes are more likely to happen.
Exercise 3. Translate the following words and word combinations
Землетрясение, трясение земли, высвобождать энергию, волны,
сейсмические волны движутся по земле, землетрясения вызываются, земная кора, тектонические плиты, место соединения двух плит
называется разлом, двигаться в разных направлениях, постепенно
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накапливать энергию, линия разлома, давление, оказываемое на разлом, земля начинает трястись, природные и техногенные события,
оползни и вулканы, основной толчок и сопровождаться последующими подземными толчками, длиться на протяжении нескольких
дней, серьёзный вред, вызывать пожары, огромные океанские волны, наводнения, предсказывать землетрясения, сейсмическое оборудование.
Exercise 4. Read, translate and explain:
Earthquake, shaking, moving, the ground, energy, to release, waves,
the Earth’s crust, plates, fault, cracks, to cause, natural events, landslides,
manmade earthquakes, nuclear testing, explosions, the main shock,
aftershocks, continue, major damage, destruction, buildings collapse, roads
buckle, bridge crack, electrical lines break, flooding, scientists, to predict,
to monitor.
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with the words given in italics:
ground, Natural events … mankind events, Earthquakes, flooding,
energy, main shock … aftershocks, plates, tsunamis, damage, fault, last,
predict
1.… happen almost every day, but sometimes they are too mild that
people cannot feel them.
2.During the earthquakes the … shakes and moves.
3.The movement of the Earth crust’s … causes the earthquakes.
4.The place between two plates is called … and looks like a crack on
the ground.
5.When there is too much … in the fault it releases and fault ruptures.
6.… … , such as landslides and… … , such as nuclear testing can
cause an earthquake.
7.There are two types of shock during earthquakes – the … and further
ground trembling –… .
8.Aftershocks … for several days after the earthquake.
9.Earthquakes can be a reason of great … – collapses, cracks and
line breaks.
10.If there is an oceanic earthquake it can provoke huge waves’
appearance – … .
11.When tsunami reaches the ground it causes great … .
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12.Nowadays scientists are searching the ways to … the date of the
next earthquake.
Exercise 6. Answer the questions:
1.What is an earthquake?
2.What are seismic waves and when do they appear?
3.What is the difference between the oceanic waves and seismic
waves?
4.What causes an earthquake?
5.What is a fault? What does it look like?
6.What natural events can cause the earthquake?
7.How can people create an earthquake?
8.What are the main shock and aftershocks?
9.What destruction can an earthquake provide?
10.How are earthquakes connected with tsunamis?
11.Is it possible to say when will the next earthquake happen?
Exercise 7. Agree or disagree with the statements, correct the
false ones:
1.During earthquakes energy released at once and it reminds the
volcano eruption.
2.Seismic waves move through the ground.
3.An earthquake happens when plates of the crust begin to move.
4.Fault is a place where the plate breaks.
5.Faults look like great holes in the ground.
6.The ground shakes during the earthquake because of releasing light.
7.Human activity cannot provoke any earthquakes.
8.During earthquakes there are only mild ground trembles.
9.Main shocks can be felt for several days.
10.Each year people can feel about 1000 earthquakes.
11.Earthquakes do not bring much destruction.
12.Nowadays scientists can easily warn people about future
earthquakes.
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences:
1.An earthquake is a ……………………………………………..
2.An earthquake starts when ……………………………………
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3.A fault is ………………………………………………………..
4.A fault is like a …………………………………………………
5.Volcano eruption can cause ……………………………………
6.Manmade events also ………………………………………….
7.The main shock is ………………………………………………
8.The aftershocks are …………………………………………….
9.19 earthquakes from 500 000 can cause ………………………
10.An earthquake is a reason of …………………………………..
11.A tsunami is …………………………………………………….
12.Tsunami can become a reason of …………………………….
13.Nowadays it is impossible to …………………………………..
Exercise 9. Translate the following:
Землетрясение — это сильное встряхивание земной поверхности, страшная природная катастрофа. Оно может продолжаться несколько секунд или несколько минут. Оболочка нашей планеты состоит из тектонических плит. Когда эти тектонические плиты двигаются и сталкиваются друг с другом, земля начинает трястись. Ученые, которые изучают землетрясения, называются сейсмологами.
Они постоянно наблюдают за опасными местами, стараясь обнаружить землетрясения. А животные могут почувствовать приближающееся землетрясение, например, собаки начинают выть.
89
UNIT 20. BOOKKEEPING AS PART OF ACCOUNTING CYCLE
Exercise 1. Study new vocabulary
account
счет, финансовый отчет, бухгалтерский отчет,
статистический отчет
accounting
assets
учет; отчетность; бухгалтерское дело
1) активы 2) средства, фонды, имущество
bookkeeping бухгалтерия; бухгалтерский учет
depreciation износ, амортизация; снижение стоимости
expenses расходы, издержки
income доход, доходы
journal
ledger
liabilities
posting
record-keeping
statement
financial statements
transaction
financial transaction
receipts
preliminary
general journal
overhead expenses
бухгалтерский журнал, регистр; ведомость
бухгалтерская книга, бухгалтерский
регистр, гроссбух
долги, денежные обязательства, задолженность
разноска по счетам, перенос в бухгалтерскую
книгу; проводка
ведение учета; учет
отчет; ведомость, смета; бюллетень
финансовая документация
1) дело, сделка 2) операция (торговая)
1) финансовая операция 2) финансовая сделка,
денежны е поступления, выручка; приход;
доходы
предварительный
главный журнал учета
накладные расходы
double-entry bookkeeping система бухгалтерского учета с двойной
trial balance
записью
баланс; частичный пробный баланс
пробный, предварительный бухгалтерский
Exercise 2. Read the text and name main steps of accounting
cycle
For management of any company to be efficient, extensive and
accurate information concerning receipts and payments, assets and
liabilities and other data about company status are required. Such
information obtained from different records, additional funds should be
invested in bookkeeping and accounting system.
In general, accounting and bookkeeping mean identifying, measuring,
recording economic information about any business, bookkeeping being
considered the preliminary stage and part of the larger field of accounting.
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