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6.Other major subfields of electrical engineering are civil engineering
and mechanical engineering.
7.Transmitting information from one place to another requires special
equipment.
8.Some other example of how electromagnetism is realized is clothes
design.
31
UNIT 7. ELECTRICITY
electron beam
электронный пучок
Exercise 1. Study the following vocabulary:
1. impossible
2. be turned
3. Electrical power
4. application
5. longstanding
6. power cable
7. transmission shaft
8. gear wheel
9. belt
10. pulley
11. a range
12. appliance
13. specific properties
14. in the case of
15. generator
16. throughout
17. consumption
18. per capita
19. to replace
20. by-products
21. to cover
22. efficient source
23.
невозможный
возвращаться, оказываться
электрическая энергия
область применения, пример использования
давний, давнишний, многолетний
кабель электропитания
трансмиссионный вал
шестеренка
приводной ремень
блок
разнообразие
устройство
специфические свойства
в случае
генератор, источник энергии
повсюду, везде
потребление
на одного человека
заменять
побочный результат
охватывать
эффективный источник
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text:
It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity:
economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily
lives completely transformed.
Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications
of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are
longstanding and unquestionable.
With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced
transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys in the 19th century
workshops. And in the house a whole range of various time and labour
saving appliances have become a part of our everyday lives.
Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity:
electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism
in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity
most widely used.
32
The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris.
The generator – a new compact source of electricity – was also developed
there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had
been used before.
Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century
with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the
transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set
up, dynamos and induction motors were designed.
Since the beginning of the 20th century the successful development
of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The
consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.
Today consumption of electricity per capita is an indicator of the
state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has
replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers
improved service and reduced cost.
One of the great advantages of the electricity is that it is clean, easilyregulated and generates no by-products. Applications of electricity now
cover all fields of human activity from house washing machine to the
latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the
most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams.
Exercise 3. Provide Russian equivalents for the following words
and word combinations:
To be impossible/ electricity/ to be turned to/ electrical power/
applications/ unquestionable/ with the appearance of/ transmission shafts/
gear wheels/ belts/ pulleys /whole range/ to be based on/ electrostatics/
industrial/ generator replaced the batteries/ transformer/ induction/ motors/
successful/ consumption of electricity/ easily-regulated/ by-products/
efficient/ source.
Exercise 4. Complete the text using the words in italics and
translate:
be converted into, to push … away, transmit, power plants, attract,
essential, is measured, batteries, electrical charge
Electrical energy results from the movement of an electrical charge,
and is commonly referred to as simply “electricity.” The ability of humans
to generate, … and store electricity is important to modern industry,
33
technology and in domestic life. There are two types of …, called positive
and negative. If the charges are the same — both positive or both negative
— the force will act …. the objects … from one another. If they have
different charges, they will … one another. Electricity is … to various
industrial processes, telecommunications and the Internet, computers,
televisions and many other devices in common use. It can also … other
forms of energy for use in a variety of other applications. Energy … in
joules, a term named after the physicist James Prescott Joule. Most
electricity is generated by devices that convert rotational motion into
electrical energy. The electricity is generated at … . Electricity for small,
low power devices is often supplied by … . These use chemical energy to
generate a relatively small electric current.
a) What is electricity?
b) What can people act with the electricity?
c) What are the two types of electric charge?
d) What is electricity measured in?
e) What generates electricity for slam devices?
Exercise 5. Answer the questions:
1.What would be happened if electricity weren’t invented?
2.Has electric power become universal? Provide arguments.
3.What are devices based on electric power?
4.Where was the first application of electric power in industrial
purposes?
5.Where and when was the generator invented?
6.How did the life change with the invention of the electric lamp by
T. Edison?
7.When was there the beginning of the successful use of electricity
in the industry?
8.What are the reasons why electricity successfully replaced other
sources of energy?
Exercise 6. True or false:
1.Without electricity mankind will not develop.
2.Thanks to the electric power we can use lots of gadgets that make
our lives more difficult.
3.With the appearance of the electricity people’s work lives have
34
become easier and time-saving.
4.The first industrial application of electricity was in France.
5.The generator – a new compact source of electricity – was
developed in America.
6. With the invention of the electric lamp electricity became more
accessible and widely used.
7.Today the consumption of electricity is an indicator of human
wellbeing.
8.Electricity is the source of power that has many by-products.
9.Nowadays electricity is used in the most modern fields of undustry.
Exercise 7. Translate from Russian to English:
Что же такое электричество, всегда ли люди знали о нём? Наша
современная жизнь практически невозможна без электричества. Сегодня мы не можем обойтись без освещения и тепла, без электродвигателя и телефона, без компьютера и телевизора. Электричество –
это поток заряженных частиц, который движется по проводнику в замкнутой цепи от источника тока к потребителю. Это явление называется «электрический ток». Силу электрического тока можно измерить.
Открытие электрического тока относится к концу 19 века, но люди
наблюдали первые электрические явления ещё в 5 веке до н. э. Электричество имеет как положительную, так и отрицательную сторону.
Оно помогает нам дома, на работе, в академии, когда мы включаем
свет, разговариваем по телефону, включаем компьютер. Но электричество может быть и смертельно опасным, так произошло немало
смертельных случаев поражения электрическим током.
35
UNIT 8. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1.
a socket
розетка
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary:
power source
2. conducting wire
3. to attach
4. a terminal
5. a load
6. on the contrary
7. a switch
8. a storage battery
9. to interrupt
10. a short circuit
11. a resistance
12. an insulation
13. a fuse
14. a series circuit
15. to burn out
16. a branch
17. appliances
18.
источник энергии
соединительный провод
присоединять
клемма
нагрузка (потребитель энергии)
наоборот
включатель, переключатель
аккумулятор
прерывать, нарушать
короткое замыкание
резистор
изоляция
предохранитель
последовательная электрическая цепь
сгорать, перегорать
ветвь электрической цепи
бытовые приборы
Exercise 2. Read the text and say how many types of electrical
circuits exist:
An electric circuit is a way through which the electric current can
flow. A simple circuit consists of a power source1, two conducting wires2,
each one attached3 to a terminal4 of the source and a device through
which electricity can flow. This device is called a load5 and it’s attached
to the wires. If all the parts are connected in a right way, the current flows
and the lamp lights up. This kind of circuit is called ‘closed’. On the
contrary6, if the wires are disconnected the circuit is called ‘open’ or
‘broken’. The circuit can be opened and closed by a device called a switch7.
Loads can turn electrical energy into a more useful form. Some examples
are:
• light bulbs, which change electrical energy into light energy;
• electric motors, which change electrical energy into mechanical
energy;
• speakers, which change energy into sound.
The source provides the electrical energy used by the load. It can be
a storage battery8 or a generator. The switch interrupts9 the current
36
delivered to the load by the source and allows us to control the flow.
When an abnormally high amount of current passes through a circuit,
you get a short circuit10. This may occur when there is a drop in the
resistance11 or a broken insulation12. In order to prevent short circuits, it
is best to use fuses13, which melt when too much current flows through
them, interrupting in this way the circuit.
The components of a circuit can be wired in two different ways:
series or parallel. If components are arranged one after another to form a
single path between the terminals and the components, the circuit is known
as a series circuit14. In this type of circuit, the current flows from the
negative terminal to the positive terminal, passing through all the other
components of the circuit. This means that the amount of energy passing
through all the components in the series is the same. The main
disadvantage of a series circuit is that when a single component in the
path burns out15, the entire circuit stops operating (e.g. Christmas tree
lights).
A parallel circuit consists of several paths connecting the different
components. Each separate path is called a branch16 of the circuit. Current
from the source divides and flows through the different branches. Unlike
series circuits, if one of the components in the parallel circuit burns out,
the other paths continue to operate. Parallel circuits are commonly used
to connect appliances17 at home, so that each socket18 can function
independently. For example, you don’t have to turn on the light in your
room for the TV socket to work.
Exercise 3. Provide English equivalents for the following words
and word combinations:
Электрическая цепь, электричество, состоять из источника энергии, соединительных проводов и устройства, которое потребляет
электроэнергию, соединять части электрической цепи, загораться,
замкнутая электроцепь, разомкнутая цепь, переключатель, электрическая лампочка, превращать электроэнергию в механическую,
микрофон, источник энергии обеспечивает, прерывать электрический ток, позволять контролировать электрический ток, чрезмерно
высокий уровень, проходить по проводам, короткое замыкание, неисправная изоляция, предотвращать короткое замыкание, части электрической цепи подключаются двумя способами – последовательно
37
или параллельно, располагать один за другим, количество энергии,
основной недостаток, один компонент сгорает, вся цепь перестает
работать, ветвь электрической цепи, электрический ток, получаемый
от источника энергии, разделяется, в отличие от …, широко использоваться.
Exercise 4. Choose the right variant from the given:
1.A power source, two conducting wires, a terminal of the source
and a load make up a circuit/ an electricity power plant.
2.A “closed circuit”/ an “open circuit” is when all the parts of a
given circuit are connected in a right way and a load receives the electricity.
3.A power source/ a load generates some electricity for the usage.
4. Wires are connected to a power source or to a load with the aid of
terminals/ an insulation material.
5.A switch is a device helping to open/to close the circuit.
6.Also a switch can help to control/ to generate the flow of
electricity.
7.A short circuit happens when a user often uses a switch/ when
too high amount of current goes through the circuit.
8.Power cut/ a fire is caused by a short circuit.
9.To prevent short circuits fuses are used. When a short circuit fuses
are melted/ are exploded.
10. When the components of a circuit are arranged one after another
with one formed path such circuit is called a series/a parallel one.
11. A parallel circuit has one/ some paths between the terminals and
the components.
12. Parallel circuits allow to use one/ several socket(s) for different
devices
Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:
1.What is an electric circuit?
2.What parts does an electric circuit consist of?
3. What is a role of a power source in an electric circuit? What can
be a power source?
4.What is a load? What forms can a load have?
5.What device is used to disconnect the circuit? What is its purpose?
6.What is a short circuit? What are possible reasons of short circuits?
38
7.What are fuses? Why are they needed?
1.
A.
друг с другом .
3.
C.
проводов
8.What are two ways the components of a circuit can be wired into?
9.What is a series circuit? What is its main disadvantage?
10. What is a parallel circuit? What is its main advantage?
Exercise 6. Say if the given sentences are true or false. If they are
false, correct them:
1.An electric circuit is a complete path of an electric current including
usually the source of electric energy.
2.A usual electric circuit includes the following parts – a power
source, wires attached to a power source by terminals and a load that uses
generated electricity.
3.If in the “closed” circuit all the parts are connected accurately the
lamp lights up, motors work and speakers provide the sound.
4.A “closed” circuit differs from a “broken” circuit by the absence
of a switch.
5.Loads are not able to transform electrical energy into its other forms.
6.Among types of loads there are electric bulbs, speakers, storage
batteries and generators.
7.A switch is a device that intercepts the electrical current and helps
to manage the flow.
8.A resistance drop or damaged insulation can cause a short resistance.
9.To prevent short circuits it desirable to use the wires of high quality.
10. The ways of components arrangement in a circuit are one and the
same all the time.
11.There are no disadvantages in a series circuit.
12.If one of the components of a parallel circuit is out of work the
circuit still workable.
Exercise 7. Match the following words and their definitions,
translate them from Russian to English:
Нагр узка
2. Электрическая цепь B. электрический аппарат для замыкан ия и
Пр едохранитель
это так ая электрическая цепь, где все её
элементы с оеди нены последовательно
размыкания электри ческой цеп и
механический заж им д ля быстрого
присоединения или закрепления
39
1. Изоляция A. это устройства, вырабатывающие элек-
5.
E.
2. Выключатель B. представляет электрическую цепь, в ко-
3. Клемма C. называют состояние, когда сопротивле-
4. Последовательная
цепь
Параллельная цепь
6. Источник питания F. элементы защиты питающей сети от раз-
7. Короткое замыкание G. это устройства, принимающи е электро-
троэнергию (электрические аккумуляторы, электромеханические генераторы и
др.).
торой все элементы соединены таким
образом, что их начало соединено в одну
общую точку, а концы в другую.
ние нагрузки меньше внутреннего сопротивления источника питания
D. элемент конструкции оборудования,
препятствующий прохождению через него электрического тока.
это совокупность устройств, предназначенных для прохождения электрического
тока.
личных аварийных ситуаций
энергию и преобразующие её в другие
виды энергии.
Exercise 8. Label the pictures:
a) Label each element and point their functions:
b) Identify types of circuits, point the differences, advantages
and disadvantages:
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