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Exercise 5. Answer the following questions.
1.Which animals are called herbivorous, carnivorous and
omnivorous?
2.What are the essential parts of the digestive system?
3.What happens to the food in the mouth cavity; in the esophagus; in
the stomach; in the small intestine; in the large intestine?
4.What are the two large digestive glands?
5.Where are the enzymes produced?
6.Which enzyme does the saliva contain? What is its function?
Exercise 6. Agree or disagree to the statements, using the
following
You are right
I think so too
I agree (with you).
You are not right, I’m afraid
I don’t think so.
I can’t agree.
1.The food utilized by animals for life and growth is obtained by
eating plants or other animals.
2.Animals that eat leaves and stems of plant are said to be carnivorous.
3.The digestive system of almost every vertebrate has not the
esophagus.
4.The water and inorganic salts can’t be absorbed from the digestive
tract.
5.The salvia, secreted by two pairs of salivary glands.
Exercise 7. Choose the necessary word and put in the sentence
(to secrete, to contain, enzymes, herbivorous, liver, to reduce, sac, to absorb,
to lubricate, pancreas)
1.Animals that eat leaves and stems of plant are said to be _______.
2.The mouth cavity also _______ salivary glands _______ the food.
3.The stomach, which is an enlarged _______ where food is stored.
4.The two large digestive glands _______ and _______ are present
in all vertebrates.
5.The water and inorganic salts can be _______ from the digestive
tract without change.
6.Digestive _______ is produced by all animals.
7.Ptyalin acts in the normal alkaline medium of the mouth _______
starches to the maltose.
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8.Gastric glands in the wall of the stomach _______ a fluid gastric
juice.
Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences from the Russian
into English.
1.Животных, питающихся преимущественно мясом, называют
плотоядными.
2.У всех позвоночных присутствуют две большие пищеваритель-
ные железы: печень и поджелудочная железа.
3.Растительная и животная пища, потребляемая животными,
состоит из протоплазмы.
4.Протоплазма состоит из протеинов, углеводов и жиров, вмес-
те с витаминами и водой.
5.У позвоночных некоторые ферменты вырабатываются в слюнных железах или пищеводе, а другие в желудке, тонком кишечнике
и поджелудочной железе.
6.Слюна вырабатывается тремя парами слюнных желез.
Exercise 9. Tell about the digestive system of a dog:
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UNIT 5. HISTORY OF ENGINEERING
Exercise 1. Study the following vocabulary:
1. to exist
2. ancient times
3. pulley
4. lever
5. wheel
6. to derive from
7. to refer to
8. civilian structure
9. to mature
10. civil engineering
11. to distinguish
12. known by name
13. official
14. probably
15. to supervise
16. domain
17. to employ
18. ballista
19. steam engine
20. development
21. device
22. decade
23. invention
24. mechanical engineering
25. maintenance tools
26. growth
27. birthplace
28. electrical engineering
29. to shape
30. practitioner
31. to support
существовать
древние времена
подъемный блок
рычаг
колесо
происходить от
относиться к
гражданское строение
достигать высокого уровня
гражданское строительство
отличать
известный по имени
представитель, работник
возможно
руководить
сфера, область
использовать, применять
баллиста
паровой двигатель
усовершенствование
устройство
десятилетие
изобретение
маш иностроение
средства технического обслуживания
рост
родина
электроинженерия
оформлять
практик
поддерживать
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text, say what types of
engineering are mentioned in the text:
The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as
humans made fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel.
The term engineering appeared not so long ago and derived from the
word “engineer”, which originally referred to “a constructor of military
engines”. Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and
buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil
engineering appeared to distinguish it from the military engineering.
The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. As one of
23
the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosиr, he probably designed and supervised
the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC.
Ancient Greece developed machines, both in the civilian and military
domains. Chinese and Roman armies employed complex military
machines including the ballista and catapult.
The first steam engine was built in 1698 by mechanical
engineer Thomas Savery. The development of this device gave rise to
the industrial revolution in the coming decades, allowing for the
beginnings of mass production.
The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James
Watt gave rise to modern mechanical engineering. The development of
specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial
revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its
birthplace Britain and abroad.
The discipline of electrical engineering was shaped by the
experiments of Alessandro Volta in the 19th century, the experiments
of Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of
the electric motor in 1872. Electrical engineering became a profession
late in the 19th century. Practitioners had created a global electric
telegraph network and the first electrical engineering institutions to
support the new discipline were founded in the UK and USA.
Exercise 3. Provide English equivalents for the following words
and word combinations:
Понятие, существовать с …., люди, основные изобретения, колесо и рычаг, понятие, появляться, создатель, проектировка мостов
и зданий, техническая дисциплина, самый ранний, проектировать и
руководить возведением, механизм, военная сфера, включая, паровой двигатель, промышленная революция, предстоящее десятилетие, изобретение, современный, быстрый рост, эксперименты, в конце 19 века, всемирная сеть, быть основанным.
Exercise 4. Choose the right variant:
1.The concept of engineering existed since ancient/modern times.
2.Pulley, lever and wheel can be called minor/fundamental inventions.
3.The term engineering derived from the word meaning
“a constructor of military engines”/ “a constructor of civil engines”.
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4.The name of the earliest civil/military engineer is Imhotep.
a.
5.Ancient Greeks/ancient Chinese and Romans used complex military
machines.
6.The first steam engine/internal combustion engine was built in 1698
by mechanical engineer Thomas Savery.
7.The steam engine invention gave/cease the rise to the industrial
revolution.
8.The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James
Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering/electrical engineering.
9.Experiments of Alessandro Volta gave birth/ gave development of
the discipline of electrical engineering.
10. Electrical engineering became a profession/ scientific discipline
late in the 19th century.
Exercise 5. Match definitions and notions:
a mechanically, electrically, or
electronically operated device for
performing a task
b. some test that is carried out under control
1. engineering
2. a fundamental invention
3. an engineer
4. civil engineering
5. to design
6. to supervise
7. a machine
8. a steam engine
9. mechanical engineering
10. electrical engineering
11. an experiment
12. a practitioner
c. the activities or function of an engineer
d. to create or construct according to plan
e. a person who carries out different
experiments to check some theory in real
life
f. a person who is trained in or follows as a
profession a branch of engineering
g. an engine driven or worked by steam
h. a branch of engineering concerned with
production of tools, machinery, and their
products
i. a type of engineering that deals with the
uses of electricity
j. a type of engineering that deals with the
science of designing and building roads,
bridges, large buildings
k. the basic discovery
l. to manage
25
Exercise 6. Answer the questions:
The following statement is correct
The given statement is incorrect
1.Since what the time has the concept of engineering existed?
2.What are the fundamental humans’ inventions?
3.What did the word “engineer” refer to?
4.What is the main occupation of the civil engineering?
5.What is the name of the earliest known civil engineer? What is his
probable creation?
6.What is Thomas Savery famous for?
7.How did the invention of the steam power influence the world
history?
8.What helped the rapid growth of mechanical engineering?
9.How was the discipline of electrical engineering shaped?
10.When was the electric motor invented?
11.When did electrical engineering become a profession?
12.Where were institutions opened to support the new discipline of
electrical engineering?
Exercise 7. True or false:
I think this statement is true
It is right
I think this statement is false
It is wrong
1.The term “engineering” has existed since inventing pulleys, levers,
and wheels.
2. Initially the term “engineer” meant “civil engineering”.
3.The notion of civil engineering is the same as the term military
engineering.
4.The first known civil engineer – Imhotep – was from Sumer.
5. Ancient Greeks, Chinese and Romans worked both in civilian and
military engineering.
6.The first internal combustion engine was built in 1698 by Thomas
Savery.
7.The invention of the steam power provoked beginning of the
industrial revolution.
8.The invention of the steam power gave rise to mechanical
engineering.
9.The electrical engineering appeared thanks to experiments of Isaak
Newton.
26
10. The first electrical engineering institutions to support electrical
engineering were founded in Germany.
Exercise 8. Translate from Russian to English and ask 5 questions
to the text:
Инженерное дело – область технической деятельности, которая
включает в себя ряд специализированных областей знаний и дисциплин, и которая направлена на практическое применение научных,
экономических, социальных и практических знаний для использования природных ресурсов на пользу человека. Инженерная деятельность включает в себя изобретение, разработку, создание, внедрение, ремонт, обслуживание или улучшение техники, материалов или
процессов. Инженерное дело опирается на фундаментальные научные постулаты и результаты прикладных исследований. Специалист,
который занимается инженерным делом, называется инженером.
Деятельность инженера в общественном производстве является производительным трудом. С расширением и углублением научных знаний произошла профессиональная специализация инженерной профессии по дисциплинам.
27
UNIT 6. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Exercise 1. Study the following vocabulary:
1. to deal with
2. an application
3. electricity
4. a practitioner
5. a subfield
6. to construct
7. a capacitor
8. an inductor
9. a diode
10. a semiconductor
11. simulation
12. a network
13. generation
14. transmission
15. distribution
16. an electrical circuit
17. an insulator
18. to resist
19. accurate measurement
20. electrical property
21. inevitably
22. an objective
23. to require
24. a coax cable
25. an optical fiber
26. free space
27. an equation
28. to put to
29. a microwave oven
30. control theory
заниматься
применение
электричество
исполнитель
подобласть
создавать
конденсатор
индуктор
диод
полупроводник
моделирование, воспроизведение
сеть
генерация, образование
передача, транспортировка
распределение
электрическая цепь
изоляционный материал
противодействовать
точные измерения
электрические свойства
неизбежно
цель
требовать
коаксиальный кабель
оптическое волокно
область свободного распространения
уравнение
использовать
микроволновая печь
теория автоматического регулирования
Exercise 2. Read the text and say how many subfield the electric
engineering has:
Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline that deals with
the study and application of electricity and electromagnetism. Its
practitioners are called electrical engineers. In the subfield of electronics,
electrical engineers construct models of electrical components (such as
resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, diodes, semiconductors)
for simulation purposes. They combine these components into larger
electrical networks. The subfield of power engineering deals not only
with electricity generation, electric power transmission and electricity
28
distribution but also with electrical circuits and materials (e.g.
insulators) that need to resist high voltages and currents. Another subfield
is accurate measurement of electrical properties. Measuring an
electrical circuit inevitably changes the voltages and currents in it. The
objective is to minimize the influence of the measuring circuit or even
compensate for it. Other major subfields of electrical engineering are
telecommunication and electromagnetism. Transmitting information from
one place to another requires a transport channel such as a coax cable,
optical fiber or free space. These channels can be accurately described
using the laws of electromagnetism, particularly Maxwell’s equations.
Some other examples of how electromagnetism is put to every day use
are antenna design for use in mobile phones. Another technology made
possible by electromagnetism is the microwave oven. The tools and
theories an electrical engineer can consult include mathematics and
physics in general, the theory of electromagnetism, the theory of quantum
mechanics, the mathematics of digital signal processing, control theory,
the teachings of computer science.
Exercise 3. Provide Russian equivalents for the following:
Electrical engineering, an engineering discipline, the study and
application of electricity, electromagnetism, subfield, construct models,
resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, diodes, semiconductors, to
combine components, electrical networks, power engineering, electricity
generation, electric power transmission, electricity distribution, electrical
circuits, insulators, to resist high voltages, electrical properties, to
minimize the influence of, the measuring circuit, telecommunication,
transmitting information from one place to another, the laws of
electromagnetism, every day use.
Exercise 4. Provide English equivalents for the following:
Иметь дело с, изучение, применение, исполнитель, компонент,
проводник, конденсатор, диод, полупроводник, моделирование, комбинировать, сеть, электрическая цепь, распределение электроэнергии, высокое напряжение, ток, точное измерение, цель, уменьшить,
передача информации, требовать, оптоволокно, коаксиальный кабель,
уравнение Максвелла, пример, электромагнетизм, ежедневное использование.
29
Exercise 5. Answer the given questions:
1.What is electrical engineering?
2.What does electrical engineering deal with?
3.Who are electrical engineers?
4.Are there many subfields of electrical engineering? Name them.
5.What do practitioners do within the subfield of electronics?
6.What is the purpose of the subfield of power engineering?
7.What is the objective of accurate measurement?
8.What do we need to transmit some information from one place to
another?
9.What are the examples of how electromagnetism is used in the
daily life?
10.The knowledge in what should an electric al engineer possess?
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences:
1.Electrical engineering studies and ……………………………….
2.People who are occupied in electrical engineering are ……...............
3.There are several ………………….…....in electrical engineering.
4.Electronics deals with …………………………….
5.Practitioners of electronics put together ………… to make larger
electrical networks.
6.Power engineering deals with electricity .......…………………..
7.Insulators need to ………………………………………………..
8.The objective of accurate measurement is …………………….
9.Telecommunication and electromagnetism deal with ……………
10.Electromagnetism is widely used in everyday life, for example...
Exercise 7. Say if these statements are true or false:
1.Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline that studies and
applies chemistry’s laws.
2.Specialists of electric engineering are called civil engineers.
3.Electrical engineers combine electrical components into larger
electrical networks.
4.Measuring an electrical circuit doesn’t change the voltages and
currents in it.
5.The objective is to maximize the influence of the measuring circuit
or even compensate for it.
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