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drained soils may lack sufficient oxygen. 16. Dormant seeds require very
1.
2.
3.
4.
образуется росток
5.
little oxygen in order to stay alive, but when they start to germinate they
require more. 17. In the first stage of germination the primary root, or
radicle, emerges. 18. Then the stem pushes its way upward until it appears
above the surface of -the soil. 19. At the same time the root system grows
downward, and begins to spread through the soil. 20. In the early stages
of development the seeding depends entirely on the foodstore in the seed
but as soon as the first leaves are produced, it is able to manufacture food
for itself. 21. The seeding begins photosynthesis. 22. Next, the plant enters
the stage of rapid growth. 23. In this stage of the life cycle, the plant
begins to grow to its full size. 24. When it is mature enough, it flowers,
and when this happens pollination and fertilization are ready to take place.
25. In the process of pollination the pollen is carried by wind or insects
from the stamens to the stigma of the carpel. 26. It germinates on the
stigma and grows down the style into the ovary, where fertilization takes
place.
Exercise 3. Match words and their Russian equivalents:
To destroy, temperature level, to spread, the life cycle of a plant,
fertilization, protein, food store, germination, pollination, dormant seed,
primary root, to grow, to stay alive, conditions, soil, lack of oxygen.
Опыление, жизненный цикл растения, оставаться живым, разрушать, семечко в состоянии покоя, температурный уровень, первичный корешок, оплодотворение, нехватка кислорода, запас питательных веществ, прорастание, распространяться, расти, условия,
белки, почва.
Exercise 4 . Match the words with their definitions:
annual plant a) органическое вещество, обеспечивающее
жизнедеятельность животных и растительных
организмов
germination b) делать, производить
dormant seed c) процесс появления цветов
alive d) переход семян растений от покоя к активной
жизнедеятельности, начальный этап, на котором
protein
e) растение, полный жизненный цикл которого
наблюдается в течение 12 месяцев
61
1.
to destroy a) с ем еч к о , к от о р о е н ах о ди т с я в с о сто я н и и «сна»
3.
4.
5.
proteins radical alive pollination and fertilization
2. ra d i c al b) зарод ы шевы й кореш ок
to
m a n ufactu re
ra pid d ) не мертвы й
to flow er e ) п о вр е ж да т ь , у н ич то ж ат ь
c) н е м е д л ен н ы й
Exercise 5. fill the gaps using words given below:
Rapid
dry germination downward
1.Fats, ……, carbohydrates are necessary for all organisms.
2.The roots begin to grow ……….. .
3.The …….. takes place when all the conditions are favourable.
4.The seeds can germinate only if they are ….. .
5.The first ………. appears and the germination starts.
6.The seeds must not be ….. .
7.The growth of seeds is usually ….. .
8.When the plant flowers it is ready for ……. …. …….. .
Exercise 6. Answer the questions:
1.What is the first stage of the life cycle of any plant?
2.How are the seeds called if they kept cool and dry?
3.When do the seeds germinate?
4.When the process of germination doesn’t occur?
5.What appears firstly during the process of germination?
6.What does the seeding depend on in the early stages of
development?
7.When does the seeding begin photosynthesis?
8.What is the next stage of the life cycle of a plant after the
germination?
9.When the processes of pollination and fertilization are ready to
take place?
10.What is pollen carried by during the process of pollination?
Exercise 7. Study the following statements and if they are true or
false.
a) Before a seed germinates it is in a dormant state.
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b) When the temperature level is right a seed will germinate.
c) If seeds are dried at too high temperature they will die.
d) If a soil is too dry seeds will not germinate.
e) The temperature of wet soils is lower than that of well-drained
soils.
f)Dormant seeds cannot stay alive in a badly drained soil.
g) The root system forms after the stem appears above the surface of
the soil.
h) The seed contains enough food to nourish the seeding until the
first leaves are produced.
Exercise 8. Choose the best variant.
1.In sentence 5 this refers to:
a) the life cycle of a plant
b) the germination of a seed
c) the right temperature level
2.In sentence 8 this refers to:
a) too high temperature
b) the drying of seeds
c) the condition that seeds must be alive
3.In sentence 13 this refers to:
a) too much water in the soil
b) seeds not germinating
4.In sentence 20 it refers to:
a) the seed
b) the foodstore
c) the seedling
5.In sentence 24 this happens refers to:
a) when the plant begins to its full size
b) when the plant enters the stage of rapid growth
c) when the plant flowers
6.In sentence 25 it refers to:
a) its full size
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b) the plant
c) the life cycle
7.In sentence 26 it refers to:
a) the pollen
b) the stamens
c) the stigma
Exercise 9. Rewrite the following sentences replacing the underlined
words and expressions from the text which have the same meaning.
1.The seed starts growing when there is enough air or water and the
temperature is right.
2.A seed will only germinate when there is enough air in the soil.
3.Seeds which are in a resting state require very little air to remain alive.
4.As soon as the stem and leaves appear above the surface of the
soil, they begin to manufacture food.
5.After the plant has appeared above the surface of the soil it enters
the stage of life when it begins to grow to its full size.
6.The process of carrying the pollen to the stigma is brought about
by wind or insects.
Exercise 10. Complete the labeling of the following diagrams by
inserting the correct labels from the list of words and phrases below.
pollen grain stigma carpel
anther stamen pollen grain germinating
ovary ovule union of male and female gametes
filament pollen
64
Exercise 11. Label stages of the life cycle of a plant and tell about
them:
Exercise 12. Label stages:
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UNIT 15. FEEDING STUFF
Exercise 1. Study new words and word combinations.
Forages – корма, кормовые травы, фураж
Roughages – грубые корма
Succulent feeds – сочные корма
Moisture – влажность
Root crops – корнеплоды
Straw – солома
Bulky – объемистый
Byproducts – субпродукты
Immature pasturage – пастбище с травой, не достигшей зрелости
(неспелая, незрелая)
Nutritive value – питательная ценность
To harvest – убирать урожай
To include – включать
Tuber – клубень
Mangolds – кормовая свекла
To grow (grew; grown) – растить, выращивать
Acids – кислоты
To be similar to – быть подобным, схожим
Kernels – зерна, ядра
Estimate – оценить, оценивать
Soybeans – соевые бобы
Cowpeas – коровий горох
Stalk – стебель, черенок
To thresh – молотить
Lack in – испытывать недостаток в чем-либо
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.
Classification of feeding stuffs.
All feeds for farm livestock are classified in 3 main groups:
1.Forages or roughages.
2.Concentrates.
3.Succulent feeds.
Forages are feeds for cattle and horses. Forages may have moisture
content of growing plant, as a pasture, soiling crops, root crops and silage
or they may be dried as in hays, straws. They are characterized by bulkness.
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Concentrates are generally the seeds of plants or products from
different food factories.
Succulent feeds are feeds which are high in moisture content.
Pasturages. Immature pasturage grown on a fertile soil is the best
known feed for the cattle. Good pasturage has a high content of protein,
minerals and carotene and since the herbage is grazed at an immature
stage, the crude fiber is highly digestible. Pasture is usually at its best
only for a month or so in the spring after which it declines in nutritive
value.
Soiling crops. Soiling crops are green crops that are harvested and
fed instead of being grazes. In order to increase the yield, they are allowed
to reach the stage of growth near that at which they are usually harvested
for hay or silage. They resemble hay and silage in composition of the dry
matter and in feeding value of pasture grass.
Root crops. This feeding stuff is considered as succulent food. It
includes various roots and used for feeding livestock, such as mongolds,
turnips, carrots, potatoes, etc. They are grown mainly for use in winter
and can be safely stored without any important change in their composition
of feeding value.
Silage. Silage is forage that has been preserved in a moist condition
in the absence of air. Acids are developed in the silage as a result of the
fermentation of the carbohydrates. Silage is similar to the green crop –
corn. It should be harvested when the kernels are turned into the glaze.
Other crops as oats, sunflower, peas and all of the hay crops from
small grains may be successfully preserved in the silo though in relatively
small amounts.
Hay. The importance of good hay can hardly be overestimated. By
good hay is meant hay that has been early and cured in such a way that
most of leaves and much of its natural green colour are retained. Such
hay contains more protein, less fiber, more leaves and fewer stems than
poor hay. It is also softer and more palatable. There are different kinds of
hay. The main ones are: legume hay, alfalfa hay, clover hay, timothy hay,
soybeans and cowpeas.
Straw. Straw is the driest stalks of wheat, oats and corn of after the
grain has been threshed. The cereal straw is high in fiber, low in protein
and minerals, constipating and lacking in palatability. Cows, however,
will eat small quantities of these, especially oats straw, even when they
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have access to plenty of good hay. Probably the consumption of small
quantity is beneficial.
Concentrates. This feeding stuff is generally the seed of plants, the
byproducts from the milling of seeds for the human food or the expression
of oil, i.e. oil seed cake. Concentrates are used for feeding almost all
farm animals.
Exercise 3. Provide the English equivalents for the following words
and phrases.
Пастбище, плодородная почва, урожай, иметь сходство, смесь,
брожение, сохранять, вкусный, зерновой, потребление, полезный,
отжим.
Exercise 4. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and
phrases.
To be classified, moisture content, bulkness, succulent feeds, forage,
fiber, root crops, low in protein, beneficial, to decline, herbage, feeding
value, in composition, instead of, seeds, tubers, as a result of.
Exercise 5. Answer the following comprehension questions.
1.How can all feeds be classified?
2.What are forages?
3.What are concentrates?
4.What are succulents?
5.What is the best known feed for the cattle?
6.Soiling crops are green crops that are harvested and fed instead of
being grazes, aren’t they?
7.When is pasturage usually at its best?
8.What is necessary to increase the yield of soiling crops?
9.What crops are considered to be root crops?
10.When are root crops used?
11.What is silage?
12.What conditions have silage crops been preserved?
13.What qualities make silage of great value?
14.May such crops as oats, sunflowers, and peas be successfully
preserved in the silo?
15.What is hay?
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16.What do we mean by good hay? And what does good hay contain?
17.What are the main kinds of hay?
18.What is straw?
19.Do cows eat large amounts of straw? And why?
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences using the words given below.
1.Concentrates are generally the … of plants or by products from
different food factories.
2.Pasture is usually at its best only for … or so in the spring after
which it … in nutritive value.
3.Soiling crops are … that are harvested and fed instead of being
grazes.
4.Root crops are grown mainly for use in … and can be safely stored
without any important change in their … of feeding value.
5.… is forage that has been preserved in a moist condition in the
absence of air.
6.Good hay … more protein, less fiber, more leaves and fewer stems
than poor hay.
7.Straw is the … stalks of wheat, oats and corn of after the grain has
been threshed.
(green crops, driest, silage, winter, a month, contains, seeds, declines,
composition)
Exercise 7. Read the following statements and say if they are true or not.
1.All feeds for farm livestock are usually classified in four main
groups.
2.Forages are generally the seeds of plants or by products from
different food factories.
3.Good pasturage has a low content of protein, minerals and carotene.
4.Pasture is usually at its best for a year or so and then it declines in
nutritive value.
5.Soiling crops are green crops that are harvested and fed instead of
being grazes.
6.Root crops are grown mainly for use in late spring because they
can be safely stored without any important change in their composition
of feeding value.
7.Good hay contains less protein, more fiber, fewer leaves and more
stems than poor hay.
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8.Cows usually eat more straw than good hay.
9.Concentrates are used for feeding only horses and cattle.
Exercise 8. Put the questions to the underlined words.
1.Succulent feeds are feeds which are high in moisture content.
2.Pasture is usually at its best only for a month or so in the spring.
3.Soiling crops resemble hay and silage in composition of the dry
matter.
4.Root crops include various roots such as mongolds, turnips, carrots,
potatoes and others.
5.Root crops are grown mainly for use in winter.
6.Acids are developed in the silage as a result of the fermentation of
the carbohydrates.
7.Oats, sunflower, peas and all of the hay crops from small grains
may be successfully preserved in the silo though in relatively small
amounts.
8.Good hay contains more protein, less fiber, more leaves and fewer
stems than poor hay.
9.Concentrates are used for feeding almost all farm animals.
Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into English.
1.Все корма для домашнего скота делятся на три основные группы.
2.Хороший подножный корм определяется высоким содержанием протеинов, минералов и каротинов.
3.В основном, корнеплоды выращивают на зиму, т.к. они хорошо хранятся и не теряют питательных веществ.
4.Качественное хранение сена означает сохранность большинства листьев и естественного зеленого цвета трав.
5.В качественном сене содержится больше протеинов, волокна
и листьев чем в некачественном.
6.Солома – это сухие стебли пшеницы, овса, ржи и других зерновых культур после помола.
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