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Файл:English for specific purposes. Учебное пособие
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UNIT 16. FEED REQUIREMENTS OF LIVESTOCK
Exercise 1. Study new words and word combinations.
To meet requirements – отвечать потребностям
Livestock – домашний скот, поголовье
To consume – потреблять, расходовать
To maintain – поддерживать, защищать
Constituent – составная часть
Starch – крахмал
Crude fiber – грубое волокно
Digestion – пищеварение, усвоение
Feeding value – питательная ценность
To be pressed out – быть выжитым
To lactate – кормление грудью, выделять молоко
Legumes – бобовые
Long-continued – долгосрочный
Exposure – выставление (на солнце), подвергание (риску)
To masticate – месить, жевать
Mastication – жевание
Absorption – поглощение
Vital – жизненный, жизненно важный
Store cattle – скот, предназначенный для откорма
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.
Feed requirements of livestock
Feed consumed by livestock is used for different purposes, defending
to some extent on the character of the animal. All animals use a certain
part of feed to maintain their bodily functions. In addition, animals use
feed to take care of the functions for which they are kept. Young animals
use nutrients to build flesh and bone in growth. Breeding females require
feed for the development of their young. Work animals need additional
feed to supply energy for productive work. Fattening animals need
additional feed for the formation of flesh and fat. Other animals require
feed for the production of milk, eggs and wool.
In order to supply all these needs livestock must receive enough feed
to furnish the necessary protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins
and water. Special consideration must be given to certain of the nutrients
and to other characteristics of a satisfactory diet.
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Protein is the only principle constituent that contains nitrogen. Protein
is very essential for it is necessary in growth and in the repair of the
tissues, as a constituent of milk, and in the development of the fetus.
Without protein these processes could not take place. Protein is usually
the most important substance in the ration, for feeds rich in these
constituents are relatively scarce.
Carbohydrates comprise the starches, sugars, and crude fiber. Corn,
oats, barley and similar grains contain large amounts of starch. The starches
and sugars are utilized in the formation of the sugar and feat. Crude fiber
is the least digestible part of feed, and for this reason feeds are very high
in fiber, such as corn, cobs, straw, cotton seed hulls, etc. and they have a
relatively low feeding value.
The term Fats as applied to feeds includes the true fats and oils.
These serve the same purposes in the body as the carbohydrates. Fats
exist in some seeds as flax and cotton, in such quantities as to make them
valuable as source of oil for feed and other uses. Most of the oil is pressed
out before the remainder of the seed is used for feed.
Mineral matter. When feeds are burned, the ash that remains contains
the mineral of the feed. The bones, muscle, blood and milk of animals
contain relatively large quantities of minerals. Minerals must be supplied
if animals are to grow, reproduce, lactate and remain in good health.
Common, salt, iodine and calcium and occasionally phosphorus are the
minerals that are usually not obtained in sufficient quantities from the
feed, and therefore must be supplied as supplements.
Vitamins are substances known to be present in feeds in very small
amounts. Vitamins are necessary for growth and also for maintenance.
Fresh green feeds such as the leaves of legumes and also the germs of the
grains are good sources of vitamins for the dairy cow. Hay cured under
good conditions retains much of its vitamin value, but long-continued
exposure of feeds to sun and weather greatly reduces the value of the
vitamins.
Water. Water consumed by animals’ aids in the mastication, digestion,
absorption and transportation of foods contains within the body. It helps
to maintain the vital functions of the various organs and regulate body
temperature. Necessarily, therefore, an adequate supply of fresh, pure
water is essential. It is best, so far as possible to have water readily
available at all times, especially for animals on pasture.
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Water is present in all feeds. Silage, roots and fresh grass contain
from 65 to 90 per cent of water and even the farm grains when cured for
storage contain from 9 to 12 per cent.
Exercise 3. Find in the text English equivalents to the following
words and phrases.
Погода, утробный плод, низкая питательная ценность, животные на откорм, пищеварение, количество, грубое волокно, составная часть, поставлять, хранение, большое количество, мясо, до некоторой степени, требование.
Exercise 4. Find the Russian equivalents to the following words and
phrases.
Flesh, to some extent, to maintain, requirement, in addition, fattening
animals, constituent, to supply, fetus, remainder, quantity, low feeding
value, crude fiber, large amounts, storage, digestion, weather, supplements.
Exercise 5. Answer the following comprehension questions.
1.What do fattening animals need for the formation of flesh?
2.What do young animals use to build bone in growth?
3.What is the only principal constituent that contains nitrogen?
4.What is protein necessary for?
5.What do carbohydrates comprise?
6.What grains do large amounts of starch contain?
7.Why do such feeds as corn cobs, straw, cotton seed hulls have a
low feeding value?
8.What does the term Fats include?
9.What seeds do fats exist in and in what quantities?
10.When is oil pressed out?
11.What does the ash contain when feeds are burned?
12.When must minerals be supplied?
13.What minerals are more often supplied as supplements?
14.What are vitamins necessary for?
15.What are good sources of vitamins for the dairy cow?
16.What kind of hay retains much of its vitamin value?
17.What conditions reduce the value of the vitamins?
18.Does water influence body temperature?
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19.Is water present in all kinds of feeds?
20.What feeds contain water?
21.How much water do silage roots and fresh grass contain?
Exercise 6. Agree or disagree with the statements.
1.Feed consumed by livestock is defends on the character of the
animal.
2.Breeding females use nutrients to build flesh and bone.
3.Fattening animals need additional feed for the formation of flesh
and fat.
4.Corn, oats, barley and similar grains contain large amounts of fat.
5.Crude fiber has a relatively high feeding value.
6.Crude fiber serves the same purposes in the body as the
carbohydrates.
7.Such minerals as salt, iodine and calcium and occasionally
phosphorus must be supplied as supplements if animals are to grow,
reproduce, lactate and remain in good health.
8.Water helps to maintain the vital functions of the various organs
and regulate body temperature.
9.There is no need to have water readily available at all times,
especially for animals on pasture.
Exercise 7. Match the columns.
Young animals use nutrients for the formation of flesh and fat.
Work animals need additional feed for the development of their young.
Fattening animals need additional feed to build flesh and bone in growth.
Breeding females require feed to supply energy for productive work.
Other animals require feed for the production of milk, eggs and
wool.
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using the words given below.
substance, quantities, purposes, water, minerals, contain, flesh,
reduces, animal, long-continued
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1.Feed consumed by livestock is used for different … , defending to
some extent on the character of the ... .
2.Young animals use nutrients to build … and bone in growth.
3.Protein is usually the most important … in the ration.
4.Corn, oats, barley and similar grains … large amounts of starch.
5.Fats exist in some seeds as flax and cotton, in such … as to make
them valuable as source of oil for feed and other uses.
6.The bones, muscle, blood and milk of animals contain relatively
large quantities of… .
7.Hay cured under good conditions retains much of its vitamin value,
but … exposure of feeds to sun and weather greatly … the value of the
vitamins.
8.Silage, roots and fresh grass contain from 65 to 90 per cent of… .
Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Одни животные нуждаются в еде для наращивания мышечной массы, другие – для производства молока, шерсти, яиц и т.д.
2.Овес, рожь, зерно и другие злаки содержат большое количество крахмала.
3.Количество жиров, содержащихся в семенах льна и хлопка,
делают их ценными продуктами питания животных.
4.Кости, мышцы, кровь и молоко животных содержат большое
количество минералов.
5.Минералы необходимы для нормального роста, развития и
репродукции животных.
6.Сено, хранящееся по всем правилам, сохраняет большую часть
своих витаминов.
7.Вода необходима для поддержания жизненно важных функций различных органов и для регулирования температуры тела животного.
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UNIT 17. A BALL OF FIRE
1.
pillow lava
шаровая или подушечная лава
Exercise 1. Study the following words and word combinations:
scientists
2. to come together
3. liquid rock
4. to cool down
5. the surface
6. a layer
7. solid rock
8. the crust
9. the mantle
10.a core
11.to erupt
12.a magma chamber
13.a vent
14.
ученые
объединяться
расплавленная горная порода
охлаждаться
поверхность
слой
твердая порода
зем ная кора
мантия
ядро
извергаться
магматическая камера
жерло (вулкана)
Exercise 2. Read the text say what new island appeared recently
Scientists think that the Earth is about 4.6 billion years old.
How the Earth formed
Scientists think that the Earth formed from a cloud of gas, dust, and
rock that was around our Sun. These materials came together and formed
a ball of fire and liquid rock. At that time, the temperature on the Earth’s
surface was very hot and nothing lived here.
Earth’s Layers
After millions of years the Earth cooled down. The surface became a
layer of solid rock, called the crust. This is the part of the Earth that we
live on. The crust is usually about 30 kilometers thick on land, but it’s
thinner at the bottom of the ocean.
Under the Earth’s crust, there’s a layer called the mantle. It’s about
2.900 kilometers thick. The mantle is very hot – its temperature is
about 3.000 degrees centigrade. It’s mostly made of liquid rock, called
magma.
The Earth’s core is under the mantle, at the center of the planet. The
core is about 3.500 kilometers across and it’s mostly made of two metals
– iron and nickel. The outer core is liquid, but the inner core is solid.
That’s because the other layers push down on the inner core with incredible
pressure. Temperature in the inner core can be more than 6.000 degree
centigrade.
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Mountains of Fire
There’s a lot of heat in the
Earth’s core and mantle. We can
see some of this heat when
volcanoes erupt and produce
lava. In some parts of the Earth’s
crust magma forms underground
pools, called magma chambers.
When there’s a lot of magma in
a chamber, the magma moves up
a tunnel to the surface. When
the magma gets the Earth’s
surface it is called lava. The lava
comes out of holes called vents.
Some volcanoes also produce
lots of gas and ash. The lava and
the ash can sometimes form a tall
cone.
Underwater Volcanoes
Sometimes volcanic vents form under the ocean. When this happens
the lava cools very quickly and makes round shapes, called pillow lava.
Underwater lava can also build up and form volcanic islands like Iceland
or Hawaii. One of the newest volcanic islands on our planet is Hunga
Ha’apai near Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. This island appeared after a big
underwater eruption in 2009.
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Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using the words below
core crust cooled down lava fire gas iron
mantle round outer core
1.Earth formed from a cloud of ….., dust and rock.
2.Earth started as a hot ball of …. and liquid rock.
3.Earth’s surface is a layer of solid rock called the ….. .
4.In some millions of years Earth …. ….. and the life began to appear.
5.Earth’s ……. is mostly liquid rock called magma.
6.The core of our planet includes two parts – the inner core and the...
7.Earth’s …… is about 3500 kilometres across.
8.When volcanoes erupt mantle throws out in the form of ……
9.Earth’s core is made of ….. and nickel.
10.Underwater lava takes a ….. form
Exercise 3. Match two halves to make a sentence
Magma forms gets to the Earth’s surface
The magma moves up lots of gas and ash
Lava is magma that atunnel to the surface
The lava comes out of a magma chamber
Some volcanoes produce at the top of some volcanoes
There’s a cone a hole called a vent
Exercise 4. Answer the questions:
1.When was the earth formed?
2.From what materials was the Earth formed?
3.When the Earth was formed was there any life on it? Why?
4.How many layers does our planet have?
5.Where is the outer core situated?
6.What layer do we live on?
7.What does mantle consist of?
8.Why is the inner core solid?
9.When does magma move up to Earth’s surface?
10.What holes does lava come out?
11.When are volcanic islands produced?
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Exercise 5. Read the statements and say if they are true or false
1. The earth is about 4.6 million years old.
2. we are living on Earth’s crust.
3. The mantle is about 2.900 kilometers thick.
4. The core is about 1.300 kilometers across.
5. Magma chambers form in the Earth’s core.
6. Lava is magma that gets to the Earth’s surface.
7. Volcanoes never erupt under the water.
8. Hunga Ha’apai is one of the oldest volcanic islands.
Exercise 6. Translate from Russian to English:
1.Земля образовалась около 5 миллиардов лет назад.
2.Ученые думают, что Земля образовалась из газа, пыли и гор-
ной породы.
3.Сначала Земля была очень горячей, и на ней не было жизни.
4.Земля состоит из 4 слоев – земной коры, мантии, внешнего и
внутреннего ядра.
5.Земная кора – самый тонкий слой.
6.Мантия состоит из расплавленной горной породы.
7.Внешнее ядро состоит из никеля и железа.
8.Внутреннее ядро – твердое и очень горячее.
9.Лава – это магма, которая выходит на поверхность Земли.
Exercise 7. Label layers of Earth; be ready to talk about them:
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Exercise 8. Name parts of a volcano; be ready to speak about it:
Exercise 9. Using the Internet choose any planet of our Solar system
and be ready to tell about it according to the plan:
a) The name of a planet, its age
b) How it was formed
c) How many layers it has
d) What these layers are
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