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Файл:English for specific purposes. Учебное пособие
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UNIT 2. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1.
Exercise 1. Study the following words and word combinations.
to perceive
2. to transmit
3. to effect
4. to serve
5. to integrate
6. tissue
7. unit
8. change
9. external stimulus
10. moisture
11. pressure
12. odour
13. internal stimulus
14. quantity
15. to act directly
16. to elicit
17. to receive
18. sensitivity
19. to induce
20. through
21. in turn
22. to excite
23. terminal structures
24. nerve cells
25. soma
26. dendrite
27. axon
28. excitable
29. to process
30. contraction
31. to affect glands
32. a nerve fiber
33. connective tissue
34. higher vertebrates
35. sensory neurons
36. cerebellum
37. cerebrum
воспринимать
передавать
осуществлять
служить
объединять
ткань
единое целое
изменение
внешний раздражитель
влажность
давление
запах
внутренний раздражитель
количество
действовать напрямую
вызывать
принимать, воспринимать
чувствительность
обусловливать
через, посредством
в свою очередь
раздражать
нервные окончания
нервные клетки
тело клетки
дендрит
аксон
возбудимый
обрабатывать
сокращение
воздействовать на железы
нервное волокно
соединительная ткань
высшие позвоночные
чувствительные нейроны
мозжечок
головной мозг
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.
The nervous system helps the most animals to perceive1 stimuli, to
transmit2 signals to different body parts and to effect3 responses. This
system serves4 also to coordinate and integrate5 the functions of cells,
tissues6 and organ systems so that they act harmoniously as a unit7.
11
A stimulus is any physical or chemical change8 capable of exciting
1 .
8 .
an organism or its parts. External stimuli9 derive from temperature,
moisture10, light, contact, pressure11, salt concentrations and odours12.
Internal stimuli13 result from the quantity14 of food, water, oxygen, or
wastes in the body from fatigue, pain, disease or other conditions.
Some stimuli act directly15 on cells or tissues and elicit16 a direct
response, but most animals have different types of specialized receptors
to receive17 stimuli. A receptor is a cell or organ having a special
sensitivity18 to one type or types of stimulus, as eye to light and ear to
sound.
Receptors induce19 the transmission of nerve impulses through
the nervous system, which in turn21 excites22 terminal structures23, or
effectors, and bring about responses.
The nervous system is composed of nerve cells24 (neurons),
possessing a cell body (soma25), dendrites26 and axons27. Each neuron is
an electrically excitable28 cell that processes29 and transmits information
by electrical and chemical signaling.
There is a number of specialized types of neurons: 1) sensory neurons
are those, respond to touch, sound, light and which conduct impulses
from receptors to the central nervous system; 2) motor neurons that
conduct impulses from the central nervous system to various terminal
structures and cause muscle contractions30 and affect glands31.
A nerve consists of one to many nerve fibers32 bound together by
connective tissue33; some nerves contain only sensory fibers, others only
motor fibers, and many are mixed nerves including both types.
The nervous system consists of: 1) the central nervous system
comprising the brain connected to the spinal or nerve cord and 2) the
peripheral nervous system consisting of sensory neurons35, clusters of
neurons and nerves connecting them to each other and to the central
nervous system. In the higher vertebrates34 the brain consists of two
main parts the cerebrum37 and cerebellum36.
20
the n ervo us sy s t e m
2 . to pe rc eive stim uli
3 . to tra ns m it sig n als
4 . bo dy p arts
5 . to effec t res p on ses
6 . a ce ll
7 .
a tis s ue
an e x te rn al sti m uli
9 . an in te rn al stim ul i
1 0 . a r e ce pto r
1 1 . ne rv e im pu ls es
1 2 . a t e rm in al stru c tu re
1 3 .
a n e r v e c e ll (a n e uro n )
12
14.
a sensory neuron
21
the peripheral nervous system
15. a motor neuron
16. the central nervous system
17. a muscle
18. a gland
19. nerve fibers
20. the brain
.the spinal or nerve cord
22.
23. higher vertebrates
24.the cerebrum
25.cerebellum
Exercise 3. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words
and word combinations.
To transmit signals, motor fibers, capable of, direct response, nerve
impulse, terminal structures, connective tissue, electrically excitable cell,
a cell body, sensory fibers, respond to touch and sound, central nervous
system, muscle contractions.
Exercise 4. Give the English equivalents to the following words
and word combinations.
Влажность, моторные нейроны, периферическая нервная система, функции клеток и тканей, нервные окончания, двигательный,
спинной мозг, высшие позвоночные, дендрит и аксон, головной мозг,
мозжечок, кислород.
Exercise 5. Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence
(the brain, to derive, neurons, to perceive, to elicit, to transmit, to
induce, unit, nerve fibers).
1._______ stimuli, _______ these to various body parts and to effect
responses, most animals have a nervous system.
2.Common external stimuli _______ from temperature, moisture,
light.
3.Some stimuli act directly on cells and _______ a direct response.
4.Receptors _______ the transmission of nerve impulses through
the nervous system.
5.The nervous system is composed of _______.
6.The neuron is the functional _______ of the nervous system.
7.A nerve consists of one to many _______ bound together by
connective tissue.
8.The central nervous system comprises _______ connected to the
spinal or nerve cord.
13
Exercise 6. Answer the following comprehension questions.
1.What does the nervous system serve for?
2.What is a stimulus?
3.What are the main types of stimuli?
4.What is the nervous system composed of?
5.What is a neuron?
6.How do sensory neurons and motor neurons conduct impulses?
7.What parts does the central nervous system consist of?
8.What are the two main parts of the brain?
Exercise 7. Agree or disagree to the statements, using the following
phrases:
You are right
I think so too
I a gr ee (w ith you ).
You are not right, I’m afraid
I don’t thin k so.
I can’t agree.
1.A stimulus is any physical or chemical change capable of exciting
an organism or its parts.
2.Some stimuli don’t act directly on cells or tissues.
3.Receptors don’t induce the transmission of nerve impulses through
the nervous system.
4.The nervous system is composed of nerve cells.
5.A nerve consists of one to many nerve fibers.
Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into English.
1.Нервная система служит для того, чтобы координировать и
объединять функции клеток.
2.У большинства животных есть различные виды специальных
рецепторов.
3.Рецептор – это клетка или орган, имеющий специальную чув-
ствительность к определенным видам возбудителей.
4.Рецепторы обуславливают передвижение нервных импульсов
через нервную систему.
5.Нервная система состоит из нервных клеток или нейронов.
6.Нейрон является функциональной единицей нервной системы.
7.Нервная система состоит из центральной нервной системы и
периферической.
8.У высших позвоночных мозг состоит из двух основных час-
тей: мозжечка и головного мозга.
14
UNIT 3. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Exercise 1. Study the following words and word combinations:
1. to require
2. oxygen
3. to be available for
4. to serve
5. fluid
6. a cell
7. a wall
8. to contract
9. to pump
10. tubular
11. a blood vessel
12. nearly colorless
13. content
14. dissolved
15. wastes
16. internal secretions
17. a lymph node
18. to contain
19. to scatter
20. to defend
21. an arteriole
22. a cham ber
23. slight or heavy
24. to receive
25. to be lined with
26. glassy-smooth
Требовать
Ки слород
Бы ть доступн ым для чего-либо
Сл уж ить чем-то, выполнять функцию чего-ли бо
Жидкий
Кл етка
Стен ка
Сокращаться
Качать, перекачивать
По лый, трубчатый
Кровеносный сосуд
По чти бесцветный
Содержимое
Растворенный
Пр одукты жизн едеятельности
Вн утренняя секреция
Лимфати ческий узел
Содержать
Рассеивать, располагать
Защищ ать
Мелкая артер ия
Камера
Тонкий или толстый
По лучать, принимать
Вы стилать
Зеркально-гладкий
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text:
The life processes of an animal require1 that food and oxygen2 are
available3 for metabolism. The circulatory system serves4 for internal
transport. Its main parts are: 1) the blood, consisting of fluid5 plasma and
blood cells6; 2) the heart, with muscular walls7 that contract8 periodically
to pump9 the blood through the body; and 3) a system of tubular10 blood
vessels11 through which the fluid is moved.
In all vertebrates the blood has: 1) a nearly colorless12 plasma; 2)
white blood cells or leucocytes of several types; 3) red cells (erythrocytes)
colored by their content13 of hemoglobin, which serves to transport
oxygen. The plasma carries dissolved14 food, wastes15, some gases, and
internal secretions16. Human plasma consists of about 92 per cent of
water, proteins, and other organic compounds and about 0.9 per cent of
inorganic salts.
15
Lymph nodes17 consist of blood plasma without some plasma
proteins; it contains18 while cells, but no red cells. There are many lymph
nodes scattered19 along the system. Besides producing lymphocytes, the
nodes defend20 the body from infection.
The circulatory system in any vertebrate comprises the heart, the
blood system of arteries, arterioles
21
and capillaries, veins and the
lymphatic system. The heart comprises chambers22 with slight or heavy
muscular walls that receive24 blood from the veins and pump it through
the arteries. The heart and all vessels are lined25 throughout with a glassy-
smooth26 endothelium.
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
1.What does the circulatory system serve for?
2.What are the essential parts of the circulatory system?
3.What does the blood comprise in all vertebrates?
4.What substances does the human plasma consist of?
5.What does lymph consist of?
6.What is the function of the lymph node?
7.What does the circulatory system comprise?
Exercise 4.Give the Russian equivalents to the following words
and word combinations:
Circulatory system, blood, fluid plasma, blood vessels, colorless,
oxygen, dissolved food, nodes, vessels.
23
Exercise 5. Give the English equivalents to the following words
and word combinations:
Система кровообращения, бесцветная плазма, позвоночное, кро-
вяные клетки, инфекция, вены, гемоглобин.
Exercise 6. Agree or disagree with the statements, using the
following phrases:
You are right
I think so too
I agree (with you).
You are not right, I’m a fraid
I don’t think so.
I can’t agree.
1.Oxygen is not necessary for life processes of animals.
2.The plasma carries dissolved food, wastes, some gases and internal
16
secretions.
3.The entire circulatory system in any vertebrate comprises the heart,
the blood system, of arteries.
4.The heart and all vessels are not lined throughout with a glassy-
smooth endothelium.
Exercise 7. Choose the necessary word and put in the sentence:
(The heart, colorless, red cells, to defend, to carry, to pump, the
system)
1.The heart, with muscular walls that contract periodically ... the
blood through the body.
2.In all vertebrates the blood comprises a nearly ... plasma.
3.The plasma ... dissolved foods, wastes, some gases and internal
secretions.
4.There are many lymph nodes scattered along ………
5.The nodes ... the body from infections.
6.….and all vessels are lined throughout with a glassy - smooth
endothelium.
Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences from the Russian
into English:
1.1.Система кровообращения служит для транспортировки.
2.Кровь состоит из бесцветной плазмы, белых кровяных кле-
ток, красных кровяных клеток.
3.Гемоглобин служит для транспортировки кислорода.
4.Лимфатические узлы защищают тело от инфекций.
5.Лимфа состоит из кровяной плазмы и белых клеток.
17
Exercise 9. Label the following pictures, be ready to speak about
the main pats of the blood system:
18
UNIT 4. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Exercise 1. Study the following words and word combinations.
1. to utilize
2. to obtain
3. herbivorous –
4. entirely or largely
5. carnivorous -
6. omnivorous -
7. to grasp -
8. to chew -
9. to capture-
10. to swallow -
11. salivary glands –
12. to lubricate-
13. esophagus –
14. to carry past
15. pouch -
16. small intestine –
17. duodenum –
18. jejunum-
19. ileum –
20. coiled-
21. large intestine-
22. caucus –
23. colon –
24. rectum –
25. gland
26. liver -
27. ducts
28. carbohydrate –
29. digestive enzyme
30. starch -
употреблять
получать, приобретать, поступать
травоядный
полностью или в большей степени
плотоядны й
всеядный
схватывать
жевать
захватывать
глотать
слюнные железы
смазывать, смачивать
пищевод
проносить мимо (чего-то)
мешочек
тонкая кишка
двенадцатиперстная кишка
тощая кишка
подвздошная кишка
извилистый
толстая кишка
слепая кишка
ободочн ая кишка
прямая кишка
железа
печень
протоки
углевод
расщепляющий фермент
среда
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.
The food utilized1 by animals for life and growth is obtained2 by
eating plants or other animals. Animals that eat plants are said to be
herbivorous3; animals whose food is entirely or largely4 other animals
are termed carnivorous5; and those that utilize both plant and animal
sources are called mixed feeders, or omnivorous6. The digestive system
of almost every vertebrate has the following parts: 1) the mouth and mouth
cavity, commonly with teeth to grasp7 and chew8 food, and a tongue that
may help in capturing9 and swallowing10 food. The cavity also contains
salivary glands11 to lubricate12 the food; 2) The pharynx, which has no
digestive function; 3) The esophagus13, which is an elastic tube carrying
19
food past14 the region of the heart and lungs; 4) The stomach, which is an
enlarged pouch15 where food is stored and digestion begins; 5) The small
intestine16, which is subdivided into duodenum17, jejunum18 and ileum
is a slender elongated, usually coiled20 tube, which is the principal region
for digestion and absorption of food; 6) The large intestine21, consisting
of the caucus22, colon23 and rectum24, completes absorption and
undigested repulsion through; 7) The anus, which is at the end of the
trunk.
The two large digestive glands25, the liver26 and pancreas, joined by
ducts27 to the small intestine, are present in all vertebrates. The plant and
animal foods taken by animals consist of proteins, carbohydrates28, and
fats, together with vitamins and water. The water and inorganic salts can
be absorbed from the digestive tract without change, but the protoplasmic
materials must be altered before they can be utilized.
All animals produce digestive enzymes29. In the vertebrates some
enzymes are produced in the salivary glands or the esophagus and others
regularly in the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas.
The saliva, secreted by three pairs of salivary glands, contains ptyalin,
an enzyme that acts in the normal alkaline medium of the mouth to reduce
starches30 to the double sugar, maltose. Gastric glands in the wall of the
stomach secrete a fluid gastric juice that becomes mixed with the food by
peristaltic contractions of the stomach wall. The secretions include pepsin
that splits proteins.
19
Exercise 3. Give the Russian equivalents to the following words
and word combinations.
Digestive system, esophagus, mouth cavity, chews food, glands,
stomach, to grasp food, duodenum, jejunum, ileum essential parts, large
intestine, saliva, peristaltic contractions, omnivorous animals, stomach
wall, gastric juice.
Exercise 4. Give the English equivalents to the following words
and word combinations.
Травоядные животные, пищеварительные энзимы, слюнные
железы, пищевод, растительная и животная пища, слюнные железы, дисахарид, пищеварительный тракт, пережевывать пищу, расщеплять, слепая кишка.
20
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