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Файл:English for Senior Students. Part 1. Учебное пособие
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agenda was the election of a new
chairman.
3. A notebook used to organize and
maintain such plans or lists
e.g. an agenda book, an agenda planner.
designation
n.
1. Pointing out or showing, indication.
e.g. the designation of the area.
2. Selection and appointment for a
purpose, allotment, direction.
e.g. I was referring to the designation of
1960 as ‗Africa year‘.
―Globalization is – US‖
(Thomas Friedman, N.Y. Times journalist)
―The term ‗Westernization‘ signifies broad
process of economic, social, and cultural
transformations across the Atlantic and throughout
the world‖
(Professor Gunter Bischof, New Orleans State
University)
Task 2. Discuss the following questions.
1. What do you know about the process of globalisation?
2. What do you think about globalisation, both its positive
and negative trends?
3. What does globalisation bring to humanity and to the
individual?
Task 3. Agree or disagree with the quotations.
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―Globalisation is an innovative strategy which
addresses the issue of globalization and
development by empowering local ommunities‖
(www.glocalforum.existhost.com)
Task 4. Read and translate the text.
Globalisation
Globalisation is the process by which the experience of
everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas,
can foster a standardization of cultural expressions around the
world.
An extreme interpretation of this process, often referred to as
globalism boosted by wireless and Internet communications and
electronic business transactions, destroying local traditions and
regional distinctions, creating in their place a homogenized world
culture. According to this view, human experience everywhere is
in jeopardy of becoming essentially the same. This appears,
however, to be an overstatement of the phenomenon. Though
homogenizing influences do indeed exist, people are far from
creating a single overarching world culture. Some observers
argue that a rudimentary version of world culture is already
taking shape among certain individuals who share similar
values, aspirations, or lifestyles. The result is a collection of elite
groups whose unifying ideals transcend geographical limitations.
―Davos‖ culture
One such cadre, according to political scientist Samuel
Huntington in The Clash of Civilizations (1998), comprises an
elite group of highly educated people who operate in the rarefied
domains of international finance, media, and diplomacy. Named
after the Swiss town that began hosting annual meetings of the
World Economic Forum in 1971, these ―Davos‖ insiders share
common beliefs about individualism, democracy, and market
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economics. They are said to follow a recognizable lifestyle, are
instantly identifiable anywhere in the world, and feel more
comfortable in each other's presence than they do among their
less-sophisticated compatriots.
The international ―faculty club‖
The globalization of cultural subgroups is not limited to the
upper classes. Expanding on the concept of Davos culture,
sociologist Peter L. Berger observed that the globalization of
Euro-American academic agendas and lifestyles has created a
worldwide ―faculty club‖ – an international network of people
who share similar values, attitudes, and research goals. While
not as wealthy or privileged as their Davos counterparts,
members of this international faculty club wield tremendous
influence through their association with educational institutions
worldwide and have been instrumental in promoting feminism,
environmentalism, and human rights as global issues. Berger
cited the antismoking movement as a case in point: the
movement began as a singular North American preoccupation in
the 1970s and subsequently spread to other parts of the world,
traveling along the contours of academe's global network.
Nongovernmental organizations
Another global subgroup comprises ―cosmopolitans‖ who
nurture an intellectual appreciation for local cultures. As pointed
out by Swedish anthropologist Ulf Hannerz, this group advocates
a view of global culture based not on the ―replication of
uniformity‖ but on the ―organization of diversity.‖ Often
promoting this view are nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
that lead efforts to preserve cultural traditions in the developing
world. By the beginning of the 21st century, institutions such as
Cultural Survival were operating on a world scale, drawing
attention to indigenous groups who are encouraged to perceive
themselves as ―first peoples‖ – a new global designation
emphasizing common experiences of exploitation among
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indigenous inhabitants of all lands. By sharpening such
identities, these NGOs have globalized the movement to preserve
indigenous world cultures.
Transnational workers
Another group stems from the rise of a transnational
workforce. Indian-born anthropologist Arjun Appadurai has
studied English-speaking professionals who trace their origins to
South Asia but who live and work elsewhere. They circulate in a
social world that has multiple home bases, and they have gained
access to a unique network of individuals and opportunities. For
example, many software engineers and Internet entrepreneurs
who live and work in Silicon Valley, California, maintain homes
in—and strong social ties to—Indian states such as Maharashtra
and Punjab.
The persistence of local culture
Underlying these various visions of globalization is a
reluctance to define exactly what is meant by the term culture.
During most of the 20th century, anthropologists defined culture
as a shared set of beliefs, customs, and ideas that held people
together in recognizable, self-identified groups. Scholars in many
disciplines challenged this notion of cultural coherence, especially
as it became evident that members of close-knit groups held
radically different visions of their social worlds. Culture is no
longer perceived as a knowledge system inherited from ancestors.
The term local culture is commonly used to characterize the
experience of everyday life in specific, identifiable localities. It
reflects ordinary people's feelings of appropriateness, comfort,
and correctness – attributes that define personal preferences and
changing tastes. Given the strength of local cultures, it is difficult
to argue that an overarching global culture actually exists. Jetsetting sophisticates may feel comfortable operating in a global
network disengaged from specific localities, but these people
constitute a very small minority; their numbers are insufficient
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to sustain a coherent cultural system. It is more important to ask
where these global operators maintain their families, what kind
of kinship networks they rely upon, if any, and whether theirs is
a transitory lifestyle or a permanent condition. For most people,
place and locality still matter. Even the transnational workers
discussed by Appadurai are rooted in local communities bound by
common perceptions of what represents an appropriate and
fulfilling lifestyle [5].
Ex. A. Find in the text definitions of the following
words.
1) outermost
2) exceed
3) distribution
4) restriction
5) allot
6) deal
7) combine
8) scholar
9) underdeveloped
10) enlarge
Ex. B. Find in the text the English of the following
words and word combinations.
1) распространение
2) изысканный
3) всеобъемлющий
4) повестка дня
5) опасность
6) впоследствии
7) стремление
8) воспитывать
9) распознаваемый
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10) дублирование
Ex. C. Find in the text the equivalents of the following
word combinations.
1) to foster a standardization
2) electronic business transactions
3) homogenizing influence
4) overarching world culture
5) sophisticated compatriots
6) to expand on the concept
7) privileged counterparts
8) to nurture an intellectual appreciation
9) replication of uniformity
10) to draw attention to indigenous groups
Ex. D. Answer the following questions.
1. What is ―Davos‖ culture?
2. What do nongovernmental organizations promote?
3. How was the definition of ―culture‖ changing over the 20th
century?
Ex. E. Give a summary of the text.
Task 5. Read and translate the text.
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration
among the people, companies, and governments of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and investment
and aided by information technology. This process has effects on
the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being
in societies around the world.
Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years,
people – and, later, corporations – have been buying from and
selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through
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the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China
and Europe during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries,
people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other
countries. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of
globalization are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak
of the First World War in 1914.
But policy and technological developments of the past few
decades have increased cross-border trade, investment, and
migration so large that many observers believe the world has
entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development.
In the years since the Second World War many governments
have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing
their own productive potential and creating new opportunities for
international trade and investment. Governments also have
negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have
established international agreements to promote trade in goods,
services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities
in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and
established production and marketing arrangements with foreign
partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an
international industrial and financial business structure.
Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization.
Advances in information technology, in particular, have
dramatically transformed economic life.
Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of
globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens
to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while
opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered
international free market has benefited multinational corporations
in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local
cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has
therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental
level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital,
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labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of
1) Free-market
a) reduction
2) Dramatic
b) new opportunities
3) Established
c) good and services
4) To promote trade in
d) economic system
5) Take advantage of
e) international
agreement
globalization.
To find the right balance between benefits and costs
associated with globalization, citizens of all nations need to
understand how globalization works and the policy choices facing
them and their societies [5].
Ex. A. Explain the following terms:
1) interaction
2) integration
3) prosperity
4) migration
Ex. B. Find the terms for the following definitions.
1) a person or thing that is a resource that helps make
something easier or possible to do;
2) a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through
the senses;
3) an economic state of growth with rising profits and full
employment;
4) the action of opposing something that you disapprove or
disagree with.
Ex. C. Match the following word combinations.
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Ex. D. Complete the following expressions and
translate them into Russian:
1) Financial business___________________________________
2) Principal driver of____________________________________
3) Dramatically transformed_____________________________
4) Raise standards of____________________________________
5) Unfettered international______________________________
6) Resistance to_________________________________________
7) To manage the flow of_________________________________
8) The right balance between_____________________________
9) Costs associated with_________________________________
Ex. E. Give a summary of the text.
Task 6. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Ever since the term globalization was first used to make
sense of large-scale changes, scholars have debated its
meaning and use.
2. The term globalization was used increasingly to express
concern about the consequences of global change for the wellbeing of various groups, the sovereignty and identity of
countries, the disparities among peoples, and the health of
the environment.
3. According to one popular view, globalization is the
inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and
technologies to a degree never witnessed before in a way that
is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to
reach round the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper
than ever before.
4. Discussions of globalization often convey a sense that
something new is happening to the world: it is becoming a
―single place‖, global practices, values, and technologies now
shape people‘s lives to the point that we are entering a
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―global age‖, and global integration spells the end of the
nation-state.
5. Skeptics counter that there is nothing new under the sun
since globalization is age-old capitalism writ large across the
globe or that governments and regions retain distinct
strengths in a supposedly integrated world, or that the world
is actually fragmenting into civilization blocs.
6. Globalization used to be widely celebrated as a new birth
of freedom: better connections in a more open world would
improve people‘s lives by making new products and ideas
universally available breaking down barriers to trade and
democratic institutions; resolve tensions between old adver-
saries; and empower more and more people.
7. Politicians opposed to America‘s global influence and
activists posed to the inequities of oppressive global
capitalism portray globalization as dangerous.
8. Many authors attribute the dynamics of globalization to the
pursuit, material interests by dominant states and
multinational companies that exploit new technologies to shape
a world in which they can flourish according to rules they set.
8. An alternative view suggests that globalization is rooted
in an expanding consciousness of living together on one
planet, a consciousness that takes the concrete form of
models for global interaction and institutional development
that constrain the interests of even powerful players and
relate any particular place to a larger global whole.
9. According to one line argument, globalization constrains
states: free trade limits the ability of states to set policy and
protect domestic companies; capital mobility makes generous
welfare states competitive, global problems exceed the grasp
of any individual state, and global norms and institutions
become more powerful.
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