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Файл:English for Senior Students. Part 1. Учебное пособие
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Infinitive
Past
Simple
Past
Participle
Перевод
read
read
read
читать, прочитать
ride
rode
ridden
ехать верхом, кататься
ring
rang
rung
звенеть, звонить
rise
rose
risen
восходить, вставать,
подниматься
run
ran
run
бежать, бегать
say
said
said
говорить, сказать,
произносить
see
saw
seen
видеть
seek
sought
sought
искать, разыскивать
sell
sold
sold
продавать, торговать
send
sent
sent
посылать, отправлять,
отсылать
121
Infinitive
Past
Simple
Past
Participle
Перевод
set
set
set
устанавливать,
задавать, назначать
shake
shook
shaken
трясти, встряхивать
shine
shone
shone
светить, сиять,
озарять
shoot
shot
shot
стрелять
show
showed
shown,
showed
показывать
shut
shut
shut
закрывать, запирать,
затворять
sing
sang
sung
петь, напевать
sink
sank
sunk
тонуть, погружаться
sit
sat
sat
сидеть, садиться
sleep
slept
slept
спать
122
Infinitive
Past
Simple
Past
Participle
Перевод
speak
spoke
spoken
говорить,
разговаривать,
высказываться
spend
spent
spent
тратить, расходовать,
проводить (время)
stand
stood
stood
стоять
steal
stole
stolen
воровать, красть
stick
stuck
stuck
втыкать, приклеивать
strike
struck
struck,
stricken
ударять, бить,
поражать
swear
swore
sworn
клясться, присягать
sweep
swept
swept
мести, подметать,
смахивать
swim
swam
swum
плавать, плыть
swing
swung
swung
качаться, вертеться
123
Infinitive
Past
Simple
Past
Participle
Перевод
take
took
taken
брать, хватать, взять
teach
taught
taught
учить, обучать
tear
tore
torn
рвать, отрывать
tell
told
told
рассказывать
think
thought
thought
думать, мыслить,
размышлять
throw
threw
thrown
бросать, кидать,
метать
understand
understood
understood
понимать, постигать
wake
woke
woken
просыпаться, будить
wear
wore
worn
носить (одежду)
win
won
won
победить, выиграть
write
wrote
written
писать, записывать
124
EASILY CONFUSED WORDS
acclamation
acclimation
enthusiastic approval; praise
adjustment to a new climate or
environment
affect
effect
to influence, to pretend
a result, to achieve a result
accept
except
to agree to take; to approve
but; to omit
discomfit
discomfort
to throw into confusion
to make uncomfortable; lack of
comfort
emigrate
immigrate
to leave one‘s country for another
to settle in a new country
clothes
cloths
garments
fabrics
ingenious
ingenuous
clever; inventive
without guile, naive
formally
formerly
politely, officially, according to custom
previously
later
latter
after some time
the second of two mentioned
moral
morale
virtuous, ethical
spirit, mental condition
lightening
lightning
making lighter in colour
a visible electrical discharge in the
atmosphere
personal
individual, private
Some words with similar sounds are often confused.
Learning the meaning and pronunciation of these words can
help you avoid spelling problems:
Words with similar sounds
125
personnel
employees, staff
than
then
in comparison with
at that time, next
precede
proceed
to come before
to move on, to continue
callous
callus
thickened or hardened like a callus
a thickened and hardened area of the
skin
canvas
canvass
a heavy cloth; an oil painting on this cloth
to solicit votes, options, or contributions
complement
compliment
to complete or balance; something that
completes
to praise; an expression of praise
discreet
discrete
tactful, prudent
distinct; separate
foreword
forward
an introduction
ahead; toward
liable
libel
legally responsible for; apt to; likely
false writing that damages a person‘s
reputation
principal
principle
the head of a school, first, main
a basic truth, a rule of conduct
stationary
stationery
fixed, unmoving
writing paper and envelopes
wet
whet
to make moist
to sharpen, to stimulate
Homophones
Homophones are words that have the same pronunciation
but different spelling and meanings. Learning the meanings of
homophones can help you avoid spelling problems. Study the
following homophones:
126
FREQUENTLY MISSPELLED WORDS
abridgment
accelerator
accessible
adolescent
aerial
aisle
accidentally
achievement
acknowledgment
amateur
anonymous
antecedent
acquaintance
acquire
acquittal
anxiety
automatic
auxiliary
biscuit
boulevard
bourgeois
brooch
bruise
buccaneer
buoyancy
bureaucrat
balloon
battalion
beggar
beneficial
caffeine
calendar
camouflage
caricature
catastrophe
cemetery
consensus
compassion
corroborate
corps
counterfeit
cologne
committee
colonel
colonel
cuisine
curriculum
compel
compatible
connoisseur
conscience
conscientious
conscious
cylinder
defendant
defense
dependent
descendant
desirable
dense
diarrhea
dietitian
dilettante
divine
diphthong
disastrous
discipline
discernible
dilaphidated
ecstasy
eighth
epilogue
essential
exceed
exaggerate
Master the words by applying spelling rules where
possible, writing and rewriting the words.
127
embarrassment
environmental
epilepsy
etiquette
euphonious
evanescent
ecxlamation
exhilaration
exhort
fallacy
fascism
feudalism
fiery
financier
fluorescent
foreigner
foreword
forfeit
fulfillment
gaiety
glamorous
gauge
guarantee
grandiose
guttural
handkerchief
harassment
holocaust
hurricane
hypocrisy
height
immaculate
indispensable
innocuous
inoculate
installment
iridescent
irrelevant
irresistible
jeopardize
jewelry
judgment
kaleidoscope
kimono
knowledgeable
leisure
license
luxury
liaison
lieutenant
maneuver
medieval
millionaire
miscellaneous
mortgage
neuter
niece
noticeable
nuclear
occasional
occur
occurred
occurrence
omitted
pamphlet
plaintiff
prologue
128
pantomime
paralleled
paralyze
petroleum
Philippines
pneumonia
precede
preference
precedent
proceed
prophecy
psychology
putrefy
plague
Raconteur
Rarefy
reference
referral
regrettable
remembrance
rendezvous
renown
resume
resurrect
rhapsody
rheumatism
rhythm
rogue
satellite
schedule
scissors
secede
sergeant
shepherd
siege
sincerely
specimen
splendor
stubbornness
substantiate
subtlety
subtly
successful
suddenness
suite
supersede
superstitious
susceptible
syllabus
symmetry
taboo
tariff
tattoo
toboggan
tournament
transferred
truly
tuberculosis
typhoid
typhoon
tyranny
uncontrollable
unnecessary
vacuum
vehement
vehicle
Wednesday
weird
unscrupulous
usable
vengeance
versatile
wholly
yacht
yodel
usury
vicinity
villain
zealous
zucchini
129
Notes on
abbreviations
Abbreviations are used in order to make notes more
quickly. Any word (except ―a‖!) may be abbreviated. You must
decide:
a) which words to abbreviate – obviously the most common
in a text, or the language of your study, or of English in general.
b) how to abbreviate them – you should use the shortest
abbreviation which will be meaningful when you read back. An
abbreviation is useless if you do not understand it immediately
when you are reading your notes.
There are four main types of abbreviation in general use.
Type A: abbreviations of English or Latin phrases, in
which the first letters, or sometimes syllables, of the words are
given, as in p.a. (the abbreviation of the Latin phrase per
annum) meaning yearly.
Type B: abbreviations of one-syllable words, consisting of
the first letter only, as in b. meaning born, or the first and last
letters of the word, as in yr meaning year.
Type C: abbreviations of polysyllabic (more than one
syllable) words, in which the first letters of certain syllables are
used, as in cg meaning centigramme, or the first and last
letters of certain syllables, as in bldg meaning building. This
type of abbreviation is often used with the vocabulary of
science.
Type D: (the most common): abbreviations of polysyllabic
words, consisting of the shortest possible abbreviations which
are easily recognizable, as in doz. meaning dozen, geog.
Meaning geography and geol. meaning geology [3].
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