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Файл:Academic English for Postgraduates. Integrate your grammar and vocabulary. Учебное пособие
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Запомните следующие сочетания: прилагательное + предлог
OF TO WITH
FOR
ON
FROM
ABOUT
AT IN UPON
KEYS
СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА
(активный залог)
1. 1) erodes; 2) showed; 3)depends; 4) are becoming; 5) are
happening; 6) is drawing ;7) left; 8) was having; 9) are seeing; 10) is
considering; 11) was being; 12) was having; 13) are now seeing; 14) is
having;15) are just being stupid; 16) are still feeling;17) shapes, implements ;
18) ranges; 19) is having; 20) is not being.
2. 1) are having; 2) is deciding; 3) is experiencing; 4) are
beginning;5) were failing; 6) were progressing, was moving; 7) briefed;
8) is 9)are.
3.1) for a long time; 2) Over the last 10 years; 3) during the past 30
years; 4) for most of his life; 5) Once; 6) Historically; 7) In the last ve to ten
years; 8) for the twentieth time; 9) until; 10) so far ;11) Since the 30s; 12) In
the past; 13) since; 14) Until now; 15) in recent weeks; 16) ) historically; 17)
In the last two years; 18) in the past; 19) over the centuries; 20) throughout
the history.
4. 1) had become; 2) had visited; 3) had shrunk, have fallen;
4) had not come to an end; 5) has blossomed; 6) hadn't done; 7) have met ;
8) had planned; 9) has happened; 10) will have visited; 11) will either have
arrived; 12) will have had his dinner; 13) wiII have had a good rest; 14) will
have doubled; 15) will have passed.
5. 1) has been improving; 2) have been competing; 3) have been
briskly pulling money out оf; 4) had been living and waiting; 5) will have
been working; 6) had been salivating; 7) has been reporting on; 8) had been
persistently ringing you up; 9) have been managing; 10) have been saying.
СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА
(пассивный залог)
1. 1) is called; 2) is much spoken of; 3) are generally not listened to ;
4) were arrived at; 5) were made away with; 6) are told of; 7) is not questioned ;
8) was done away with; 9) were begun; 10) will be fuelled; 11) is denied;
12) are highly sought after; 13) was taken care of; 14) was paid for; 15) were
not warned about; 16) is refused; 17) is worked; 18) were generally obeyed;
19) is often consulted; 20) was sworn in recently.
2.
1. Many European economies were run on the basis of central plans.
2. He was very well thought of by his supervisor.
3. Unrest (волнения, выступления) was reported from some other parts
of the country.
4. This leader is well liked by subordinates.
5. Measures to boost the economy with global cooperation were given
highest priority.
6. But even in a democracy there are a lot of things a person is denied
the right to do.
7. These programs are viewed in more than a hundred countries.
8. If additional economic projects are started an additional demand
is created for materials, plant and labour.
9. These employees were rated more eective by their supervisors.
10. They were not warned about the changes.
11. They were not consulted.
12. They were denied pay increases.
13. Productivity in the building industry rises as more use is made of
large prefabricated components.
14. The construction industry is inuenced by these trends.
15. Regulation forcing them to pay higher wages is demanded.
16. Gold is traditionally thought of as the best investment in a crisis.
17. She was showed with awards.
18. His desk is piled high with papers.
19. This type of analysis is the least paid attention to.
20. She was not denied a promotion or a raise.
3. 1) is being made; 2) are being seen; 3) was being considered;
4) are always being confronted; 5) has so far been made;
6) has now been met; 7) had not been known about;
8) had been refused; 9) is being given; 10) had been feared;
11) are at last being attempted; 12) will be eagerly awaited;
13) will be decided; 14) has been seen; 15) is helped.
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
1.1) must; 2) should; 3) ought; 4) should; 5) may; 6) can; 7) can ;
8) can; 9) may ;10) may.
3.Key: 1) be paid; 2) be worried; 3) get; 4) be learned; 5) be trained;
6) be given; 7) be given; 8) be entered; 9) be taken; 10) be addressed;
11) have; 12) be acted upon; 13) need; 14) be guessed at; 15) come.
4.Key: 1) to be able to; 2) have now been able to; 3) have had to; 4)must;
5) will now have to; 6) must; 7) are having to; 8) may; 9) cannot; 10) have
not been able to
5.
1. An economic programme must be well prepared.
2. She will have to change her plans.
3. They will be able to double their production.
4. Global cooperation should be given highest priority.
5. He could be relied on to do independent creative work.
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ + PERFECT INFINITIVE
2.1) could have been written; 2) should have cut short;3) might have
stayed; 4) could not have come; 5) may have been; 6) could have been a great
success; 7) should have been taken; 8) could have avoided; 9) may have lost;
10) may have cost; 11) should have been allowed; 12) ought to have done;
13) might have thought; 14) might not have made; 15) may have been.
ИНФИНИТИВ
6.1) have been involved; 2) to be using; 3) have suered; 4) be
seeing; 5) be seen; 6) be heard; 7) succeed; 8) repair; 9) have had; 10) build
11) be hit; 12) have come; 13) be doing; 14) be buying; 15) include;
16) make; 17) exercise; 18) be making; 19) have tried; 20) be paying.
СЛОЖНОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ (COMPLEX OBJECT)
9.
1. Scores of companies have seen their shares tumble.
2. The company has seen operating prots almost halve since 2002.
3. Some want public-sector television freed from political control.
4. Most economists expect America to escape a recession.
5. New digital copiers require the service personnel to have an
understanding of computers and Internet.
6. They consider her to have built a distinguished career.
7. Coming home she found the oor washed and all the things dusted.
8. This threat led him to decide to transfer his shares.
9. He was trying to get the bureaucrats to make a decision.
10. Russia must have political stability to get Russian business leaders to
return capital into the economy.
ПРЕДЛОЖНЫЙ ИНФИНИТИВНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
(for-phrase)
2.1) for the heat to be turned on; 2) for Russia to join the WTO;
3) for the sales manager to remember ;4) for them to have initial working
capital; 5) for him to make; 6) for foreigners to take part in its privatization
programme; 7) for the oil price to end.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ I (PARTICIPLE I)
2. 1) having lived; 2) having signed; 3) Arriving; 4) throwing;
5) being built; 6) Having been discussed; 7) Having been defeated; 8) being
considered; 9) being made; 10) traveling; 11) being barely able; 12) crying
out for; 13) being chemically dierent; 14) Having dened; 15) being done.
ГЕРУНДИЙ (GERUND)
1.1) Taking; being treated; 2) being able to ;3) Having 4) insisting;
5) communicating with; 6) studying; 7) improving; 8) being left; 9) being
enacted; 10) inhibiting; 11) polluting; 12) increasing; 13) being made;
14) being made; 15) being complimented on.
3.1) to; 2) from; 3) in; 4) on; 5) at; 6) to; 7) from; 8) from; 9) from;
10) on .
4.
1. Improvements will be aimed at lowering costs.
2. This policy aims at curtailing their rights.
3. They blame him for orchestrating a situation which could lead to a
strike.
4. This company is blamed for having made the basic mistake.
5. He reproached the government for ignoring the social needs of the
population during the transition to market reform.
6. Real national advantage results from being the most ecient producer
of those goods that are in most demand.
7. Two-thirds of state spending will be channeled into raising the
standard of living.
8. He was accused of provoking animosity between people.
9. Firms are concentrating on having the right people in the right jobs.
10. The pilot confessed to having deviated from a prearranged route.
11. The constructive proposals had contributed to resuming the peace
eorts.
12. The company still credits him personally with making the team spirit
at the company.
13. They suspect him of wanting a bigger role in politics.
14. Any change in the cost structure might dissuade (отговаривать,
разубеждать) Colt & Scottish Telecom from oering free Internet services.
15. They forbade him from signing this agreement.
16. A salesperson dissuaded him from buying this product.
17. The company succeeded in launching a new car model.
18. They warned him against operating in this region.
19. Some African countries have been pressured by the US into adopting
its version of democracy.
20. He thought of ying to Dublin.
21. The Russian Museum did not take any measure to pressure the
Parisian museum into returning the stolen drawings.
22. To prevent unemployment from becoming structural, the authorities
will need to reform social benets to increase incentives for job search.
23. He was convicted of spying in Russia.
24. He is accused of taking bribes of $29 m.
25. He has been charged with breaching the Ocial Secrets Act.
5.
1. Similar concerns have prevented the US Senate from ratifying the
treaty.
2. They accused him of writing articles slandering the government.
3. Minimum-wage laws may prevent the employers from cutting wages.
4. They forbade activists from inciting people to take action against the
authorities.
5. He was doing everything possible to prevent the regulation from
becoming law.
6. They warned him from .making the trip.
7.
1. We are very good at marketing.
2. They are very bad at understanding how things are done.
3. Their company is close to signing this deal.
4. He was ecient at running the factory.
5. They proved good at winning power but bad at exercising it.
6. These steps are essential to maximizing the value of the real estate asset.
7. He was intent on winning the presidency.
8. Americans are accustomed to receiving news in real time.
9. He is committed to honoring this contract.
10. They will be concerned with determining whether goals have been
attained.
11. They were capable of exerting control over these banks.
12. We are dedicated to improving the road network.
13. He is incapable of distinguishing between truth and lies.
14. He was found guilty of making a false statement.
15. Opposition deputies are intent on bringing down the prime minister.
9.1) without raising; 2) by relying on; 3) to determining; 4) in
organizing; 5) Apart from pushing up; 6) Before buying; 7) After being .
11. 1) of ;2) of ;3) of; 4) of; 5) of; 6) of; 7) for; 8) for; 9) for; 10) for;
14. 1) about; 2) at; 3) at; 4) at; 5) at; 6) at; 7) for; 8) for; 9) in;
10) in; 11) in; 12) on; 13) on; 14) ;on 15) from; 16) from; 17) for; 18) for;
19) in; 20) in.
15. 1) to ;2) towards; 3) of; 4) for; 5) of; 6) into; 7) at; 8) in; 9) for.
18.
1. Workers at the lower end of the pay scale may appreciate being
provided with uniform, which saves them having to purchase work clothes.
2. He tends to avoid having conicts of opinions or confrontations with
other individuals.
3. He will appreciate knowing when he can reach you.
4. They (some super-rich individuals) leave the US each year to avoid
paying taxes.
5. They can contemplate shopping in America.
6. He was contemplating buying that building.
7. He delayed making his decision public.
8. He denied passing on condential information to the bank.
9. He dreaded being put into prison.
10. Public relations involves gaining favorable publicity and creating a
favorable company image.
11. A large part of his job involves encouraging foreign investment into
the country.
12. The plant keeps operating. The workers keep on earning wages.
13. I really missed not having my friend there.
14. He doesn’t mind spending time with his colleagues over some
weekends.
15. Knowing your customer means knowing what your customer really wants.
16. They practise estimating answers.
17.NATO has proposed giving Russia equal status in regard to some of
its policies.
18.The company postponed announcing a restructuring plan.
19. For the rst time in ve years, the majority of rms are reporting
falling export sales and orders.
20. This company was at least two months behind schedule and risked
incurring heavy nes from the city council.
21.
1. Comparing salaries in dierent countries is like comparing apples and
oranges.
2. Any mandatory increase in wages runs the risk of reducing the number
of jobs created.
3. There is nothing wrong with asking.
4. He could turn his attention to reforming Italy’s absurd tax system.
5. He emphasized the roles these international organizations have in
improving the quality of life.
6. We (the IMF) need to place particular emphasis on helping our
member countries cope with their problems.
7. He played a great part in setting up of this company.
8. The Uruguayan president has a habit of driving his own car.
9. The reason we are not buying anything is that there isn’t anything
worth buying.
10. There’s no question of interrogating the President. He is a head of
state and has total immunity.
11. This skill is well worth cultivating.
12. Fighting poverty is also about ghting the vested interests of an
economic elite.
13. I can’t help feeling sorry for the Indonesian people.
14. There is no point in lending more money at this stage.
15.The time has come for doing rather than saying.
ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ
3.
1. They are given powers to prevent unauthorized rms handing over this
information.
2. A way must be found to stop money ooding out of the country.
3. There are no (investment) restrictions to stop an American
manufacturer closing an old factory in the United States and opening a new
one in Mexico.
СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ
1.1) scarce, more expensive; 2) tighter; 3) younger, closer;
4) less ;5) the least, least, the best; 6) fullest; 7) largest; 8) the worst ;
9) the most; 10) the costliest; 11) gloomier; 12) the lowest; 13) the healthiest;
14) likeliest; 15) better.
4.1. The higher a person's income, the higher the tax rate.
2. Europe needs deeper global co-operation.
3. These rms have abler people.
4. The new cars were much roomier.
5. The economy grew more rapidly, productivity increased faster and the
jobless rate fell further than anybody had thought possible.
6. That is easier said than done.
7. This is the easiest and least expensive method, but it also tends to be
the least accurate.
8. Third-world workers are not as productive as rich-country workers.
9. The widest possible range of materials and products is manufactured
in the UK.
ПРЕДЛОГИ
1.
2. 1) in the face оf; 2) in the end; 3) in the wake of; 4) in public;
5) in excess of; 6) in line with; 7) In spite of; 8) at a rapid pace; 9) at the
rst attempt; 10) on fears; 11) by accident; 12) Within the Russian context;
13) on the pretext; 14) on schedule; 15) on our part; 16) at .the expense .
3. “by” in sentences – 1, 2, 5; “beyond” in sentences – 3, 4
4.1) from among; 2) Despite; 3) despite; 4) for; 5) for; 6) from
within; 7) for
5.1) of; 2) onto; 3) of; 4) over; 5) on; 6) on; 7) on; 8) onto ;9) over ;
10) over ;11) over; 12) over.
6.1) through; 2) 3) to; 4) to; 5) to; 6) to; 7) with; 8) with; 9) with;
10) within; 11) within; 12) to.
7. 1) under; 2) Under; 3) towards; 4) towards; 5) towards ;
6) Throughout ;7) Unlike; 8) with respect to.
8.1) to; 2) to; 3) for; 4) from; 5) on; 6) to; 7) on ; 8) with; 9) in;
10) to; 11) with; 12) with; 13) among; 14) out; 15) on; 16) to.
13.
1. They cannot agree on how the banks should be run and made
accountable.
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