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INDEX
407
S
S phase, 104, 106f
Saccharides, 91–92
Salts. see Electrolytes
Scattered radiation, 197, 235
as occupational hazard, 296
patient as source of, 295–296
personnel exposure from, 307, 307f
protective eyeglasses for, 304, 304f
secondary protective barrier against,
302–303
x-ray suite protection design for,
309–310, 310b
Scattering
coherent, 38–41, 41f, 42b
Compton, 48–49
Screen-film, as image receptor and
recording medium, 211f
Secondary cosmic radiation, 23–24
Secondary electron, 48–49
Secondary protective barrier, 302–303,
302f
calculation, 314
Securin, 106
Sensitivity. see also Radiosensitivity
of Geiger-Müller (GM) survey
meter, 83
of ionization chamber-type survey
meter (cutie pie), 82–83
of optically stimulated luminescence
(OSL) dosimeter, 76–80
Separase, 106
Shaped contact shields,
Shielded barriers, for imaging
personnel radiation dose
reduction, 296, 297f
Shielding, 254, 326, 328, 328f. see also
Barrier shielding; Protective
shielding
approaches to, 315
personnel exposure reduction and,
301–303
SI. see International System of Units
Sievert (Sv), 4, 59
EfD calculations, 61
EqD calculations, 65
subunits of, 64–65
Sigmoid threshold curve, 155f,
156–157
Single-strand break, in DNA, 119,
120f
Skin, local tissue damage on, 145f
Skin dose, 238, 253–254
measuring, 238
Skin erythema dose, 57
Skin injuries, radiogenic, 221, 222t
Skin sparing, 198
Small-angle scatter, 37–38
Sodium iodide
131
I (NaI
131
), 322
Soft tissue. see also Biologic tissue
interaction of x-radiation with, 40t
photoelectric absorption by, 41–48
Soil. see Terrestrial radiation
Solar flare, radiation exposure due to,
25
Somatic cells, molecular effects of
irradiation on, 116
Somatic damage, 56
Somatic effects, 137–152, 157–168
early tissue reactions and, 138–149,
138f, 139f, 140f, 141f
acute radiation syndrome, 140–
143
cytogenetic effects, 148–149, 149f
hematologic effects, 147–148, 148f
LD 10/30, LD 50/60, and LD
100/60, 144, 144t
LD 50/30, 143–144, 143f
local tissue damage, 144
repair and recovery, 144
late, 157, 157b
carcinogenesis as, 158–159
cataractogenesis as, 166–167, 166f
embryologic effects, 158–159,
167–168, 167f
life span shortening and, 165–166
low-level radiation exposure,
cancer from, risk estimate
for, 157–158
major types of, 158
risk estimates for cancer and,
158–165, 159f
Somatic tissue reactions, 138–139
Sound, 17b
Source-skin distance
for mobile radiography, 196–199
in pulsed fluoroscopy, 215
Source-to-image receptor distance
(SID), 196, 235
Source-to-image receptor distance
indicator, 196
Space. see Cosmic radiation
Specific area shielding, of patient, 232
Sperm, radiation effects on, 147
Spermatogonia, radiation effects on,
132
Spiral CT, patient dose management
during, 254, 255f
S-shaped threshold curve. see Sigmoid
threshold curve
Standardized technique charts, for
technical exposure factors, 233
Standards, for diagnostic x-ray
equipment, 180–181, 181b
Standards organizations. see Radiation
protection standards
organizations
Stem cells
pluripotential, radiation effects on,
148, 148f
radiation effects on, 129–130
Sterility, 133
Stochastic effects, 153–172, 183, 184b
epidemiology and, 154
genetic effects. see Genetic effects
radiation dose-response
relationship. see Dose-response
relationship
somatic effects. see Somatic effects
Structural protein, 90
Structural shielding, imaging
personnel protection with,
301–303
Subatomic particles, 17
Sun, radiation exposure due to, 23–24
Surface contamination, 337
Survey instruments. see Radiation
survey instruments
Survival curves, for mammalian cells,
127–128, 128f
T
T lymphocyte, 91
Table increment, 254
Target theory, 122–125, 126f
Team concept, in medical field, 3
Technetium-99m (99mTc), 323–324
Technical exposure factors
imaging personnel dose
management and, 298
patient dose management using,
233b
in pulsed fluoroscopy, 215
selection of appropriate, 232–233
TEDE. see Total effective dose
equivalent
408
INDEX
T eff. see Effective half-life
Tellurium-125 (
125
Te), 321–322
Telophase, 105f, 106
Terrestrial radiation, 22–23, 23f
Terrorist attacks. see Radiation
emergencies
Testes, radiation effects on, 147
The Joint Commission, 3
Therapeutic ratio, 91
Thermoluminescent ring dosimeter
(TLD), 74, 74f
advantages of, 75
analyzer, 75
disadvantages of, 75
skin dose measurement using, 238
Thickness, of body part, photoelectric
absorption and, 44
Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2),
25–26
Threshold curve
linear, 156–157, 156f
sigmoid, 155f, 156–157
Threshold dose, 58–59
Threshold relationship, 154–155
Thrombocytes, 131, 148, 148f
Thyroid cancer
Chernobyl nuclear power plant
accident causing, 164–165, 164f
iodine-131 radiation therapy for, 322
Thyroid shield, 304, 304f
Time, radiation protection and, 6–7
for personnel exposure reduction,
300
Tissue. see Biologic tissue
Tissue kerma, 64
Tissue reactions, 183. see also Early
tissue reactions; Late tissue
reactions
Tissue weighting factor (WT), 66–67,
67t
EfD limiting system and, 185, 185b
TLD. see Thermoluminescent
dosimeter
TMI-2. see Three Mile Island Unit 2
Tolerance dose, 58–59
Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE),
68
Total filtration, requirement for, 201,
201b, 202b, 202f
Transfer RNA (tRNA), 95
Translocations, 122, 125f, 149
Transmission, of x-ray photons, 37
tRNA. see Transfer RNA
Trough filter, 203
Tube current modulation, for
reduction of patient dose in CT,
255–256, 255f
Tube voltage, optimization of, for
reduction of patient dose in CT,
256
U
Ultrasound, 17b
Ultraviolet radiation
frequency, wavelength, energy
of, 18t
ionizing, 18–19, 18f
nonionizing, 18–19, 18f
Uncontrolled areas, in x-ray suite
protection design calculation, 312
United Nations Scientific Committee
on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation (UNSCEAR), 168,
176–177
United States
life span shortening in radiologic
technologists from, 165–166
life span shortening in radiologists
from, 165
regulatory agencies, 177–179, 178t
agreement states, 178
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 179
Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), 179
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC), 177–178
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), 179
Unmodified scattering. see Coherent
scattering
Unnecessary radiologic procedures, for
nonessential radiologic
examinations, 237b
UNSCEAR. see United Nations
Scientific Committee on the
Effects of Atomic Radiation
Upper gastrointestinal examination,
modified, 246b
Uranium, 22–23
Uranium miners, carcinogenesis and,
160–161
Urban area, contaminated, cleanup of,
337
Use factor, in x-ray suite protection
design calculation, 312, 312t
Useful x-ray beam, 195–196
V
Verbal messages, for effective
communication, 229
Visible light, 17b
Voltage. see Kilovolts; Peak kilovoltage
Voluntary motion, immobilization for,
230–231, 231f
Vomiting. see Nausea and vomiting
W
Watch-dial painters, carcinogenesis
and, 160
Water
in body, 89–90, 90b, 90f
in cells, 97–98, 98f
functions of, 89–90, 90b, 90f
radiolysis of, 117–119, 118f
Wave-particle duality, 113
Wavelength, of electromagnetic waves,
17b
Waves, electromagnetic spectrum,
17–18, 17b
Wedge filter, 203
White blood cells, 130–131. see also
Lymphocytes
WHO. see World Health Organization
Work schedule, alteration, for pregnant
personnel protection, 299
Workload, in x-ray suite protection
design calculation, 311
World Health Organization (WHO),
Chernobyl cancer death numbers
from, 27
WR. see Radiation weighting factor
WT. see Tissue weighting factor
X
X-ray beam
alignment of, 215
diagnostic, filtration of, 296
energy of photons in, 36
production and energy of, 36
useful or primary, 195–196
X-ray beam limitation devices,
196–199, 197f
light-localizing variable-aperture
rectangular collimators,
197–199
INDEX
409
X-ray photons. see Photons
X-ray suite protection design, 309–315
approaches to shielding, 315
barrier shielding requirements,
312–315
calculation considerations in,
311–312
overshielding, 310
radiation-absorbent barriers,
309–310, 310b
shielding categories, 310–311
X-ray tube, 3f
X-ray tube housing cables, 304–305
X-ray tube housing construction and
functions, 201–202
X-rays
background equivalent radiation
time and, 8–9
code of standards for diagnostic
equipment, 180–181, 181b
discovery of, 2, 55–56
as electromagnetic wave, 17b
frequency, wavelength, energy of, 18t
as ionizing radiation, 18f
linear energy transfer by, 112–113,
113b
X-rays (Continued)
matter interaction with. see Matter,
interaction of x-radiation with
in medical radiation, 29–30
radiation exposure due to, 29t, 253
monitoring of, 83–84, 84f
repeat examination and, 6f
wavelength and energy, calculation
of, 17b
Z
Z-axis, 255
Zeff. see Effective atomic number
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