Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Синтаксис. Учебное пособие

6. For a catalog

and order form

write WIOES,

2520 Milvia St.,

Berkeley, CA

95704.

Units 2 and 3 are

2) Tempting as it

2) Tempting

4) When we do

may be, 3) we

as it may be,

so, 5) we use

in a span that con-

shouldn't em-

3) we

precious, lim-

tains Concession.

brace every pop-

shouldn't

ited resources

Units 4-6 are a

ular issue that

embrace eve-

6) where other

complex item of

comes along.

ry popular

players with

evidence. See the

4) When we do

issue that

superior re-

Common Cause

Evidence

so, 5) we use

comes along.

sources are al-

letter analysis on

precious, limited

ready doing an

this website.

resources

adequate job.

6) where other

players with

superior re-

sources are al-

ready doing an

adequate job.

Unit 10 is estab-

10) Let's be

10) Let's be

11) I personally

clear: 11) I per-

clear:

favor the initia-

lishing the need to

sonally favor the

tive and ardent-

argue a second

initiative and

ly support dis-

time toward a

ardently support

armament nego-

particular conclu-

disarmament

tiations to re-

sion. Thus it sug-

negotiations to

duce the risk of

gests what the

reduce the risk

war. 12) But I

basis is of the

of war. 12) But I

don't think

writer's right to

don't think en-

endorsing a

speak this item.

Justify

dorsing a specif-

specific nuclear

ic nuclear freeze

freeze proposal

proposal is ap-

is appropriate

propriate for

for CCC.

CCC. 13) We

13) We should

should limit our

limit our in-

involvement in

volvement in

defense and

defense and

weaponry to

weaponry to

matters of pro-

matters of pro-

cess, such as

cess, such as

exposing the

exposing the

weapons

weapons

41

industry's influ-

industry's influ-

ence on the po-

ence on the po-

litical process.

litical process.

The Motivation

2) Ask for

2) Ask for

3) As your

SYNCOM dis-

SYNCOM

floppy drive

relation is about

kettes, with bur-

diskettes,

writes or reads,

action by the

nished Ectype

with bur-

4) a Syncom

reader. In this

coating and

nished Ec-

diskette is

advertisement it is

Motivation

dust-absorbing

type coating

working four

buying the

jacket liners.

and dust-

ways ...

product. Units

3) As your flop-

absorbing

3–12 give many

py drive writes

jacket liners.

motivating rea-

or reads,

sons for the action

4) a Syncom

in unit 2.

diskette is work-

ing four ways ...

There are two

[Title:] 1. A

1. A WELL

2. The car you

WELL

GROOMED

drive says a lot

versions of the

GROOMED

CAR RE-

about you.

Restatement rela-

CAR RE-

FLECTS ITS

tion. The other

FLECTS ITS

OWNER

one is Multinucle-

OWNER 2. The

ar-Restatement.

car you drive

They differ be-

says a lot about

cause in some

Restatement

you.

cases there is a

clear focus on one

of the two spans,

and in other cases

they have closely

comparable im-

portance in the

writer's view.

Restating is used

both ways.

long enter-

since there's

enough space here

taining text

been a neatly

for the whole ex-

on telegrams

worded dis-

ample.

Summary

had 43 units

patch from the

on the sub-

field. (This was

ject, followed

followed by 4

by this sum-

units of elabo-

mary of

ration.)

5 units:

42

Examples and Comments on the Subject Matter Relations

Relation Name

All of Example Text

Nuclear Part

Satellite Part

Comment

Probably the most ex-

Probably the most ex-

when I visited

For the Circumstance

treme case of Visitors

treme case of Visitors

relatives in the

relation, unlike Back-

Fever I have ever wit-

Fever I have ever wit-

Midwest.

ground, the nucleus

nessed was a few sum-

nessed was a few sum-

and satellite are both

Circumstance

mers ago when I visited

mers ago

about a single situa-

relatives in the Midwest.

tion.

This function has

been grammaticized

in English in the form

of circumstantial hy-

43

potactic clauses.

1. Employees are urged

1. Employees are urged

2. whenever there

The Condition rela-

to complete new benefi-

to complete new bene-

is a change in

tion has been gram-

ciary designation forms

ficiary designation

marital or family

maticized in English

for retirement or life

forms for retirement or

status.

by the hypotactic

insurance benefits 2.

life insurance benefits

conditional clause.

Condition

whenever there is a

However, comparable

change in marital or

to all of the other RST

family status.

relations, which are

textual relations ra-

ther than grammati-

cal, this relation need

not be expressed with

anif clause.

43

... the visual system re-

the visual system re-

by applying some

This text is part of an

solves confusion by app-

solves confusion

tricks that reflect

abstract of an article

lying some tricks that

a built-in

on human vision.

Means

reflect a built-in

knowledge of

Here Means repre-

knowledge of properties

properties of the

sents features of a

of the physical world.

physical world.

method which is re-

flected in the design

of the human body.

1. Project leaders should

1. Project leaders

2. Otherwise the

Otherwise can also be

submit their entries for

should submit their en-

existing entry will

used to describe pat-

Otherwise

the revised brochure

tries for the revised

be used.

terns of the form:

immediately. 2.

brochure immediately.

If A then B other-

Otherwise the existing

wise C.

46

entry will be used.

1. To see which Syncom

2. send for our free

1. To see which

Purpose includes both

diskette will replace the

"Flexi-Finder" selection

Syncom diskette

volitional and non-

Purpose

ones you're using now, 2.

guide and the name of

will replace the

volitional cases.

send for our free "Flexi-

the supplier nearest you.

ones you're using

Finder" selection guide

now,

and the name of the sup-

plier nearest you.

1. One difficulty ... is

1. One difficulty ... is

3. You can redis-

( from instructions on

with sleeping bags in

with sleeping bags in

tribute the filler.

redistributing the fill-

Solutionhood

which down and feather

which down and feather

...

er in a sleeping bag)

fillers are used as insula-

fillers are used as insu-

The satellite is 2

tion.

lation.

units, as shown. The

nucleus is units 3-11,

46

6) Thinking that perhaps

6) Thinking that per-

8) one of them

The analysis forms a

the counsel was simplis-

haps the counsel was

asked, "Are you

span of 6) and 7),

tic, 7) coming from an

simplistic, 7) coming

married?"

representing the

Volitional Cause

unmarried person, 8) one

from an unmarried per-

thoughts that caused

of them asked, "Are you

son,

the person to ask the

married?"

question. 8) repre-

sents the caused ac-

tion.

1) Farmington police had

2) when hundreds of

1) Farmington

The writer's concern

to help control traffic

people lined up to be

police had to help

is with the unem-

recently 2) when hun-

among the first app-

control traffic

ployed, not with traf-

dreds of people lined up

lying for jobs at the yet-

recently

fic control, making

to be among the first

to-open Marriott Hotel.

1) a satellite.

48

Volitional Result

applying for jobs at the

3) The hotel's help-

yet-to-open Marriott

wanted announcement –

Hotel. 3) The hotel's

for 300 openings – was

help-wanted announce-

a rare opportunity for

ment – for 300 open-

many unemployed.

ings – was a rare oppor-

tunity for many unem-

ployed.

Examples and Comments on Multinuclear Relations

Relation

Text of Two

Text of First

Text of Second

Comment

Name

Nuclei

Nucleus

Nucleus

The Conjunc-

Ex #1: 1. This

1. This didn't

2. nor did I find

didn't make me

make me like

it hard to follow.

tion and

like the story any

the story any

Disjunction

less 2. nor did I

less

relations were

find it hard to fol-

present in the

low.

RST tool, but

Ex #2: 1. Disney

1. Disney

2. and every cast

not defined

provides great

provides great

member is ready

formally any-

Conjunction

access to transpor-

access to

to provide de-

where. The

tation 2. and every

transportation

tailed directions

definitions and

cast member is

and tips for get-

examples

ready to provide

ting to your de-

came out of a

detailed directions

sired destination

discussion in

and tips for getting

quickly.

the RST List.

to your desired

destination quick-

ly.

This relation

1. Animals heal, 2.

1. Animals

2. but trees

but trees com-

heal,

compartmen-

has been called

partmentalize.

talize.

Neutral Con-

trast to reflect

Contrast

the balance of

nuclearity,

unlike Conces-

sion or Antith-

esis.

Ex #1: 1. Most

1. Most Na-

2. or are parents

See note under

National Council

tional Council

of children with

"Conjunction".

members are

members are

disabilities.

This relation

themselves disa-

themselves

may be exclu-

bled 2. or are par-

disabled

sive or inclu-

ents of children

sive.

Disjunction

with disabilities.

1. but they are

2. or metabolized

Ex #2: In the aer-

consumed by

in the liver

obic phase, for

less active

instance, lactic

muscles

acid and lactate

are still produced,

1. but they are

49

consumed by less

active muscles 2.

or metabolized in

the liver and so do

not accumulate

See the exam-

1. Features like

1. Features

2. And a soft

our uniquely

like our

inner liner cleans

ple of Evalua-

sealed jacket and

uniquely

the ultra-smooth

tion above.

protective hub ring

sealed jacket

disc surface

Joint repre-

Joint

make our discs

and protective

while in use.

sents the lack

last longer. 2. And

hub ring make

of a rhetorical

a soft inner liner

our discs last

relation be-

cleans the ultra-

longer.

tween the nu-

smooth disc sur-

clei.

face while in use.

These are the

I am 17 years old.

I am 17 years

It is summer, and

It is summer, and

old.

football practice

opening lines

football practice is

is about to begin.

of an essay by

about to begin.

a student.

List

They give the

first of a larger

set of back-

ground facts,

in a list.

This text,

Background in-

But Grace

Grace is confi-

formation: "Har-

also said he

dent in his selec-

about an unu-

old Grace of Al-

was able to

tions in the Miss

sual beauty

berta has been

see the con-

Alberta and Miss

contest, is

blind for 15 years,

testants' true

Teen Alberta

from a college

... . "

beauty.

pageants by bas-

newspaper.

ing his judgment

The

Multinu-

on the contest-

restatement is

clear

ants' answers,

separated by 2

Restatement

how they pro-

units of

jected their voic-

intervening

es and their con-

material.

fidence through

emphasis and

firmness of their

vocal deliveries.

50