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Relation

Constraints

Intention

on either S or N

Constraints on N + S

Name

of W

individually

on N: W has

N and S are in contrast (see the

positive regard

Contrast relation); because

for N

of the incompatibility that aris-

es from the contrast, one cannot

R's positive

Antithesis

have positive regard for both

regard for N

of those situations; compre-

is increased

hending S and the incompati-

bility between the situations

increases R's positive regard

for N

on N: R won't

S increases the ability of R

R's ability

Background

comprehend N

to comprehend an element in N

to compre-

sufficiently before

hend N

reading text of S

increases

on N: W has posi-

W acknowledges a potential

tive regard for N

or apparent incompatibility be-

R's positive

on S: W is not

Concession

tween N and S; recognizing

regard for N

claiming that S

the compatibility between N

does not hold;

and S increases R's positive

is increased

regard for N

on N: presents an

R comprehending S increases

R's potential

action by R (inclu-

R's potential ability to perform

Enablement

ding accepting

the action in N

ability

to perform

an offer), unrea-

lized with respect

the action in

N increases

to the context of N

on N: R might

R's comprehending S increases

not believe N to a

R's belief of N

R's belief of

Evidence

degree satisfactory

N is in-

to W on S: R

believes S or will

creased

find it credible

34

none

R's comprehending S increases

R's readiness

Justify

R's readiness to accept W's right

to accept W's

to present N

right to

present N

is increased

on N: N is an action

Comprehending S increases R's

in which R is the

desire to perform action in N

R's desire

actor (including

Motivation

to perform

accepting an offer),

action in N

unrealized with

is increased

respect to the

context of N

none

on N + S: S restates N, where S

R recognizes

Restatement

and N are of comparable bulk;

S as a

N is more central to W's pur-

restatement

poses than S is.

of N

on N: N must be

S presents a restatement of the

R recognizes

Summary

more than one unit

content of N, that is shorter in

S as a shorter

bulk

restatement

of N

Relation

Constraints

on either S or N

Constraints on N + S

Intention of W

Name

individually

on S: S is not

S sets a framework in the

R recognizes

Circumstance

unrealized

subject matter within which

that S provides

R is intended to interpret N

the framework

for interp-

reting N

on S: S presents a

Realization of N depends on

R recognizes

hypothetical, fu-

realization of S

how the reali-

Condition

ture, or otherwise

zation of N

unrealized situa-

depends on the

tion (relative to the

realization of S

situational context

of S)

none

S presents additional detail

R recognizes S

about the situation or some

as providing

element of subject matter

additional de-

which is presented in N or

tail for N.

inferentially accessible in N in

R identifies the

one or more of the ways listed

element of

below. In the list, if N

subject matter

Elaboration

presents the first member of

for which

any pair, then S includes the

detail is pro-

second:

vided

set :: member

abstraction :: instance

whole :: part

process :: step

object :: attribute

generalization :: specific

none

on N + S: S relates N to

R recognizes

Evaluation

degree of W's positive regard

that S assesses

toward N

N and recog-

nizes the value

it assigns

none

on N + S: S relates N to a

R recognizes

framework of ideas not in-

that S relates N

volved in N itself and not

to a framework

Interpretation

concerned with W's positive

of ideas not

regard

involved in the

knowledge

presented in N

itself

36

on N: an activity

S presents a method or

R recognizes

instrument which tends

that the method

Means

to make realization of N more

or instrument

likely

in S tends to

make realiza-

tion of N more

likely

on N: N is an un-

realization of N prevents real-

R recognizes

realized situation

ization of S

the dependency

on S: S is an unre-

relation of pre-

Otherwise

alized situation

vention be-

tween the

realization of N

and the realiza-

tion of S

on N: N is an ac-

S is to be realized through the

R recognizes

Purpose

tivity; on S: S is a

activity in N

that the activity

situation that is

in N is initiated

unrealized

in order to

realize S

on S: S presents a

N is a solution to the problem

R recognizes N

Solutionhood

problem

presented in S;

as a solution to

the problem

presented in S

Unconditional

on S: S conceiva-

N does not depend on S

R recognizes

bly could affect the

that N does not

realization of N

depend on S

on N: N is a

S could have caused the agent

R recognizes S

volitional action or

of the volitional action in N to

as a cause for

else a situation

perform that action; without

the volitional

Volitional

that could have

the presentation of S, R might

action in N

arisen from a voli-

not regard the action as moti-

Cause

tional action

vated or know the particular

motivation; N is more central

to W's purposes in putting

forth the N-S combination

than S is.

on S: S is a voli-

N could have caused S;

R recognizes

Volitional

tional action or a

presentation of N is more cen-

that N could be

Result

situation that could

tral to W's purposes than is

a cause for the

have arisen from a

presentation of S;

action or situa-

volitional action

tion in S

37

Definitions of Multinuclear Relations

Relation

Constraints on each pair of N

Intention of W

Name

The items are conjoined to form a unit in

R recognizes that the

Conjunction

which each item plays a comparable role

linked items are

conjoined

No more than two nuclei; the situations in

R recognizes the com-

these two nuclei are (a) comprehended as

parability and the dif-

Contrast

the same in many respects (b) compre-

ference(s) yielded by

hended as differing in a few respects and

the comparison is being

(c) compared with respect to one or more

made

of these differences

An item presents a (not necessarily exclu-

R recognizes that the

Disjunction

sive) alternative for the other(s)

linked items are alterna-

tives

Joint

None

None

An item comparable to others linked to it

R recognizes the com-

List

by the List relation

parability of linked

items

Multinuclear

An item is primarily a reexpression of

R recognizes the reex-

one linked to it; the items are of compa-

pression by the linked

Restatement

rable importance to the purposes of W

items

There is a succession relationship

R recognizes the

Sequence

between the situations in the nuclei

succession relationships

among the nuclei

Relation

All of Example

Nuclear Part

Satellite Part

Comment

Name

Text

The writer favors

12) But I don't

13) We

12) But I don't

think endorsing

should limit

think endorsing

one idea and not

a specific nucle-

our involve-

a specific nu-

the other.

ar freeze pro-

ment in de-

clear freeze

posal is appro-

fense and

proposal is ap-

priate for CCC.

weaponry to

propriate for

13) We should

matters of

CCC.

limit our in-

process, such

Antithesis

volvement in

as exposing

defense and

the weapons

weaponry to

industry's

matters of pro-

influence on

cess, such as

the political

exposing the

process.

weapons indus-

try's influence on

the political pro-

cess.

Background in-

11A) ZPG's

13) The Ur-

11A) ZPG's

1985 Urban

ban Stress

1985 Urban

formation is gen-

Stress Test, 11B)

Test trans-

Stress Test,

eral information

created after

lates com-

11B) created

of any sort that is

months of per-

plex, tech-

after months of

likely to help the

sistent and ex-

nical data

persistent and

reader to under-

haustive re-

into an easy-

exhaustive re-

stand the nucleus.

search, 11A) is

to-use action

search, 11A) is

This differs from

the nation's first

tool for con-

the nation's first

Circumstance, in

survey of how

cerned citi-

survey of how

which the nucleus

Background

population-

zens, elected

population-

and circumstance

linked pressures

officials and

linked pressures

both refer to a

affect U.S. cities.

opinion lead-

affect U.S. cit-

single situation.

12) It ranks 184

ers.

ies. 12) It ranks

This is a some-

urban areas on

184 urban areas

what unusual case

11 different cri-

on 11 different

because it uses

teria ranging

criteria ranging

Background in the

from crowding

from crowding

middle of a text.

and birth rates to

and birth rates

The facts in 11A

air quality and

to air quality

through 12 make

toxic wastes.

and toxic

13 more compre-

wastes.

hensible.

39

13) The Urban

See the ZPG Fund

Stress Test trans-

Raising Letter on

lates complex,

this website.

technical data

into an easy-to-

use action tool

for concerned

citizens, elected

officials and

opinion leaders.

Concession can be

2) Tempting as it

3) we

2) Tempting as

may be, 3) we

shouldn't

it may be,

traced back to the

shouldn't em-

embrace eve-

consistency of the

brace every

ry popular

thoughts of the

popular issue

issue that

writer. Here, the

that comes

comes along.

writer says that he

along.

can recognize that

Concession

it is tempting to

embrace (fund)

every (this) popu-

lar issue, and yet

also hold the idea

that such ideas

(this idea) should

not be embraced

(funded).

1. Training on

1. Training

6. For a catalog

The Enablement

jobs: A series of

on jobs: A

and order form

relation is often

informative,

series of in-

write WIOES,

used along with a

inexpensive

formative,

2520 Milvia St.,

Motivation rela-

pamphlets and

inexpensive

Berkeley, CA

tion in advertising.

books on worker

pamphlets

95704.

This pair is the

health discusses

and books on

only one where

such topics as

worker health

RST allows two

Enablement

filing a compen-

discusses

different relations

sation claim,

such topics as

to bear on the

ionizing radia-

filing a com-

same nucleus.

tion, asbestos,

pensation

and several oc-

claim, ioniz-

cupational dis-

ing radiation,

eases. [interven-

asbestos, and

ing material

several occu-

skipped]

pational dis-

eases.

40