Практика устного перевода. Учебное пособие

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ДОНСКОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

А.П. Жданько

ПРАКТИКА УСТНОГО ПЕРЕВОДА

Учебное пособие

Ростов-на-Дону ДГТУ

2019

УДК 81-26.06.053.56

Ж42

Рецензент

кандидат филологических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой «Научно-технический перевод и профессиональная коммуникация»

Е.В. Краснова

Жданько, Анна Павловна.

Ж42 Практика устного перевода : учеб. пособие / А.П. Жданько ; Донской гос. техн. ун-т. – Ростов-на-Дону : ДГТУ, 2019. – 48 с.

ISBN 978-5-7890-1765-4

Представлены современные аутентичные скрипты пресс-конференций на английском и русском языках, а также задания для обсуждения и подготовки к практическим (семинарским) занятиям.

Предназначено для обучающихся по специальности 45.05.01 Перевод и переводоведение.

УДК 81-26.06.053.56

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета Донского государственного технического университета

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Предисловие

Целями и задачами освоения данной дисциплины являются: формирование умений логически верно, аргументированно и ясно строить устную речь на английском и русском языках, в том числе по профессиональной тематике; публично представлять собственные и известные научные результаты; вести дискуссии; осуществлять предпереводческий анализ письменного и устного текстов, способствующий точному восприятию исходного высказывания прогнозированию вероятного когнитивного диссонанса и несоответствий в процессе перевода и способов их преодоления; применять переводческие трансформации для достижения необходимого уровня эквивалентности и репрезентативности при выполнении всех видов перевода; проявлять психологическую устойчивость в сложных и экстремальных условиях, в том числе быстро переключаясь с одного рабочего языка на другой; выявлять и устранять причины дискоммуникации в конкретных ситуациях межкультурного взаимодействия.

Изучению практического курса устного последовательного перевода на международных конференциях по программе отводится 468 часов для аудиторной и самостоятельной работ обучающихся в 7–10-м семестрах по специальности 45.05.01 Перевод и переводоведение.

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Формирование навыков устного перевода

Впроцессе устного перевода переводчик сталкивается с некоторыми специфическими трудностями, отсутствующими при письменном переводе. Переводчик письменного текста имеет некоторое время на обдумывание своего перевода, обращение к словарям, оценку разных вариантов перевода и выбор лучшего. Тогда как при устном переводе переводчик не может пользоваться словарем и обдумывать свой перевод. В связи с этим переводчик устного текста должен выработать у себя автоматизированные навыки перевода, а именно безукоризненное знание лексики, позволяющее перевести текст немедленно и без обдумывания; к каждому термину, фразеологизму, штампу нужно иметь наготове перевод. Вместе с тем переводчик должен уметь улавливать общий смысл даже в случае незнания каких-либо редких слов.

Всвязи с особой сложностью устного перевода к нему предъявляются не такие строгие требования, как к переводу письменному. Некоторые стилистические шероховатости или мелкие неточности перевода, недопустимые при письменном переводе, остаются в пределах допустимого при устном переводе.

При письменном переводе переводчик начинает с общего ознакомления со всем текстом и поэтому может переводить первую часть текста, зная о содержании последующих. При этом многие неясности в первой части текста разъясняются в свете последующих частей. Иногда переводчик, переводя последующие части текста, обнаруживает, что где-то в предыдущих фразах он совершил ошибку. При письменном переводе он может исправить эту ошибку.

У устного переводчика положение иное. Переводя первую часть текста, он еще не знаком с последующими и не может учесть их при переводе начальных частей. Переводя последующие фразы, он уже не может ничего исправить в предыдущих, что и является существенной трудностью в устном переводе. Некоторые неопытные переводчики пытаются ее обойти, поправляя свой перевод на ходу или сообщая слушателям, что в предыдущей части перевода были допущены ошибки. Такие поправки, отвлекая внимание слушателей от содержания текста и переключая его на процесс перевода, приносят больше вреда, чем пользы. К этому приему можно прибегать лишь в самых исключительных случаях, когда основная мысль текста искажена существенным образом.

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При последовательном устном переводе невозможность обратной корректировки касается лишь целых абзацев, целых частей текста, переводимых за один раз: переводя один абзац, мы не в состоянии учесть значение последующих абзацев или отрезков речи (фраз). При синхронном переводе мы переводим начало фразы, еще не зная ее конца, а следовательно, невозможность обратной корректировки касается в данном случае отдельных фраз и даже частей фраз. Это ставит синхронного переводчика перед дополнительными трудностями грамматического и лексико-семантического порядка.

Задание 1. Перейдите по ссылке: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= jna6VRMhF1A, прослушайте и переведите речь Премьер-министра Великобритании – Терезы Мэй, посвященную выходу Великобритании из Евросоюза.

Задание 2. Переведите текст речи Терезы Мэй с английского языка на русский. Обратите внимание на перевод устойчивых выражений и неологизмов.

Thank you very much, Mr speaker. I usually thank to Prime Minister for advance copying the statement, but it was handed to me just as I was living my office to come down here so I can only assume she entrusted it to the transport secretary to deliver it to me.

Mr speaker, our country is facing the biggest crisis in generation and yet the Prime Minister continues to recklessly run down the clock. We were promised there would be a deal last October – it didn’t happen. We have promised a meaningful vote on a deal in December – it didn’t happen. We were told to prepare for a meaningful vote this week after the Prime Minister again promised to secure significant and legally binding changes the backstop and that hasn’t happen.

Now the Prime Minister comes before the house with more excuses and more delays. In a statement, the Prime Minister has failed to the answers even the most basic questions. What progress has she made on identifying and working up the alternative arrangements? Have they been presented to the European Union? If not, when will they be presented? And will she set them before this house and ask for its approval of them?

In truth, Mr speaker, it appears the Prime Minster has just one real tactic to run down the clock, hoping members of this house to blackmailed into

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supporting a deeply flawed deal. This, Mr speaker, is an irresponsible act.

She’s playing for time and playing with people’s jobs, our economic security and the future of our industries.

Yesterday growth figures show the lowest growth since 2012. Our manufacturing sector mired into recession. The decision, by Nissan last week, to pull its investment from the Sunderland plants may only be the thin end of a very long wedge. Uncertainty and failing confidence in this government to deliver our putting jobs at risk. The Prime Minister, the Chancellor and the business secretary will be hearing the same warnings as I am. Several major large manufactures household names employing tens of thousands people are poised to follow in Nissan’s footsteps.

Earlier today we were heard from the leader of the house that the next meaningful vote may not happen until after the EU summit on the 21st of March, just days before Brexit is due to happen. If Mr speaker this is not the case can the Prime Minister tell the house today when the meaningful vote will be. We also learned from the leader of the house that any changes to the backstop won’t be written into the legally binding agreement. Can the Prime Minister confirm that? Is the Prime Minister really prepared to risk people’s livelihoods, jobs and investment in a desperate attempt to push a deeply flawed deal through Parliament. The Prime Minister has just told to the members of this house to hold their nerve, tell that to miss and workers in Sunderland and thousands worried about their job security and the future of their communities. Mr speaker, no Minister serious about protecting jobs in this country would allow a prime minister to deliberately run down the clock and play chicken with people’s livelihoods to stand by and do nothing would be a complete dereliction of duty.

As I received, Mr Speaker, the Prime Minister’s letter yesterday in response to Labour’s Brexit plan it became clear to me the Prime Minister is merely engaged in the pretence of working across Parliament to find solutions. She is not indicated she will move one iota away from her rejected deal or any of her red lines. On the backstop the Prime Minister’s pointed out labour also has concerns, but let’s make no mistake about it that has never been a major issue with the Prime Minister’s deal.

Indeed, in order to stop the UK falling into backstop we need a permanent custom union and a strong single market deal. That is the key, Mr Speaker to maintaining an open boarder on the island of Ireland. That

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is key to protecting jobs industry and living standards in this country. That is why it’s backed by businesses who employ and trade unions who represent millions of workers in this country and correct the Prime Minister’s claim in this statement. We want to negotiate a new UK EU customs union as I set out in my letter. The Prime Minister says there no need to negotiate a customs union as her deal provides for the benefit of being in one.

I am afraid, Mr speaker that is simply not the case. The deal the Prime Minister negotiated means there will be barriers to trade in goods and it will not be frictionless trade putting manufacturers across the country at a huge disadvantage. This is made quite clear in the political declaration. Especially when it says and I quote «the parties will form separate markets and distinct legal orders» and concedes that my quote can lead to a spectrum of different outcomes for administrative processes as well as checks and controls nothing is secured. The Prime Minister is also trying to win support for a deal by promising to protect workers’ rights after Brexit.

Well, Mr speaker, just look at the record of the party opposite. They attack trade union rights through the Trade union act. They kept this house all night opposing the minimum wage in 1997. They are the party that introduced employment tribunal fees and introduced the public sector pay cap for many of them, Mr speaker, ripping up rights is what Brexit is all about. Take the Secretary of State brings a national trade. He once wrote it’s too difficult to hire and fire, too expensive to take on new employees and went on to say it is intellectually unsustainable to believe that workplace rights should remain untouchable. That was the Secretary of State for trade. No wonder, trade union leaders like Tim Roach of the GMB, France the Grady the Secretary of the TU have rejected the Prime Minister’s inadequate pledges and it’s vital too, Mr speaker, that we keep pace with the best consumer safeguards and environmental protections. As if the warnings of the destruction of our diverse, our bio diverse, natural life are not serious enough. We had to be very serious about all environmental protections and, indeed, make them much stronger. Mr speaker, there is a sensible way forward but the Prime Minister is refusing to listen.

Labour’s alternative has been widely welcomed as a way of breaking the impasse. From, well, from business leaders European leaders and even from some conservative MPs but the Prime Minister refuses to listen. Mr speaker, I urge all members across this house to think about the damage the Prime

Minister’s strategy is doing, the threat to industry and skilled jobs and communities all across this country.

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Now is not the time to stand idly by. Now is the time to stand up to the right thing, to rule out No Deal and back Labour’s alternative plan.

Teresa May: Thank you. Thank you, Mr speaker.

First of all the right honourable gentlemen mentioned the announcement that’s been made by Nissan. I think for this house it’s important to recognize that Nissan have confirmed that none of the current 7 000 jobs at the plant will be lost. They remain committed to the UK and, indeed, they will be making more cab we invested in Sunderland that originally planned in 2016.

Honourable gentlemen asked me about progress on alternative arrangements and asked whether these were going to be put before the European Commission. Can I remind him what I said in my statement which was yesterday? My right honourable friend the Secretary of State for exiting the European Union met with Michel Barnier to discuss the ideas put forward by the alternative arrangements working group comprised of a number of my honourable and right honourable friends, I think that answer is questioned.

He talked about Labour’s proposal I reference the issue of the custom union in my statement but of course he also talks about being a member of the single market. Being a member of the single market means accepting free movement. One of the things that people voted for when they voted to leave the European Union was to bring an end to free movement and that is what this government will deliver.

He asked about dates for the process for votes that were going to take place in this house I set those out in my statement as well. He referenced businesses quite a lot. Of course businesses backed the deal and he talked they did. He talks, he talked about uncertainty, of course the best way to end uncertainty is to vote for a deal and he talked about running down the clock. No, I was, I wanted to have this sorted before Christmas. I bought a deal.

Задание 3. Перейдите по ссылке: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= UF8uR6Z6KLc, прослушайте и переведите речь Стива Джобса.

Задание 4. Переведите текст речи Стива Джобса с английского языка на русский.

Thank you. I’m honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told I never graduated from college and this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories.

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The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: «We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?». They said: «Of course». My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college. This was the start in my life.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn’t interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. It was all romantic. I didn’t have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friend’s rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5 cent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.

Let me give you one example: Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn’t have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about Serif and Sans serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beauti-

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