Письменный англо-русский перевод. Учебно-методическое пособие

of fūryū proliferated, depending on the context. For example, the wabi aesthetic of the chanoyu tea ceremony became described as a fūryū activity. In this sense, fūryū implied a conspicuously rusticated elegance closer to shibui. Meanwhile, influenced by the later Chinese evolution of the word among literati of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), fūryū came to be used to describe the aesthetic preferences of Japanese intellectuals and artists who abhorred the repressive policies of the Tokugawa military regime and held great admiration for Chinese literati recluses who in troubled times had secluded themselves in rustic retreats in the mountains to pursue elegant pastimes. Prominent among the pastimes of these intellectuals was participation in a more informal Chinese-style service of steeped green tea (sencha). Fūryū became the aesthetic term that defined the sencha tea ceremony, in contrast to wabi, which was closely identified with chanoyu. Contemporaneous with the Chinese-influenced meaning of fūryū, the word carried a wholly different connotation among those who frequented the pleasure districts. To them, it continued to evoke the rarified courtly taste of the distant Japanese past, fused with a sense of fashion consciousness.

Japanese Design Art, Aesthetics & Culture by Patricia Graham

Yangtze environment and mining safety improved

By ZHANG YUNBI | CHINA DAILY | Updated: 2021-01-12 09:28

A slew of ministry-level departments, including those responsible for the environment, earthquake warnings, coal mines and industries, have responded recently to matters of public concern.

Quality of water in Yangtze River rises after measures

China will roll out comprehensive plans to improve the Yangtze River environment, including antipollution campaigns and expected breakthroughs in the green development of key industries, in addition to the conservation and restoration of the river basin, officials said.

As China has prioritized the restoration of the environment along the country’s longest waterway and its upper reaches, the entire river has seen a significant improvement in water quality during the past five years, officials said at a news conference on Jan 5.

The country categorizes surface water quality in five grades, ranging from Grade I, the highest, to Grade V, the worst level.

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Last year, no samples taken in the Yangtze River Basin were lower than Grade V, Luo Guosan, an official with the National Development and Reform Commission, said.

In 2016, samples rated as Grade V or lower in the river basin accounted for 3.5 percent of the total. The number fell to 0.6 percent in 2019, Luo said.

Meanwhile, the proportion of samples with relatively good quality (at or above Grade III) rose to 96.3 percent as of November, compared with 82.3 percent in 2016, Luo added.

Earthquake early-warning systems near completion

In June, several areas will complete construction of an earthquake early-warning system that will provide information within seconds of a temblor occurring.

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cluster in North China, plus the southwestern provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan, will take the lead in establishing their early-warning systems, the China Earthquake Administration said on Friday.

The administration said the early-warning and instant seismic intensity reporting system will cover five of the country’s most earthquake-prone areas by 2023.

The system, aimed at improving quake mitigation, will send alerts through various outlets including TVs, mobile phones and dedicated warning terminals. It will also report the seismic intensity of an earthquake within a minute of it hitting.

The early-warning information service has already been piloted in parts of Sichuan, Yunnan and Fujian provinces, as they are home to some of the country’s most active quake zones.

Number of explosions in coal mines declines

The number of accidents, such as explosions, in coal mines declined noticeably last year, despite a slight rise in coal output, after the sector stepped up monitoring of gas levels, officials said.

At a national works conference on coal mine production safety, held in Beijing on Friday, Zheng Xingzhou, a safety inspector with the National Mine Safety Administration, called for further efforts to boost monitoring of accidents.

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Coal mine gas can be explosive when mixed with air, and has given rise to safety risks in mining operations nationwide.

From 2002 to 2019, deaths resulting from gas explosions accounted for roughly one-third of all fatalities associated with accidents in coal mines, according to the administration.

Last year, seven such explosions and 30 related deaths were reported, but there were no major gas explosions in coal mines, the administration said. It was the first year that no such major event had occurred in the country since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.

Further cuts in carbon emissions planned

China will deepen efforts to cut carbon emissions in the industrial sector and roll out plans for key sectors to achieve the goal of peak emissions, Xiao Yaqing, minister of Industry and Information Technology, said.

The country has announced that it will work to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.

It will also take steps to strictly control new production capacities in the heavy and chemical industries, and cut crude steel output to ensure it declines every year, Xiao said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency published on Jan 4.

A road map for the auto sector will be developed to meet the goals, promote the development of electric vehicles and boost recycling of batteries for new energy vehicles, Xiao said.

China has put a green manufacturing system in place, with 2,121 green factories and 171 green industrial parks built in the past five years.

The country will encourage industrial companies and parks to build green microgrids and prioritize the use of renewable energy, Xiao said.

h t t p s : / / w w w . c h i n a d a i l y . c o m . c n / a / 2 0 2 1 0 1 / 1 2 / WS5ffcfb46a31024ad0baa1ec5.html

SSAMJANG

By Judy Joo

This quick, tangy Korean sauce of soybean paste, chilli paste and mirin is perfect with bulgogi or any barbecued meat.

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Ingredients

2½ tbsp doenjang (soybean paste, see tip)

2tbsp gochujang chilli paste (see tip)

2tbsp mirim (Korean mirin)

½ tbsp toasted sesame oil 1 tbsp toasted sesame seeds 1 garlic clove , grated

1 spring onion , thinly sliced

Method

STEP 1

In a small bowl, whisk together all the ingredients and serve. Will keep, covered, in the fridge for up to 3 days.

RECIPE TIPS

DOENJANG

A Korean essential, this pungent fermented soybean paste is similar to a strong miso paste, but darker, coarser and stronger in flavour.

GOCHUGARU

Chilli powder or flakes made from Korean chillies, which have their own unique flavour. This condiment will become your chilli of choice to sprinkle on anything that needs some heat.

MIRIN

Known as mirin in Japan, this sweet cooking wine has a small alcohol content and is used to give food a hint of sweetness.

GOES WELL WITH

Korean BBQ wings Bulgogi

Korean fried chicken burgers https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/ssamjang

Репрезентативность перевода на морфологическом уровне

Понятие о морфологическом уровне; различие между словообразованием и формообразованием.

Репрезентативность на словообразовательном подуровне: передача традиционных, утвердившихся словообразователь-

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ных моделей ИЯ и образованных по этим моделям стилистически нейтральных слов традиционными, утвердившимися моделями ПЯ. Калькирование как способ достижения репрезентативности на морфологическом уровне. Стилистические аспекты словообразования. Неологизмы и окказиональные слова (авторские неологизмы, потенциальные слова). Отражение в словообразовательных моделях особенностей национального характера и менталитета.

Понятие о грамматическом подуровне: общее и различное в системе грамматических категорий изучаемых языков. Понятие языковой нормы и речевого узуса в применении к грамматике. Репрезентативность на грамматическом подуровне: опасность механистического подхода и поиска внешнего сходства формы; необходимость принимать во внимание структуру, функцию, сферу употребления и частотность «грамматического аналога». Внимание к стилистическим и функционально-стилистическим аспектам грамматики.

Грамматические проблемы перевода. Трудности передачи грамматических значений, специфичных для АЯ при переводе на РЯ (например, артикль), и трудности передачи грамматических особенностей РЯ при переводе на другие языки (например, русские безличные предложения; противопоставление глаголов совершенного и несовершенного вида и т.п.). Отражение в грамматике особенностей национального характера и менталитета.

Задание 30. Изучите структуру словарной статьи на примере 1 префикса, 1 суффикса, 1 корневой морфемы (из чего состоит, что обозначают условные обозначения и пометы) в словаре префиксов, суффиксов и корневых морфем Dictionary of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms.

Задание 31. Определите элементы текста, которые требуют особого внимания переводчика с точки зрения обеспечения репрезентативности на словообразовательном подуровне, объясните свой выбор. Переведите предложения письменно. Будьте готовы аргументировать свой вариант перевода. При переводе используйте навыки информационного поиска для выяснения контекста.

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Being more of a beach-goer than a mountain climber, I’d never before experienced altitude for any length of time.

Chapter 6 is the most practice-oriented chapter and in it we look at specific aspects of scientific and technical texts.

Children who have flu-like symptoms should not use these tablets.

Culture-specific examples in the ST will need to be replaced with examples which are familiar to the TL audience.

Empty office space can easily be rerationalized by desk-sharing, hoteling or other office-space strategies.

If we are unsuccessful in finding a cultural substitute or paraphrasing the ST, we can, in a limited number of cases, omit information.

In order to translate a text properly, you need to be able to tell what kind of text you are dealing with. You should identify its main linguistic,

terminological, structural and contentrelated features.

Like culture-specific examples, contextbased examples which relate to a particular situation or context, e.g. geographical, commercial, external factors, should be replaced with corresponding TL culture examples.

Multi-purpose soft contact lens solutions are designed with convenience in mind. Most products have “all-steps-in onebottle”. Be sure to follow the directions to obtain disinfection and cleaning.

Over the past 18 months the Smiths have become obsessive price-checkers. It all started humbly enough with a bottle of wrongly priced tomato sauce at their local store.

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Задание 32. Найдите фоновую информацию о тексте на АЯ и его авторах. Найдите аналоговые тексты. Переведите текст на РЯ, обращая внимание на грамматические аспекты англорусского перевода (передача модальных глаголов, герундиев, артиклей и др.; коллокация и коллигация; особенности актуального членения предложения).

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Two babies born at exactly the same time in two parts of the globe may be taught to respond to physical and social stimuli in very different ways.

For example, some babies are taught to smile at strangers, whereas others are taught to smile only in very specific circumstances. In the United States, most children are asked from a very early age to make decisions about what they want to do and what they prefer; in many other cultures, a parent would never ask a child what she or he wants to do but would simply tell the child what to do.

Culture is also taught by the explanations people receive for the natural and human events around them. Parents tell children that a certain person is a good boy becau se_________________________. People from different cultures would complete­ the blank in contrasting ways. The people with whom the children interact­ will praise and encourage particular kinds of behaviors (such as crying or not crying, being quiet or being talkative). Certainly there are variations in what a child is taught from family to family in any given culture. However, our interest is not in these variations but in the similarities across most or all families that form the basis of a culture. Because our specific interest is in the relationship between culture and interpersonal communication, we focus on how cultures provide their members with a set of interpretations that they then use as filters to make sense of messages and experiences.

From Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures by M.W. Lustig, J. Koester

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Репрезентативность перевода на лексическом уровне

Понятие о лексическом уровне; семантический объем слова; полисемия; стилистические коннотации лексических единиц (ЛЕ). Слово как основная единица языка и мельчайший самостоятельный носитель смысла; лексическая система как отражение языковой картины мира.

Типы смысловых соотношений между ЛЕ ИЯ и ПЯ: эквиваленты, вариантные соответствия, случаи отсутствия словарных соответствий и необходимость использования переводческих трансформаций. Переводческие трансформации: транслитерация, транскрипция, калька, генерализация, конкретизация, экспликация.

Лексико-семантические проблемы перевода: несовпадение объема значения лексем в разных языках; расхождения в стилистической окраске; расхождение содержания лексических единиц при аналогии формы (ложные друзья переводчика); лексические лакуны (безэквивалентная лексика, культурные реалии, фоновая лексика); фразеологизмы.

Роль контекста при выборе вариантного соответствия. Виды контекста: узкий, широкий, контекст ситуации, куль- турно-исторический (вертикальный) контекст.

Репрезентативность перевода на синтаксическом уровне

Понятие о синтаксическом уровне и его единицах: «малый» синтаксис (словосочетание); «большой» синтаксис (предложение, абзац / сверхфразовое единство).

Репрезентативность на уровне словосочетаний. Узуальные vs окказиональные словосочетания. Семантическая емкость атрибутивных словосочетаний английского языка как их отличительная черта в сопоставлении со словосочетаниями русского языка. Важность соблюдения норм сочетаемости ПЯ. Словари словосочетаний / сочетаемости в работе переводчика. Необходимость особого подхода к переводу неузуальных (авторских, окказиональных) словосочетаний на основе критериев репрезентативности на микроуровне.

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