Переводим тексты по экономике = Translating Economy. Практикум
.pdfточьтесь на том, что дешевая нефть всегда запускает глобальный экономический рост.
© Project Syndicate, 2015 www.project-syndicate.org
From: http://rbcdaily.ru/economy/562949996949240
5. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions
from the text: |
|
резкий скачок нефтяных цен |
обрушение цен |
увеличение добычи нефти |
перераспределение |
глобальный финансовый кризис налогово-бюджетное стимулирование |
|
предвестник |
двукратное снижение |
твердая корреляция |
снижение нефтедобычи |
прогностическая значимость |
внутреннее потребление |
экономический спад |
сланцевая революция |
резкое повышение цен |
фондовый рынок |
восстановление экономики |
|
6.Give a written translation of the text (or some part of it – in accordance with the teacher’s task) into Russian.
7.Work in the group of three. “Backtranslate” orally your Russian translation of the text into English.
8.Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions:
Adj. + oil: heavy oil; light oil; crude oil; refined oil; offshore oil; engine
oil; fuel oil; heating oil; lubricating oil; motor oil.
Verb + oil: extract oil; obtain oil; produce oil; drill for oil; discover oil; find oil; hit oil; strike oil; pump oil; burn oil; change oil.
Oil + noun: oil company; oil producer; oil industry; oil production; oil drilling; oil exploration; oil field; oil rig; oil well; oil drum; oil tanker; oil refinery; oil revenue; oil slick; oil spill; oil spillage.
9. Give a written translation of the following extracts from English into Russian:
1. The OECD notes that the tax wedge in Hungary is high from an international perspective, but recent measures, such as the reduction of the personal income tax rate by 1 percentage point (to 15 percent) and the extension of family tax allowances have helped narrow the tax wedge. They advise the further reduction of the tax wedge, especially for low income earners, albeit the Government had already cut it in a focused way, through the Job Protection Action. The programme has clearly helped the employment of disadvantaged jobseekers: among
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the OECD members, in the period 2010-2015 Hungary was the country with the second largest increase in the employment rate, following the Baltic states.
2.Over the past 61 years, Israel has required around $US 176 billion (in current figures) to cover all its annual trade deficits. Almost two thirds of this accumulated deficit was covered by unilateral transfers, such as funds brought in by immigrants, foreign pensions, donations from Jewish fund-raising organizations abroad to institutions of health, education, and social services, and grants from foreign governments, especially from the United States. The rest was financed by loans from individuals, banks, and foreign governments, which Israel has been repaying since its early years. That is why the national external debt increased every year until 1985, when, for the first time, less was borrowed than was paid back.
3.The National Economic Council (NEC) of the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering economic policy matters, separate from matters relating to domestic policy, which are the domain of the Domestic Policy Council. The council forms part of the Office of White House Policy which contains the National Economic Council and other offices. The Director of the NEC is titled the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Director of the National Economic Council. The National Economic Council was created on January 25, 1993, by Executive Order 12835, to coordinate the economic policy making process and provide economic policy advice to the President.
4.Social Security is a critical federal program that promotes income stability among households in the United States. It does so by providing a steady stream of income to replace lost wages due to retirement, disability, or death. The role that Social Security benefits play in the economic security of the 57 million people who received it in 2012 is well known, but its importance to the broader economy has received little attention. As this research report shows, Social Security benefits play a key role in the economy, supporting over 9 million jobs across the country and more than a trillion dollars of economic output. Social Security has a much greater impact on the economy than just the amount of its benefit payments because when Social Security beneficiaries spend their monthly benefit checks, the effects ripple through the economy. These benefits in turn help every State where benefits are spent.
5.Amid recent reports on the U.S. unemployment rate and gross domestic product, public views of economic news have improved modestly since February. A 64 %-majority of the public says they are hearing “a mix of both good and bad news” about the economy these days, little changed over the last several months. But about a quarter (24%) say they are hearing mostly bad news about the economy, down from 33% in February and as low as at any point over the past five years. Though relatively few say they are hearing mostly good economic news (10%), this figure has edged higher over the past six months (from 5%).
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Module V
REGIONAL ECONOMY
Unit 1
WARMING UP ACTIVITY
1. Translate the dates from Russian into English using proper preposi-
tions:
25февраля 2015 г.; в понедельник, 16 июля 1926 г.; в апреле 2019 г.;
в1846 г.; 31 декабря 2014 г.; в ноябре 1964 г.; 6 января 2018 г.; в сентябре, мае и августе 1843 г.; 12 октября 1744 г.; 1, 8, 13 и 20 марта 1932 г.
2.Translate time and days of the week into English using proper prepo-
sitions:
всреду в 17.45; в понедельник и пятницу в 11.00, 13.50, 18. 35 и 23.00; в воскресенье в 18.48; в среду в 14.10; во вторник и четверг в 10. 40 и в 17.25; в субботу в 21.36; в понедельник, среду и пятницу в 22.55.
3.Translate the following figures, amounts of money, telephone numbers, bus numbers, etc. into English using proper prepositions:
814184; 913 490.4387; 64 395 евро; +11 295 451 99 31; междугород-
ний автобус № 195 отбывает в 3.15; в номере 1028 на 10-м этаже; 793 руб-
ля 35 копеек; 301.023; +44 497 146 3475.
Reading
4. Read the text.
APEC Measures Women’s Participation in Regional Economy
Issued by the APEC Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy.
A dashboard of indicators providing a snapshot of the status of women in APEC has been developed by the APEC Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy (APEC PPWE) as a tool to measure the progress of women’s participation in economic-related activities in the Asia Pacific region.
Following consultations with data experts and economy representatives, The APEC Women and The Economy Dashboard 2015 includes indicators classified into five priority areas: a) access to capital and assets, b) access to markets, c) skills, capacity-building, and health, d) leadership, voice, and agency, and e) innovation and technology. It is an important tool that helps prioritize gender mainstreaming efforts, as well as monitor progress of ongoing initiatives.
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“The Dashboard, at the onset, told us that there are clear efforts within the region to improve the conditions women are facing to facilitate their participation in the economy, and there are several areas toward this end that need more work,” said Senior Analyst Carlos Kuriyama of the APEC Policy Support Unit, during the APEC PPWE meetings in Manila, The Philippines.
This year, APEC members are highlighting issues concerning the need for inclusive growth as part of economic development, including gender-related issues and small and medium-size enterprises.
“APEC aims to help women participate in regional and global markets and has indeed gained some headway as indicated in the Dashboard,” said PPWE Chair Emmeline L. Verzosa. “For example, more credit information systems are collecting data from microcredit institutions that facilitate SMEs’ access to credit. Most of SMEs in the region are owned or managed by women,” Verzosa said.
However, despite efforts to promote the use of financial services among women, more can be done to promote women’s financial literacy.
“More than 60 % of adult women in APEC do not possess a savings account, which tells us that we need to raise awareness among women about basic financial services” Kuriyama said.
The Dashboard revealed progress in women’s status as accessibility to training and educational programs, as well the reduction in maternal mortality rates and increasing live births. It also shows that many APEC economies have legislation in place to address cases of domestic violence, but the legal framework is inadequate or faces implementation problems in more than half of APEC economies.
In addition, the participation of women in leadership positions in politics and top management positions in the private sector remains low. Legal issues, such as restrictions in terms of maternity leave, pregnancy and remunerations are impediments for women’s career advancement as they could deter many women from continuing their career paths and reaching influential positions.
The Dashboard also indicates that women face difficult conditions, even before entering the labor market, as several APEC economies do not protect them by law from gender discrimination in the hiring process or facing questions regarding their family status during the job interview.
The Dashboard also saw less participation of women in science, technology and engineering in most APEC economies and that women do not have incentives to pursue a career path in research.
“As gleaned in the tool, conditions of women differ across APEC economies,” said Kuriyama. “Nevertheless, capacity-building activities, which are well-informed of best practices in other economies, can be implemented in areas that governments need to do more work.”
From: http://www.apec.org/Press/News-Releases/2015/0916_Dashboard.aspx
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5. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions from the text:
dashboard of indicators financial literacy snapshot maternal mortality rates APEC live births
capacity-building remuneration mainstreaming efforts impediments
gained some headway to pursue a career path
6. Make an English annotation of the text (100-120 words).
7. Translate your English annotation into Russian.
8.Give a written translation of the text (or some part of it – in accordance with the teacher’s task) into Russian.
9.Work in the group of three. “Backtranslate” orally your Russian translation of the text into English.
10.Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions:
Adj. + indicator: good indicator; reliable indicator; sure indicator; poor
indicator; sensitive indicator; crude indicator; partial indicator; rough indicator; simple indicator; key indicator; leading indicator; main indicator; major indicator; important indicator; significant indicator; useful indicator; valuable indicator; economic indicator; financial indicator; performance indicator; social indicator; socio-economic indicator.
Verb + indicator: be indicator; serve as indicator; provide sb. with indicator; regard sth. as indicator; see sth. as indicator; take sth. as indicator; use sth. as indicator; develop indicator.
Indicator + verb: indicator shows sth.; indicator suggests sth.
Indicator +preposition: indicator for sth.
11. Give a written translation of the following extracts from English into Russian:
1. A coincident index is a single summary statistic that tracks the current state of the economy. The index is computed from a number of data series that move systematically with overall economic conditions. A rise in the index indicates an expansion of economic activity and a decline in the index indicates a contraction in economic activity. Each of the regional indexes is computed using data on employment, real earnings, the unemployment rate and average weekly hours worked in manufacturing. The estimated New York State, New York City, and New Jersey Coincident Indexes are then calibrated to match the mean and standard deviation of their respective real earnings series.
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2.The EBRD assesses progress in transition through a set of transition indicators. These have been used to track reform developments in all countries of operations since 1989. Progress is measured against the standards of industrialised market economies, while recognising that there is neither a “pure” market economy nor a unique end-point for transition. The measurement scale for the indicators ranges from 1 to 4+, where 1 represents little or no change from a rigid centrally planned economy and 4+ represents the standards of an industrialised market economy. The reform scores reflect the assessments of EBRD country economists using the criteria described in the methodological notes.
3.Zamboanga Peninsula’s economy soared 12.4 percent in 2012 from 0.1 percent in 2011. This was the fastest growth in 2012 among the country’s 17 regions. The impressive economic performance of the region was brought about by the accelerated growths of the Industry and Services sectors. In terms of share to the national GDP growth of 6.8 percent in 2012, NCR contributed 2.6 percentage points, followed by CALABARZON with 1.2 percentage points and Central Luzon with 0.6 percentage point. ARMM, on the other hand, had a meager contribution of 0.01 percentage point.
4.Korea actively promoted private sector participation in infrastructure development for two reasons. The primary one was the shortage of government funds. No matter how one might add up all the available funds from the primary sources, one would find a huge gap between the funds required and available. Nonetheless the demand for infrastructure services was increasing rapidly as the country’s economy progressed. One study conducted in the late 1990s pointed out that Korea should invest in transport infrastructure alone a minimum of 2 to 2.3% of GDP, or 7 to 8% of the total infrastructure investments, between 2004 and 2010. The second reason was the government's intention to take advantage of the private sector’s “efficiency mind-set” in both facility development and facility operation and management.
5.Regional Integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules. The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative where commercial interests are the focus for achieving broader sociopolitical and security objectives, as defined by national governments. Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both. Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region, increasing the free movement of people, labour, goods, and capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict (for example, through Confidence and Security-Building Measures), and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as the environment, climate change and migration.
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Unit 2
WARMING UP ACTIVITY
1. Translate the dates from Russian into English using proper preposi-
tions:
26 марта 1754 г.; 10, 22-го и 31 декабря 2003 г.; 28 июля 2016 г.; 14
января 1956 г.; 18 апреля 2000 г.; 3 и 30 февраля 2043 г.; 6 августа 1365 г.;
17ноября 2004 г.; 25 и 27 июня 1453 г.
2.Translate time and days of the week into English using proper prepo-
sitions:
в среду 2 июня в 18.39; в понедельник и пятницу в 10.00, 12.30, 15.15, 18.20 и 21.40; в воскресенье в 14.50; во вторник и четверг в 00.20 и 05.35; в пятницу в 16.55; в понедельник в 22.45.
3.Translate the following figures, amounts of money, telephone numbers, bus numbers, etc. into English using proper prepositions:
56487,731; в автобусе № 34; в комнате 536 на 5-м этаже; +44 252 446 0276; 913 рубля 47 копеек; 0,3721; 847 972 147.90; 692 572 долларов; 583 евро 48 центов; +11 593 456 1286; 1 346,46785; 19 693 405 йен.
Reading
4. Read the text.
Economic Growth in Bolivia
A New Top Regional Economy Has Emerged
Bolivia has made more economic progress since President Evo Morales took office in 2006 than in all the preceding 180 years, and not just thanks to the nationalization of its extensive oil and gas resources. Despite the collapse in world hydrocarbon prices, the economy grew a robust 5.2% last year, up by $34 billion over 2014’s results
Inevitably, even a casual mention of Bolivia in international policy forums is enough to trigger an impassioned exchange of opinions about its president, Evo Morales. Re-elected for a third time in October 2014, the support he still commands after nearly a decade in office is ratified by favorable opinion poll results of over 60 %.
The easy way for his opponents to be dismissive is for them to point out that, well, after all, he is an Indian, from one of the 32 indigenous communities mentioned by name in the 2009 constitution of what is now, officially, the Plurinational State of Bolivia.
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Together, Bolivia’s Indians constitute 47 % of the population, the half that was systematically exploited, repressed, and denied basic human rights before and after Bolivia won its independence from Spain in 1825. They were the people who had no voice and no hope, recalls President Morales, but fortunately, “there was a participatory, peaceful, democratic way” of dealing with their grievances.
“What is it we keep hearing from some of our intellectuals? That if you want a revolution, you better stock up on bullets. But social change movements, especially the campaign for Indian rights, showed us that revolutions can be made with ballots instead of bullets, and that in voting, the important thing is to make people aware of what’s at stake,” says Mr. Morales.
Delivering essential social services to a country that not long ago was locked in a dead heat with Haiti as the hemisphere’s poorest keeps Bolivia’s president and people on the same political page, notes Dr. Hector Arce, the Attorney General. The number of people living in extreme poverty has been slashed by half, from 36 % to 18 %, and the president has pledged to get it down to a single digit before he leaves office in 2020.
“Economic growth came from behind to finish second in Latin America in 2014, at a little over 5 %. If we were not landlocked, that would likely add 2% more,” says Dr. Arce.
ECLAC, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, forecasts another 5,5 % rise in Bolivia’s GDP when the numbers for 2015 are in, and the government wants to ensure that revenues continue to revert to the citizenry. One in every three Bolivians receives some type of assistance from the state, including scholarships, pensions or prenatal care for pregnant women.
All that priority spending on social services pushes up the indicators but Economy Minister Luis Arce remains convinced that for these services to become available, nationalizing the country’s oil and natural gas reserves was not just a justifiable move, but also a just one.
“Wealth generated by our natural resources ended up with the transnational companies – mines, hydrocarbons, electricity, water – all were in foreign hands,” says the minister. In May 2006, President Morales ordered the nationalization of all assets belonging to petroleum industry giants and sent in the Army to “protect” the gas fields.
It was a bold move and it worked because the government proved as good as its word and channeled those revenues – around $6 billion – into the public welfare sector. This, living standards apart, triggered increased demand for basic services such as water, electricity and communications as well as for consumer goods in search of an untapped market.
It was in that context of confidence that officials decided the time had come for a national flag-carrier to reach out to the rest of the world and since its
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“take off” in 2009, Boliviana de Aviación – “BoA” as the government-owned airline is known – has exceeded all expectations.
“We surprised even ourselves how quickly we doubled our best forecasts,” says BoA General Manager Ronald Casso. “We were aiming for five aircraft in service in five years’ time, but we’ve reached that milestone with a fleet of 11 planes, double the routes and close to an 80 % market share”.
It was a market nobody thought existed, but it began to emerge after Bolivians acquired the discretionary spending power to visit or be visited by expatriate family members settled abroad. Service to Madrid and Miami began last November. New routes to Havana and Caracas are in the works, though the immediate priority is Washington D.C. and enhancing cargo transport operations, as the U.S. remains Bolivia’s principal trading partner (excluding hydrocarbons). But 90 % of BoA’s flights and 95% of its passengers originate inside the country.
As it happens, Mr. Casso was put in charge of preliminary planning for the airline in 2007, two years before its maiden flight, and so had good reason to be satisfied last year when BoA was approved for certification by IATA, the international air transport regulatory body. Like everyone else, in my university days I had great plans, dreams if you will, and it’s been my privilege to have seen so many of them come true,” says BoA’s pioneering GM.
Will BoA planes someday be bringing people to explore the preColombian remains scattered across Bolivia’s Andean highlands, its UNESCO Heritage sites, or exotic nature and wildlife reserves? Marko Machicao, who currently holds the Cultures and Tourism portfolio in the Morales cabinet, says the answer is yes, once the infrastructure is in place to accommodate them.
“Tourism in Bolivia is something new as a significant element of public policy,” says the minister. “It took time for people to understand its multiplying effect on the economy in areas such as public transportation, handicrafts, gastronomy, etc. But in 2010 a law was passed allowing the sector access to external financing and granting the state a role in its development.”
From: http://www.theworldfolio.com/news/a-new-top-regional-economy- has-emerged/3707/
5. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions
from the text: |
|
robust |
to revert |
to trigger an exchange of opinions |
citizenry |
indigenous communities |
justifiable move |
stock up on bullets |
bold move |
locked in a dead heat |
public welfare sector |
Attorney General |
untapped market |
to be slashed by half |
milestone |
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to be landlocked |
discretionary spending power |
principal trading partner |
handicrafts |
maiden flight |
|
6. Make an English annotation of the text (100-120 words).
7. Translate your English annotation into Russian.
8.Give a written translation of the text (or some part of it – in accordance with the teacher’s task) into Russian.
9.Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions:
Adj. + growth: considerable growth; dramatic growth; enormous growth;
exponential growth; impressive growth; phenomenal growth; significant growth; spectacular growth; strong growth; tremendous growth; explosive growth; rapid growth; long-term growth; economic growth; industrial growth; population growth.
Verb + growth: achieve growth; maintain growth; sustain growth; encourage growth; promote growth; stimulate growth; control growth.
Growth + noun: growth rate; growth area; growth industry.
10. Give a written translation of the following extracts from English into Russian:
1.In fact, growth actually slowed towards the end of 2004, and we’re forecasting it to slow further – we’re predicting a growth rate of 2.3 percent in the year to March 2006, an 2.5 percent in March 2007. We then think it’s going to rebound to 3.5 percent in the March 2008 year. That projected slower growth is due to a number of factors: high interest an exchange rates, lower net migration to New Zealand, slower growth in many of our trading partners, an a forecast inclined in our terms of trade – that is, we’ll be spending more on imports than we’ll be earning from exports. We are forecasting that unemployment will rise slightly as the economy slows over the next few years.
2.Our strong economic performance in recent times has, to a large extent, been the product of increase labour force participation an employment. While there is still some potential to extract further economic growth in this way, in future there will be a number of pressures working against us, such as changing demographics, the impact of technology on health spending an growing competition from overseas. And long-term, if we want to continue moving New Zealand up the OEC growth ladder, we’ll need to perform better than the OEC average. How can we achieve this? The answer is threefold – productivity, productivity and productivity.
3.Productivity is about making better use of technology and the resources you currently have, and getting more out of them. The private sector clearly has a
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