Переводим тексты по экономике = Translating Economy. Практикум

3. Налог на добавленную стоимость (НДС). Этот налог заменил ранее существовавший налог с оборота. Удельный вес НДС в доходах бюджета страны составляет 28 %. Так же как и в России ставка дифференцирована. Общая ставка составляет 15 %, но ряд продовольственных товаров и книжно-журнальной продукции облагаются по минимальной ставке 7 %. Объектом обложения этим налогом является оборот, т.е. поставки товаров, оказание услуг, ввоз товара и его приобретение. Практически это общий акциз в отношении частного и общественного потребления. Как и любой другой косвенный налог, он ложится бременем на потребителя, а юридические лица являются его техническими сборщиками. Налог включается в цену товара с обязательным отдельным указанием его суммы в счетах.

Про и контра

Если вы хотите жить в процветающей европейской стране, где высшее образование бесплатное даже для иностранных студентов, тогда заплатите немецкие налоги и спите спокойно. Мы понимаем, что такая перспектива может показаться не очень привычной для российских предпринимателей, которые привыкли использовать различные схемы оптимизации налогообложения и даже иногда используют классические и неклассические оффшорные юрисдикции (фирмы) в качестве семейных кошельков. Но мы надеемся, что для представителей реального сектора экономики бизнес иммиграция в Германию будет и впредь оставаться востребованной. В заключение отметим, что Германия – это страна, которая добилась почти полного отсутствия теневой экономики!

Для сравнения вот некоторые совершенно дикие факты о предпринимательском и инвестиционном климате некоторых азиатских государств. Более года (425 дней) требуется для регистрации собственности в республике Бангладеш. Высокие налоги также являются значительным препятствием: стандартная компания в Индии платит 81 % от торговой прибыли в налогах, а в Пакистане для выполнения всех требований налогового законодательства нужно потратить около 560 часов в год. Согласно отчету, сложные и дорогостоящие для бизнеса регулятивные нормы толкают работников в теневую экономику. В Индии только немногим более 8 млн работников официально трудоустроены в частном секторе – в стране, где проживает более 1 млрд людей, а количество рабочего населения превышает 458 млн. Шри-Ланка может похвастаться 4 млн официально трудоустроенных предпринимателей частного сектора при количестве рабочего населения около 7 млн. Для сравнения: страны Северной Европы, где легче вести бизнес и люди получают преимущества от социальной защиты, менее 8 % всей экономической активности приходится на теневую экономику.

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other income are added together. You are taxed on the total amount. There is no mechanism for taxing social welfare payments at source (before it is paid to you). Your non-social welfare income determines how tax due is paid. Illness and Injury Benefit are generally taxed by your employer and other social welfare payments are taxed by reducing your tax credits and rate band. For example, you are getting a social welfare pension and an occupational pension. Your occupational pension is taxed through the Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) system in the same way as a wage or salary. This means that you get your tax credits in the normal way.

3.When you own stocks outside of tax-sheltered retirement accounts such as IRAs or 401(k)s, there are two ways you might get hit with a tax bill. If your stock pays a dividend, those dividends generally are taxed at a rate of up to 15 % (20 % for high earners) at the end of each year. In addition, if you sell a stock, you pay 15 % (20 % for high earners) of any profits you made over the time you held the stock. Those profits are known as capital gains, and the tax is called the capital gains tax. One exception: If you hold a stock for less than a year before you sell it, you'll have to pay your regular income tax rate on the gain – a rate that's higher than the capital gains tax. If you own stock mutual funds, you’re on the hook for taxes on those as well.

4.There are two types of excise taxes – specific and ad valorem. A specific excise tax is levied based on quantity (e.g. a fixed amount per cigarette or weight of tobacco), while an ad valorem excise is levied based on value (e.g. a percentage of the factory price or retail price). Both types of excises have their strengths and weaknesses (see excise taxes). The ideal level and possible combination of both depends on the situation of the country.

5.A U.S. resident alien's income is generally subject to tax in the same manner as a U.S. citizen. If you are a U.S. resident alien, you must report all interest, dividends, wages, or other compensation for services, income from rental property or royalties, and other types of income on your U.S. tax return. You must report these amounts whether they are earned within or outside the United States. U.S. resident aliens are generally taxed in the same way as U.S. citizens. This means that their worldwide income is subject to U.S. tax and must be reported on their U.S. tax return. Income of resident aliens is subject to the graduated tax rates that apply to U.S. citizens.

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Module IV

NATIONAL ECONOMY

Unit 1

WARMING UP ACTIVITY

1. Translate the dates from Russian into English using proper preposi-

tions:

во вторник 29 августа 2016 г.; в сентябре 1845 г.; 13 марта 2017 г.; 30 июля 1981 г.; 5 января 2018 г.; в декабре, июне и октябре 2014 г.; в пятницу 2 ноября 2000 г.; в воскресенье 22 февраля 1874 г.; по понедельникам, средам и пятницам в декабре, январе и феврале 2014 г.

2. Translate time and days of the week into English using proper prepositions:

в 11.20 в воскресенье; в 14.45 в пятницу; в 00.16 в понедельник; в 13.20, 17.40, 19.50 по средам, четвергам и субботам; в 03.30 во вторник; в

23.35в понедельник; в 06.15 и 22.45 в воскресенье.

3.Translate the following figures, amounts of money, telephone numbers, bus numbers, etc. into English using proper prepositions:

5724 204; 23 653 013; на 12-м этаже в номере 1230; 234 923 евро, 23 294 912 рублей, автобус № 1739; на 12-м этаже дома № 172 на улице Маркса; +44 234 174 1234; 9 493 американских доллара; +7 893 734 12 04;

кредитная карта № 123 065 123 срок действия до 2 марта 2019.

Reading

4. Read the text.

Why Government Finances are not Like Household Budgets. There are many reasons that government finances are not like household budgets. I’m going to outline nine reasons, but this list is hardly exhaustive. If you put your mind to it I’m sure you could think of several more ways in which family budgets differ from national economies.

Issuing currency. The most commonly cited difference between national economies like the UK and US and ordinary family budgets is the fact that nations with central banks have the ability to create more of their own currency, while law abiding families do not have the ability to print their own money.

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Legislative power. Another major difference between national economies and family budgets is the fact that nations have the ability to write new laws to restructure their economies, while families have to comply with laws that are imposed externally.

Taxes. A national economy relies upon taxes imposed upon its citizens for income. A marginal rise in income taxes would increase the nation’s spending power. A household budget generally relies upon wages, meaning a marginal rise in income taxes would cause a fall in family spending power.

Controlling interest rates. Nations with their own central banks can use monetary policy to control interest rates. For example the Bank of England has held the interest rate at an all-time record low of just 0.5 % for seven long years. Families do not have any control over interest rates.

Issuing bonds. Nations borrow money by selling bonds. In the current economic climate yields on UK government bonds are very low, but they are considered very safe investments because the UK is considered highly unlikely to go bankrupt. The majority of government bonds are held by pension funds and insurance companies. Families have no ability to issue low interest bonds to pension funds and insurance companies in order to raise money, they generally have to borrow from commercial banks, building societies, payday loan companies, or, if they’re really lucky, from wealthy relatives.

Geographical constraints. The first five points have been areas in which national economies have distinct advantages over household budgets, but when it comes to location, it is clear that the family unit has a distinct advantage over the modern national economy because they have the ability to move location. If a family is struggling to make ends meet they can downsize to a smaller house, or move to a more prosperous area to seek work. Nation states cannot geographically downsize, or simply move location to a more prosperous part of the world.

Longevity. The nation state lasts an awful lot longer than the typical family unit. The United Kingdom has existed since 1707, but many of its institutions are much older. The typical family comes to an end after a few decades after the adult members die, its assets are disbursed and its debts are written off. The only type of family that has similar longevity to nation states are royalty and the aristocracy, where land, wealth and titles are handed down the generations. The vast majority of family budgets do not benefit from enormous hereditary wealth in this way, so the comparison would be absurdly out-of-touch if Cridland is trying to draw parallels between the UK economy and the spending habits of the landed gentry.

Demographics. The typical family unit has a linear demographic progression as the members of the family grow older, until the children grow up

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and leave the family home, then eventually the adults retire. If nation states had similar demographics to the typical family, the majority of adolescents would emigrate, and the entire working population would retire after a few decades.

Spending. Another huge difference between a national economy and a household budget is the way that money is spent. The majority of spending a nation state does is happens internally within the national economy (investment in infrastructure and services, employment, payment of social security etc.) while the majority of spending the typical family does is external and flows out of the family unit (payment of taxes and bills, buying food, fuel, clothes etc.). If family budgets were like national economies as economically illiterate austerity fetishists like to claim, the majority of family spending would constitute internal investment not external spending.

From: Another Angry Voice. A Blog by Thomas G. Clark: http://anotherangryvoice.blogspot.ru/2015/08/national-economies-not-

like-family.html

5. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions

6.Make an English annotation of the text (100-120 words).

7.Translate your English annotation into Russian.

8.Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions:

Adj. + budget: fixed budget; limited budget; low budget; shoestring budget;

tight budget; generous budget; municipal budget; state budget; defense budget; housing budget; military budget; social security (welfare) budget; draft budget.

Verb + budget: allocate budget; draw up budget; set budget; present budget; propose budget; submit budget; approve budget; balance budget; adhere to budget; keep to budget; stick to budget; exceed budget; go over budget; overspend budget; cut budget; reduce budget; slash budget; increase budget.

Budget + noun: budget expenditure; budget deficit; budget surplus; budget constraint; budget limit; budget cuts; budget plans; budget proposals; budget allocation; Budget Day.

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проголосовали 274 депутата из 226 необходимых голосов. В первом чтении разработанный правительством бюджет Украины на 2017 год с доходами 706,3 млрд гривен ($26,7 млрд) и расходами 775,3 млрд. гривен ($29,3 млрд.) был утвержден Верховной радой 20 октября. После этого кабмин его доработал и 3 ноября направил в парламент для принятия во втором чтении. Согласно документу, ожидаемый уровень инфляции в следующем году составит 8,1 %, среднегодовой курс национальной валюты – 27,2 гривны за доллар. Рост ВВП планируется на уровне 3%.

Unit 2

WARMING UP ACTIVITY

1. Translate the dates from Russian into English using proper preposi-

tions:

23 марта 2021 г.; в субботу 28 сентября 2011 г.; в апреле 1994 г.; 22 ноября 2000 г.; в воскресенье 12 января 1931 г.; 2 февраля 2001 г.; в понедельник 11 августа 2012 г.; во вторник 15 июля 1993 г.; 8 октября

1891 г.

2. Translate time and days of the week into English using proper prepositions:

в 12.30 в субботу; в 13.25 в четверг; в 19.45 в воскресенье; во вторник в 22.15; в 11.40 в понедельник; в 20.10 в среду; в 10.20 в субботу; в 8.10, 10.30, 15.40 и 17.50 по понедельникам, средам, пятницам и воскресеньям.

3. Translate the following figures, amounts of money, telephone numbers, bus numbers, etc. into English using proper prepositions:

567 103; в доме 164 на 8-м этаже в квартире 193; 182 191 австралийский доллар; 19 203 рублей 12 копеек, в автобусе № 72; рейс № 1832, отбывающий 15 февраля в 08.15; + 7 612 103 52 99; паспорт серия 0285 номер

102716.

Reading

4. Read the text.

NSW Saves the National Economy from Shrinking

September 5, 2015

Matt Wade and Jessica Irvine

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A resurgent NSW was the only thing stopping the national economy from going into reverse last quarter, underlining the economic predicament facing the Abbott government as it marks its second anniversary.

The Australian economy would have shrunk by 1.1 per cent in the June quarter and flatlined last financial year without NSW’s economic momentum, analysis by Commonwealth Bank’s stockbroker, CommSec, shows.

Notwithstanding NSW’s economic health the respected economist and former Reserve Bank board member, Warwick McKibbin, has warned there’s now a 50 per cent chance Australia will slide into recession in the coming year.

Professor McKibbin told Fairfax Media the political “stalemate” over reform was now damaging the economy and warned the Reserve Bank had “already used up their ammunition” to boost growth.

“There aren’t too many bright spots out there,” Mr McKibbin said. “If you did absolutely nothing from now on…there is probably about 50 per cent probability over the next 12 months [of recession]”.

Gross domestic product figures released on Wednesday showed the Australian economy grew by just 0.2 per cent in the June quarter and 2 per cent over the year.

CommSec economist Savanth Sebastian said the figures would have been far weaker if not for buoyant economic conditions in NSW.

“The NSW economy is well and truly ahead of the other states and territories now,” he said.

On Monday it will be two years since the Abbott government came to power. The weaker than expected national growth has cast doubt on its budget figures.

Veteran budget watcher and Deloitte Access Economics director, Chris Richardson, said a lack of political bi-partisanship combined with wobbles in China meant “on the current trajectory, we have next to no chance of achieving a surplus in the coming decade”.

Independent economist Saul Eslake told Fairfax Media it was “unlikely” the budget will return to surplus in 2019-20 without further policy action.

Professor McKibbin, who sat on the board of the Reserve Bank for a decade, warned the effect of further interest rate cuts might be limited.

“At this point, I don't think rate cuts will instil the confidence we need,” he said.

Professor McKibbin called for income tax cuts, an increase in the GST, labour market reforms to allow employers to cut wages rather than jobs and more infrastructure spending to boost growth.

Mr Sebastian said the last time the national economy relied so heavily on NSW to register growth was in the December quarter of 1990. CommSec uses the Bureau of Statistics’ quarterly GDP report to estimate the growth of each state economy by combining state final demand figures with net exports.

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