Нормальная физиология. В 3 частях. Ч.3. Обмен веществ, энергия и терморегуляция, пищеварительная и выделительная системы. Учебное пособие

ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟ ɧɢɟɢ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɠɢɪɨɜɢɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɭ ɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

1.ɋɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬ ɤɨɣɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣɠɟɥɟɡɵɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ– ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɚɬɚɤɠɟɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɢ – ɫɥɸɧɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱ ɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤɢ ɠɟɥɱɶ ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪ ɠɚɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɷɥɟɤ ɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɇ ɦɭɤɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ

2.Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚ ɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨ-ɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚ ɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɢ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚ ɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ ɪɜɨɬɵ

Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɢ ɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ Ɉɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɠɨɦɨɜ ɨɛ ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ

ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɷɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɵɲɟɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɸɤɫɵ.

11

3. ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨ ɥɢɡɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɦɮɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɋɚ ɦɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱ ɧɢɤɟ ɝɞɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱ ɧɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɤ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɞɚɪɹɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ

ɇɟɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛ ɪɚɡɧɵ Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɨ ɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ

1. ɗɤɫɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɠɟɥɭ ɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɍɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɬɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɋɈ2, ɧɟɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɡɨɬɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧɢɧ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɧ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ

ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ – ɇ+ ɢ ɇɋɈ3- ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ȼɵ ɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɵ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ

2. ɂɧɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɣ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ $38' ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ȼ ɷɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨɬɪɚɤɬɚɢɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɵ ɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɵ ɗɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ

ɝɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ ɷɧɬɟɪɢɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɩɬɢɞ-ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ ȼ

ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟɜɪɟɦɹɢɯɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɜɢɞɨɜ Ɉɧɢɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬɲɢ ɪɨɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɚɛɥ

ȼ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɩɟɩɬɢɞ-ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚ ɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɢɧɬɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ

12

ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɤɪɢɧɧɵɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɩɬɢɞ-ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢ ɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɐɇɋ

13

3. Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧ ɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɤɡɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɧɞɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚ ɧɢɡɦɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ

Ʉ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨ

ɫɹɬɫɹ

ɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨ ɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤ ɰɢɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɚ ɨɬɬɭɞɚ – ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ

ɛ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɨɜ Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɥɢɡɨɰɢɦ ɫɨ ɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵɠɟɥɱɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ

ɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɚɡɵɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɡɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɫɨɤɨɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɪɚɫ ɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɜɢɪɭɫɨɜ

ɝ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɣɬɪɨ ɮɢɥɵ ɦɨɧɨɰɢɬɵ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɟ ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ

ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬ ɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ Ɍ- ɢ ȼ-ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ

14

Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɫɨɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɩɟɣɟɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɛɥɹɲɤɚɦɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ

ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɢɦ

ɛ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɗɬɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɵɦɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ

ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɨɧɚ ɥɢɡɨɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɦ ɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɨɜ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɚ Ⱥ V,J$ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧ Ⱥ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɨɤɫɢɧɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ

4. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣɦɢɤ ɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ ȼ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɩɢ

ɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚ ɟɦɵɣ ɷɧɞɨɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡ Ɉɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɨɬɞɟɥɚɯɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɬɪɚɤɬɚ Ɍɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɛɚɤ ɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɤɢ ɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ Ɇɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɛɢɮɢɞɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɨɢɞɚɦɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɩɭɬ ɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɭ ɜɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɭ ɥɚɤɬɨɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɟɟ 1 % – ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɢ ɞɪɨɠɠɢ ɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɚɧɚɷɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɤɢɲɟɱ ɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɷɭɛɢɨɡ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟ ɥɨɜɟɤɚ

ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɬɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɧɨ ɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦ

15

ɦɭɧɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɫɭ ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ȼ ȼ ȼ ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚ Ʉ ɩɚɧɬɨɬɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɥɚɤɬɨɮɥɚɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɮɟɪ ɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɩɟɤɬɢɧɵ ɝɟɦɢɰɟɥɥɸɥɨɡɚ ɢ ɞɪ ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɪɚɫ ɳɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɨɜ – ɷɧɬɟɪɨɤɢɧɚɡɭ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚɡɭ ɬɪɢɩɫɢɧ ɚɦɢɥɚɡɭ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ȼ-ɩɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɢ ɦɟɪ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟ ɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɧɢɥɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɛɪɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ

ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɚɧɬɢɛɢɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɞɢɫɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɡ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭ ɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɷɭɛɢɨɡɚ ɗɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬ ɧɵɦɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɜɜɢɞɟɛɭɪɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹɜɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟɫɬɚɮɢɥɨɤɨɤɤɚ ɩɪɨ ɬɟɹ ɞɪɨɠɠɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɧɞɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ ɢɯ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚ ɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɧɢɥɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɪɨɞɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ

ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ– ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɭɱɟɧɢɹɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ

Ʉɨɧɟɰ ;,; ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ;; ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɨɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɲɤɨɥɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɢɲɢɪɨɤɨɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɜɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɧɨɜɵɣɦɟ ɬɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ – ɦɟɬɨɞ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɢɫɬɭɥ ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɵɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɛɚɤɚɯ ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɢɡɭɱɢɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ Ȼɵɥɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɦɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɜɢɞɨɜɩɢɳɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɵɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɢɨɩɪɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ

ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜ ɥɨɜɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɢ ɨ ɞɟɹ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ

Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟ ɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɢɝɟ ©Ʌɟɤɰɢɢ ɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡª ɢɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɞɭ ȼ ɝɨɞɭ ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɭ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɇɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɦɢɹ

16

1.2. ɗɌȺɉɕ ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋȺ ɉɂɓȿȼȺɊȿɇɂə

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧ ɰɢɩ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɡɚ ɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɟ ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɢɳɢ ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɜ ɞɪɭ ɝɨɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɭ ɩɨɤɚɧɟɪɚɫɳɟɩɹɬɫɹɞɨɩɪɨɫɬɵɯɧɢɡɤɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯɜɫɚ ɫɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɦɮɭ

Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɨ-ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɥɟɬɨɱ ɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɟɤɪɟ ɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɪɇ Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ ɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ©ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɦɭª ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɩɪɨ ɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ

1)ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟɜɪɨɬɨɜɨɣɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ

2)ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ

3)ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣɤɢɲɤɟ

4)ɬɨɧɤɨɦɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ

5)ɜɬɨɥɫɬɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ

1.2.1.Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ

Ɋɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ Ɉɧ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɢ ɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ

1. Ɋɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɩɢɳɟ ɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ – ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɥɢɦɮɭ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ

17

2.ɋ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɫɸɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ ɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ ɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɫɚɥɢɜɚɪɧɵɦ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ

3.ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɝɭɛ ɳɟɤ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧ ɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɋɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬ ɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɐɇɋ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɪɟ ɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɦɟ ɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶ ɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɨɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ ɞ

1.2.1.1.Ɏɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ

Ɋɨɬɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɢ ɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɬɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɤɬɚ ɟɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢ ɜɚɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɤ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ

ɉɢɳɚ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ – ɫ Ɋɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ

ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ.

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɹ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɬ ɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ©ɨɫɦɨɬɪª ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɭ ɩɚɟɬ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟ ɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ Ɉɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟ ɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ

ȼ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɥɶ ɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɤɚ – ɛɨ ɥɸɫɚ

Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜɫɥɸɧɵ ɜɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɦɢɥɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɯɭɝ ɥɟɜɨɞɵ

18

ȼ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟ ɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɚɤɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɜɨɞɚ ɝɥɢɰɢɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟɤɚɬɢɨɧɵɢɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɢ ɞɪ

ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ ɍ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯɢɞɟɬɟɣɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦɚɤɬɚɠɟɜɚɧɢɹɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬ ɫɨɫɚɧɢɹ

1.2.1.2.Ⱥɤɬ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ

Ⱥɤɬ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɹ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ 1– ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɪɨɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɤɬɚ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɟɞɵ

ɋɥɸɧɧɵɟɠɟɥɟɡɵɞɟɥɹɬɫɹɧɚɦɟɥɤɢɟɢɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ Ɇɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɝɭɛ ɳɟɤ ɞɧɚ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɛɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɟɣ Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɸɧɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɨɧɚɰɢɢ

Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɗɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɚɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɜɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɋɚɦɨɣɤɪɭɩɧɨɣɢɡɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɚɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɧɢɠɟ ɭɲɧɨɣɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɨɣɠɟɥɟɡɵɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹɧɚɫɥɢ ɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɳɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ ȼɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɵɟ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɉɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɩɨɞɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɵɟ – ɩɨɞ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɞɧɚ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨ ɫɬɢ Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɨɛɳɢɟɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɟɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɰɚ

ɉɨ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɦɭɤɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɋɟɤɪɟɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɹɡɤɢɣ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪ ɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɭɰɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɭɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜ ɗɬɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨ

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ɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɛɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɴ ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɂɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ Ɍɪɟɬɶɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɚɰɢɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢ ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɭɰɢɧɚ Ʉ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɵɟ ɠɟ ɥɟɡɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɝɭɛ ɢ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ

1.2.1.3.ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɫɥɸɧɵ

ɋɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ȼ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɥɸɧɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ.

ɋɥɸɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɥɭ ɱɢɥɚɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɱɢɫɬɨɣɫɥɸɧɵ ȼɪɨɬɨɜɨɣɩɨɥɨɫɬɢɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹɫɥɸɧɚ. ȼ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɵ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɧɟɛɚ ȼ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɤ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɪɨ ɞɭɤɬɵ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ – ɧɟɣɬɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɫɥɸɧɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨ ɥɨɱɤɭɞɟɫɟɧ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵɩɢɳɢ ɡɭɛɧɨɣɧɚɥɟɬ ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɱɟɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹɬɚɤɧɚɡɵ ɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ

ɋɥɸɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 0,5– ɥ ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɸɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɭɬɧɨɜɚɬɨɣ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧ ɬɨɜ Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɫɥɸɧɵ 17, ɪɇɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣɫɥɸɧɵɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɨ . ɋɥɸɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚ

ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ

Ʉ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɤɚɥɶ ɰɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɨɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɜ ɮɬɨɪɢ ɞɨɜ ɛɪɨɦɢɞɨɜ ȼ ɫɥɸɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ – ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɦɟɞɶ ɥɢɬɢɣ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɭ ɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɫɥɸɧɵ

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