Нормальная физиология. В 3 частях. Ч.1. Центральная нервная система, высшая нервная деятельность, сенсорная и эндокринная системы. Учебное пособие
.pdfȽɅȺȼȺ 3 ɎɂɁɂɈɅɈȽɂə ɗɇȾɈɄɊɂɇɇɈɃ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ
ɗɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɟɠɟɥɟɡɵɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭɨɪ ɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ
Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɛ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧ
ɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ ɷɩɢɮɢɡ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ
ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɢɥɨɱɤɨɜɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɢ Ʉɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɤɚɦ
1. ɉɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ 3 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɚ ɩɨɥɢɩɟɩɬɢɞɵ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɛ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɵ
2.ɉɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɧɚɤɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɚ ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ; ɛ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɢɟ
3.ɉɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɛ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ
4.ɉɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ-ɦɢɲɟɧɢ
ɚ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
Ɂɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɋɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɛɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɚɤ ɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ȼɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɬɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ
Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨ ɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ ɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɯ Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
51
ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɯ
ɋɬɪɨɝɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɢɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɢɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚɭɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɝɨɨɪ ɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪ ɦɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɬɪɨɮɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɚɬɪɨɮɢɸ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɢɩɨ ɮɢɡɷɤɬɨɦɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɝɨɪ ɦɨɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧ ɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɉɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɜɧɟ ɨɧɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɜ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɨɡɚɯ ȿɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɡɚ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɧɢɡɨɥɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪ ɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɚ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10 ɦɝ ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɷɫɬɪɚɞɢɨɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɚɡɚɯ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭ ɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0,2 ɞɨ 0,6 ɦɤɝ ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɠɟɥɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,9–27,0 ɦɤɝ
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ Ɉɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢ
ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɢɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɪɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɚɬɚɤɠɟɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹɧɚɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ
ɢɤɥɟɬɨɤ
Ɂɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɢ ɩɟ ɪɟɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɭ-ɦɢɲɟɧɶ ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚ ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɰɟɩ ɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɡ ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ
ɉɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ
x1-ɣ ɬɢɩ – ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɪɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɢɪɟɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ
x2-ɣ ɬɢɩ – ɩɟɩɬɢɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɯɨɥɚɦɢɧɵ
Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ1-ɝɨɬɢɩɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɟ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ
52
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚ ɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢɢ ɜ ɹɞɪɟ ɗɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɟ
ɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ 2-ɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɟɟ ɩɨ
ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟ ɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ȺɆɎ ɢ ȽɆɎ ɢɧɨɡɢɬɨɥɬɪɢɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɞɢɚɰɢɥɝɥɢɰɟɪɨɥ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɵ ɢɨɧɵ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬ ɪɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɭɠɟ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɗɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɫ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɫɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɦɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ
3.1.ȽɂɉɈɎɂɁ
ȼɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɦɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ©ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯª ɠɟɥɟɡ Ƚɢɩɨɮɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚɪɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ ɬɭɪɟɰɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɞɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɉɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɨɠɤɢ ɨɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɡɝɚ
Ƚɢɩɨɮɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɤɭɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ.
ȼɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɚɞɟɧɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ
Ʉɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ: ɬɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɬɢɪɟɨ ɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɚɞɪɟɧɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɨɧɚɞɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪ ɦɨɧɵ (ɮɨɥɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɢɥɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɥɸɬɪɨɩɢɧ, ɢɥɢ ɥɸɬɟɢ ɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ
Ƚɨɪɦɨɧ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚ ɧɢɡɦɟ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɢ.
ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɩɢɮɢɡɚɪɧɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ
ɜɞɥɢɧɧɵɯɤɨɫɬɹɯɜɟɪɯɧɢɯɢɧɢɠɧɢɯɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹɪɨɫɬ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɭ
53
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ȿɫɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɟɪɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧ ɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɞɥɢɧɭ – ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɢɡɦ. ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɟ ɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɝɢɩɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɭ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɡɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ – ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɥɢɤɨɜɨɫɬɶ. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɛ ɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬɟɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧ Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɬɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɬɟɥɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɪɭɤ ɢ ɧɨɝ ɤɢɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɨɩ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɧɢɠ ɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɪɨɦɟɝɚɥɢɹ
ɉɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɚɯ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟ ɥɟɡɵ ɋɜɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢ ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ – ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟ ɪɨɧɚ ɗɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧ – ɪɚɡ ɜɢɬɢɟ ɟɟ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɥɚɤɬɚɰɢɹ – ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬ ɫɨɫɚ ɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɪɜɧɨ–ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ
ɉɪɨɥɚɤɬɢɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɸɬɟɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ
Ɍɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞ ɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ȿɫɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡ ɭ ɠɢ ɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬɚɬɪɨɮɢɹɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɚɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚɜɨɫ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɢɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ ɜɵɡɵ ɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɪɨɮɢɹ ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɳɢɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɤɭɨɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɟɧɢɟ Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ Ɍɢ ɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɤɨ ɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɪɟɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨ ɧɨɜ ɬɢɪɨɤɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɢɣɨɞɬɢɪɨɧɢɧɚ Ɍɢɪɟɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɬɢɪɟɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɳɢɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ
54
Ⱥɞɪɟɧɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢ ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɭɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ. ȼ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɪ ɦɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɭɸ ɡɨɧɵ
Ʉɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɜɵ ɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɫ ɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɚɥɭɪɨɧɢɞɚɡɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɩɢɥ ɥɹɪɨɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɢɥɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɨɡɢɧɨɩɟɧɢɸ – ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɨɡɢɧɨɮɢɥɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɨɦ ɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹ ɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɚɦɢ
Ƚɨɧɚɞɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ Ɏɨɥɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɟ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ,
ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯɮɨɥ ɥɢɤɭɥ ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ – ɷɫɬ ɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɗɬɨɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɍ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɥɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ – ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ
Ʌɸɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ȼɟɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɥɨɩɧɭɜɲɟɝɨ ɮɨɥ ɥɢɤɭɥɚ Ʌɸɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ – ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɨɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɹɢɱɧɢɤ ɪɨɫɬ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚ ɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɡɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɥɸɬɟɢɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɟɫɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɥɸɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɞɨ ɫɨ ɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ ɬɨ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ
ɉɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɥɸɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɡ ɥɨɩɧɭɜɲɟɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ. Ʌɸɬɪɨ ɩɢɧ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨ ɧɨɜ – ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ.
55
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ
ɜɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɞɪɚɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ. ȼ
ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɚɪɚɜɟɧɬɪɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪ ɦɨɧ ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɯ ɫɭɩɪɚɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ – ɜɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧ ɚɧɬɢɞɢ ɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ . ɗɬɢ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ – ɩɢɬɭɢɰɢɬɚɯ ɝɞɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɩɪɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ȼɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧ ɚɧɬɢɞɢɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɗɬɨɬ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɨɪ ɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɞɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɭɸ ɦɭ ɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ. ȼɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɨɫɭ ɞɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸɜɟ ɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɚɡɨɩɪɟɫɫɢɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɮɪɨɧɚ ɗɬɨ ɚɧɬɢɞɢɭɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ
Ɉɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɭɸ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ – ɷɫɬɪɨ ɝɟɧɨɜ ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɤɭ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹ ɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɤ ɨɤ ɫɢɬɨɰɢɧɭ
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧɚɢɡɡɚɞɧɟɣɞɨɥɢɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɪɟɮɥɟɤ ɬɨɪɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɲɟɣɤɭ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɬɨ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧɚ Ⱥɤɬ ɫɨɫɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɣɪɨɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ
Ɉɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨ ɥɨɤɚ ȼ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɢɡ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɫɢɬɨɰɢɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɥɚɤ ɬɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɡɭɛɨɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ƚɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚ ɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɦ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɉɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɨ-ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
56
ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɷɤɬɨɦɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫ ɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɨɮɢɤɢ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɨ ɞɨɧɬɚ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɪɚɡ ɜɢɬɢɸ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɚ ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɢɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɚ ɩɚɪɨ ɞɨɧɬɨɡɭ
Ⱥɤɪɨɦɟɝɚɥɢɹ – ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɫɨ ɦɚɬɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɨɦ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ Ɉɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪ ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɟ ɠɭɬɤɨɜ ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟ ɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɩɟɪɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɥɚɡɢɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨ ɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɬɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ
Ƚɢɝɚɧɬɢɡɦ – ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɋɌȽ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɡɚɱɚɬɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪ ɯɭɲɤɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɡɭɛɚ ɝɢɩɟɪɟɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɡ
3.2. ɇȺȾɉɈɑȿɑɇɂɄɂ
ɇɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ. Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɡɨɧ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɭɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɣ.
ȼɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɟ ɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
1)ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɚɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ ɞɟɡɨɤɫɢɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ ɜɵɪɚɛɚ ɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ
2)ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɨɪɬɢɡɨɧ ɤɨɪɬɢɡɨɧ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɭɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ
3)ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɵ ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɵ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɨɦ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ
Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛ ɦɟɧɚ ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɗɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
57
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢɬɨ ɧɭɫɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵ ɲɚɸɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɵɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɚɥɶɞɨ ɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫɦɨɱɨɣ ɉɪɢɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟɜɨɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣɫɪɟɞɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚɢɨɧɨɜɧɚɬɪɢɹɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɚɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹɨɛɪɚɬ ɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɤ ɪɟɰɢɸ ɚɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɚɥɶɞɨɫɬɟɪɨɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɜɨɞɵ
Ƚɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɠɢɪɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ (ɝɥɸɤɨɧɟɨɝɟ ɧɟɡ). Ƚɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧɚ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɬ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɝɥɢɤɟɦɢɸ ɢ ɩɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɦɨɱɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭɪɢɸ Ƚɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɬɚɛɨɥɢɱɟ ɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɟɪ ɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɜ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢ ɜɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɛɰɚ ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚ ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɠɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɧ Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɝɧɟɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɨɫɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɚɥɭɪɨɧɢɞɚɡɵ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɚɯɢɞɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢ ɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɝɥɚɧɞɢɧɨɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɫɩɚɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
Ƚɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ Ɍɚɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɨɪɬɢɡɨɧ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥ; ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɱɭɠɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɚɧɬɢɝɟɧ ɫ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɥɨɦ.
Ƚɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɪ ɝɚɧɵ ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
58
ɜɢɥɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨ ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɦɮɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ ɧɢɹ ɷɨɡɢɧɨɮɢɥɨɜ ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɩɨɷɡɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ȼɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɭ ɬɹɦɢ 75–90 % ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɱɨɣ ɚ 10–25 % – ɫ
ɠɟɥɱɶɸ ɢ ɤɚɥɨɦ Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɤɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɫɭ
ɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɨɦ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ Ʉɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɂɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɦɨɧɨɜɜɤɪɨɜɢɩɨɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣɫɜɹɡɢɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɤɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚɤɨɪ ɬɢɤɨɬɪɨɩɢɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɝɢɩɨɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɥɢɛɟɪɢɧɚ ɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɟ.
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɱɬɨ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ
ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɜ ɸɧɨɲɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ Ɉɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɛɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚ ɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬ
Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɬɟɯɨɥɚɦɢɧɵ ɞɨɮɚɦɢɧ ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ. ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱ ɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 3–10 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚ – ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɚ ȼɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɭɞɥɢɧɹɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟ ɧɢɟ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɯ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɭɝɧɟ ɬɚɟɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɤɪɨɜɟ ɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚ ɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯɦɵɲɰ Ⱥɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬɧɚɫɟɪɞɰɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɫɢɦ ɩɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɪɜɚɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɡɪɚɱɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɟɣ ɡɪɚɱɨɤ
ɇɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ
59
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ ɡɭɛɨɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɢɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɹɯ ɩɚɪɨ ɞɨɧɬɚ Ɍɚɤ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɪɟɡɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɚɥɶ ɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɟɨɤɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɬɟɨɛɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨ ɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɨɫɬɟɨɩɨɪɨɡɚ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɩɨɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɦɢɢ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɝɚɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɯɭɞ ɲɟɧɢɟɦɨɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɚ ɢɦɨɠɟɬɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɡ ɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɨɡɚ
ɉɪɢɪɹɞɟɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯɫɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜɤɨɪɵ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨ ɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɝɭɛ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɞɟɫɟɧ
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɂɰɟɧɤɨ – Ʉɭɲɢɧɝɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɝɥɸɤɨɤɨɪ ɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɍ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɡɜɵ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɳɟɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɨɡ
Ⱥɞɞɢɫɨɧɨɜɚɛɨɥɟɡɧɶɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢɦɢɧɟ ɪɚɥɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɢɞɨɜ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦɞɚɧɧɨɝɨɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢ ɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɫ ɫɟɪɨɜɚɬɨ–ɱɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɡɢ ɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ
3.3. ɉɈȾɀȿɅɍȾɈɑɇȺə ɀȿɅȿɁȺ
ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ȼ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɭ ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬ ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ 70–80 ɝ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 17 ɫɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ 2–3 ɫɦ
ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɜɬɨɪɨɣɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɠɟ ɥɟɡɨɣ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ Ɉɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɞɨ 2 ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɠɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɗɧɞɨ ɤɪɢɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɷɩɢ ɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜ Ʌɚɧɝɟɪɝɚɧɫɚ.
Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɤɢ Ʌɚɧɝɟɪɝɚɧɫɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ
60