Нормальная физиология. В 3 частях. Ч.1. Центральная нервная система, высшая нервная деятельность, сенсорная и эндокринная системы. Учебное пособие
.pdf5.3. ȼȿɋɌɂȻɍɅəɊɇȺə ɋȿɇɋɈɊɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ (ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ȼɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɡɵ Ɉɧ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɟ ɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟ ɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɤɚɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɨɬ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪ ɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚ ɬɭɪɵ ɱɬɨɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹɬɟɥɚ ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹɦ (2 ɫɦ ɫɟɤ2), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɦ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦ (2–3 ɫɦ ɫɟɤ2). ɉɨɪɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1, ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɢ ɧɚɡɚɞ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 1,5–2.
ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸ ɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɟ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨ
ɪɚɦɢ – ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ ɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɉɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɟ ɲɨɱɤɚ ɨɞɢɧ – sacculus ɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ ɦɟɲɨɱɟɤ – ɥɟɠɢɬ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɭɥɢɬɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – utriculus ɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɲɨɱɟɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɉɨɥɭ ɤɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɶɹɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ Ɉɞɢɧ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɤɚɠ ɞɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɩɭɥɨɣ Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɨɬɬɨɥɢɬɨ ɜɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɢ ɜ ɚɦɩɭɥɚɯ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɟɛɟɲɤɚɯ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɟ ɩɨɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɚ
Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɸɬ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɰɢɥɢɢ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɥɨ ɫɨɤ – ɤɢɧɨɰɢɥɢɹ– ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɢ – ɫɬɟɪɟɨɰɢɥɢɢ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ
Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚ ɳɟɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɨɬɨɥɢɬɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɨɥɢɬɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚ ɧɨɣ ȼ ɚɦɩɭɥɚɯ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ ɤɭɩɭɥɚ ȼɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ
ɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ
ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɚɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɰɢ ɥɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɤɢɧɨɰɢɥɢɣ Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦɢ
91
ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢ ɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɭɬɪɢɤɭɥɸɫɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜ ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ
Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɫɚɤɤɭɥɸɫɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɞɨ 2000 Ƚɰ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬ
ɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ– ɥɢɛɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɤɭɩɭɥɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɝɢ ɛɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɵ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɉɬ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟ ɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɹɞɟɪ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ
ɗɬɢ ɹɞɪɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɦɨɡɠɟɱɨɤ ɹɞɪɚ ɝɥɚɡɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠ ɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɦɵɲɰ ɲɟɣ ɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɦɵɲɰ – ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦɢɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢɫɨɦɚ ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢ ɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɹɞɪɚɯ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɪɚ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ
Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ (21, 22 ɩɨɥɹ Ȼɪɨɞɦɚɧɚ).
ȼɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɦɨ ɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɨɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɜɵɡɵɜɚ ɟɦɵɟ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɨ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ ɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɬɨɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ Ɉɧɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɨɬɨɥɢ ɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɋɬɚɬɨɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɜɢɠɟ ɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɪɚɡɝɢ ɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɨɥɢɬɨɜɵɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨ ɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. ȼɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɨɝɥɚɡɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɝɥɚɡ ɧɨɣ ɧɢɫɬɚɝɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɚɡ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠ ɧɭɸ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɫɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɦ ɝɥɚɡ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɡɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɢɫɬɚɝɦɚ – ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
92
ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ȼɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɨɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɬɨɲɧɨɬɚ ɪɜɨɬɚ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ– ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɢɡɚɪɢɬɦɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪ ɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɵ ɢ ɬ ɞ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɷɤɫɬɢɪɩɚɰɢɢ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɨ ɥɨɜɵ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩ ɬɨɪɨɜ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɗɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡ ɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɲɟɣɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɭɫɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɩɟ ɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɚɫɢɥɶ ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɢɱɚɫɬɨɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɬɟɥɚɜɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚ ɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɝɥɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɧɢɫɬɚɝɦɭ ɭɫɬɨɣ ɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɡɟ Ɋɨɦɛɟɪɝɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɩɨɯɨɞɤɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɨ ɧɭɫɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɤ ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɝɨɥɨɜɵɢɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚɜɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɬɨɥɢɬɨɜɚɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɬɨɤɨɦɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɫɝɭ ɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢ ɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɥɢɰ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɜ ɚɪɦɢɢ ȼɆɎ ȼȼɎ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɨ ɝɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɭɤɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ©ɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶª ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ Ɇɟɧɶɟɪɚ
Ɍɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɉɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɬɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɟ
93
5.4. ɎɍɇɄɐɂə ɋɅɂɁɂɋɌɈɃ ɈȻɈɅɈɑɄɂ ɉɈɅɈɋɌɂ ɊɌȺɋɈɆȺɌɈɋȿɇɋɈɊɇɕɃ ©ɊɈɌɈȼɈɃª ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺɌɈɊ ȼɄɍɋɈȼȺə ɋȿɇɋɈɊɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ
ɋɨɦɚɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɣ ©ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣª ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨ ɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨ-ɥɢɰɟɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ȿɟ ɫɟɧ ɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ ɳɢɦɢ6 ɜɢɞɨɜɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɫɟɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵɩɨɥɨɫɬɢɪɬɚɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ 3 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɯɟ ɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩ ɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ©ɪɨ ɬɨɜɨɝɨª ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ
Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɦɢɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜɜɪɨ ɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ
Ɍɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɤɚɣɦɟ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɝɭɛ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɧɟɛɟ ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɫɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ Ɍɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ ɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɡɭɛɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɚɦ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ Ɋɭɮɮɢɧɢ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɂɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟ ɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɤ ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ
ɏɨɥɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɥɛɵ Ʉɪɚɭɡɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɤ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ ɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɟɪ ɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɳɟɤ ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɟɛɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟ ɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɐɇɋ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɟɪɨ ɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ
94
Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɨ ɦɟɧɬɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɡɦɢɟɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ Ɍɚɤ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢɦ ɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Ⱥ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 30–70 ɦ F ɨɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ – ɩɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ Ⱥ–ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 5–15 ɦ ɫ ɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩ ɬɨɪɨɜ – ɩɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɋ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 0,5–2 ɦ F Ɍɟɥɚ I ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨ ɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɹɯ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ. II ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭ ɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɹɞɟɪ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. Ɉɬ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɨɫɬɭ ɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɭɝɪɵ, ɝɞɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ III ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɞɟɥɚ
Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ I ɢ II ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ
Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɮɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ ɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟɜ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɯɤɨɪɵɛɨɥɶɲɢɯɩɨ ɥɭɲɚɪɢɣɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬɧɟɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɹɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɩɪɨ ɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɤɨɪɵ ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ – ɨɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɚɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɹ ɜɟ ɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ȼ ɤɨɪɟ ɛɨɥɶ ɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟ ɧɢɣ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ
ɉɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɂ ɉ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ©ɪɨɬɨ ɜɵɦª ɢɥɢ ©ɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦª ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦª
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
1.Ɉɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ
2.Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤ ɰɢɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
3.Ɉɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨ-ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɦɵɲɰ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɤɪɨɜɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
95
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ©ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣª ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɨɬɨ ɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢ ɫɬɟɦɟ
ȼɤɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ
ȼɤɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɩɪɨ ɛɚɰɢɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɩɢɳɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚ ɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ – ɫɴɟɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɉɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɢɳɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɤɭ ɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɚɤ
ɜɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ȼɤɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ
ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɟɰɟɩ ɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨ ɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɦ ɧɟɛɟ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɦɢɧ ɞɚɥɢɧɚɯ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ɉɧ ɩɨɤɪɵɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ (ɝɪɢ ɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ – ɧɚ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɚɬɵɟ – ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ – ɩɨ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ ȼɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɤɭ ɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 6 ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɞɟ ɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10–12 ɞɧɟɣ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚ ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ
ɜɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ Ɍɟɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɹɯ VII, IX ɢ ɏ ɩɚɪ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ. ɗɬɨ – ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɂɯ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɸ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ
96
ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨ-ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɚɩɫɵ ɧɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɯ Ⱥɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚ ɫɬɢ
1-ɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɭ ɢ 2/3 ɹɡɵɤɚ Ⱥɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢɞɭɬ ɨɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɨ ɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɬɪɨɣɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ – V ɩɚɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɧɵ ɜɟɬɜɶ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ – VII ɩɚɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɪɜɨɜ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ 2-ɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ 1/3 ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɟɛɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɛɧɵɦɢ ɞɭɠɤɚɦɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɢɦ ɧɟɛɨɦ ȼɤɭɫɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬ ɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ – IX ɩɚɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ 3-ɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɢɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɨɦ ɜɟɬɜɶ ɛɥɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ – ɏ ɩɚɪɵ ɱɟ ɪɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ).
ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɜ ɐɇɋ ɤ ɬɟɥɚɦ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɟ ɜ ɹɞɪɟ ɫɨɥɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɤɚ .
Ⱥɤɫɨɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ ɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɬɪɟ ɬɶɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ ɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɭ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɰɟɧ ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɵ Ɉɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ ɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɝɢɩɩɨɤɚɦɩ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɹɞɪɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɤɪɸɱɤɚ ɜ ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ
ȼ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɜɤɭ ɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ
Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɰɟɧ
ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɢɧɫɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɤɨ
97
ɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ (43 ɩɨɥɟ Ȼɪɨɞ ɦɚɧɚ ȼ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢ ɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ
ȼɤɭɫ ɢɥɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɱɚɝɨɜ ɜɨɡɛɭɠ ɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɫ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɦɨɬɞɟɥɟɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ – ɫɥɚɞ ɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɫɨɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨɥɹ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭ ɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚɦɢ Ʉɨɧɱɢɤ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɤ ɫɥɚɞ ɤɨɦɭ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ – ɤ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɣ ɤ ɫɨɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɦɭ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɥɢ ɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ
Ⱦɥɹɤɚɠɞɨɝɨɢɡɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟɩɨ ɪɨɝɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɗɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨɪɨɝɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɤɭɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ – ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɩɨɪɨɝɚɦ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɜ
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸ ɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜ ɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɚ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬ ɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ.
98
ȼɈɉɊɈɋɕ ȾɅə ɋȺɆɈɋɌɈəɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄɂ Ʉ ɁȺɇəɌɂɘ
1.Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɡɜɭɤɚ" ɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ; ɛ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɛɨɱɤɢ; ɜ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ; ɝ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɢ.
2.Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɞɨ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ"
ɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢɹ; ɛ ɬɪɚɧɫɞɭɤɰɢɹ; ɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ; ɝ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ.
3.Ƚɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɜɤɭɫɚ"
ɚ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ; ɛ ɧɟɛɨ; ɜ ɳɟɤɢ; ɝ ɝɭɛɵ.
4.Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ" ɚ $į ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ;
ɛ C ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ; ɜ B ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ; ɝ D ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ.
5.ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɚɤɤɨɦɨɞɚɰɢɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ"
ɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɡ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ; ɛ ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɡ ɤ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɟ; ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɝɨɜɢɰɵ; ɝ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɪɚɱɤɚ.
6. Ʉɚɤɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɬɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɟ" ɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɭɚɧɨɡɢɧɦɨɧɨɮɨɫɮɚɬ ɰȽɆɎ ; ɛ ɪɨɞɨɩɫɢɧ; ɜ ɦɟɥɚɧɢɧ; ɝ ɝɥɢɰɢɧ.
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7.Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɠɢ" ɚ ɦɟɣɫɧɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ; ɛ ɮɪɟɣɟɪɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɫɤɢ; ɜ) ɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ɇɟɪɤɟɥɹ; ɝ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ.
8.Ʉɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɯɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ ɫɤɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ"
ɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɚ; ɛ ɭɥɢɬɤɚ; ɜ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ; ɝ ɟɜɫɬɚɯɢɟɜɚ ɬɪɭɛɚ.
9.Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɫɥɭɯɚ"
ɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ; ɛ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɲɭɦɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ; ɜ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɚ; ɝ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ.
10.Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ" ɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɬɟɥɚ; ɛ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɬɦɚ; ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ; ɝ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ.
11.Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɵ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ" ɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɠɢ; ɛ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɜ ɯɟɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ; ɝ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ.
12.Ʉɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ"
ɚ ɥɨɛɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ; ɛ ɬɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ; ɜ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ; ɝ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ.
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