Номинативные части речи. Учебное пособие

вительное во множественном числе, если перед ним имеется числительное.

Однако необходимо учитывать следующие особенности употребления этих местоимений. Every используется:

1) после притяжательных местоимений;

He repeated my every word. → Он повторял каждое мое слово.

2) перед существительными во множественном числе, означающими как часто выполняется действие;

3) со следующими наречиями: nearly, just about, almost, practically;

Когда each употребляется в качестве местоимения-суще- ствительного или перед существительным имеется другой определитель (артикль, притяжательное или указательное местоимение), используется словосочетание each of, за которым часто

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следует существительное во множественном числе. Если перед существительным во множественном числе нет другого определителя, то словосочетание each of использовать нельзя. Это словосочетание используется также перед местоимением во множественном числе.

Русское выражение каждый из нас (вас, них) не может быть переведено на английский язык посредством "every". В этом случае употребляется местоимение each или everyone: each of us (you, them), everyone of us (you, them).

Each в сочетании с местоимением other образует взаимное местоимение each other – "друг друга".

Theysee eachotherveryoften. → Они часто видятся (видят друг друга).

Every в сочетании с body, one и thing, where образует сложные производные местоимения everybody, everyone и т. д. Они выступают только в качестве местоимения-существитель- ного и служат в предложении подлежащим или дополнением.

Когда everybody, everyone и everything служат в предложении подлежащим, они согласуются со сказуемым в единственном числе.

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УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упр. 1. Переведите предложения.

1. Ann knows everyone in her street. 2. There used to be a restaurant on each side of this street. 3. There were six broken-down cars in our office and we have sold each. 4. Tell everybody that they are to wait a bit. 5. Every person I asked says that they are going to go shopping. 6. Everyone knows who took the money. 7. Everyone has a right to their own opinion. 8. Each of them brought something to eat. 9. She had every right to be angry. 10. Tomorrow I'll write to everyone concerned. 11. Each building in this street has been repainted this summer. 12. The orange was split into two halves; each half was given to them. 13. He knows not everyone will agree with the plan. 14. Every new car now has to be fitted with seat belts. 15. Each minute was like an hour. 16. John stayed at home every weekend when he was at university. 17. They didn't tell everything they knew.

Упр. 2. Вставьте в предложение один из предложенных вариантов.

1. We enjoyed … minute of the film (each, every). 2. You should change the oil … (every, each) 2000 miles. 3. I come here … (every, each) three days. 4. You have … (each, every) reason to be happy with your new home. 5. She plays tennis … (each, every) Sunday. 6. … (each, every, everybody) girl in the class went to the party. 7. I told them what … (each, every) of them should do. 8. They go on vacation abroad … (each, every) year. 9. Trains leave … (each, every) 30 minutes. 10. … (each, every, everybody) of the following sentences may contain an error. 11. … (each, every, everybody) employee was given a bonus. 12. We went through … (each, every) room in the palace and … room was beautifully decorated. 13. … (each, every, everybody) student deserves to receive the best

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education available in a safe and healthy environrnent. 14. We can help … (each, every) other. 15. He gave … (each, every, everybody) of us advice about our present goals. 16. I only had two suitcases, but … (each, every, everytning) one weighed over 20 kilos.

Упр. 3. Дополните предложения местоимениями each или every , а если возможно укажите оба.

1. I try to visit my relatives in Spain … other year. 2. I have … confidence in his ability to do the job well. 3. There were tears streaming down … side of her face. 4. Don has to go overseas on business … six weeks or so. 5. In a football match … team has eleven players. 6. This year I have visited virtually … European country. 7. You look more beautiful … time I see you. 8. The airplanes were taking off … few minutes. 9. … day we went to work by bicycle. 10. She pronounced … name slowly and carefully as I wrote them down. 11. Rain is likely to reach … part of the country by morning. 12. I visited him in hospital nearly … day. 13. We have … reason to believe that the operation has been a success. 14. There is a TV set in … room at the hotel. 15. When he took his gloves off, I noticed that … one had his name written inside. 16. … time I go to work, the red car is parked in front of the office.

Упр. 4. Укажите, в каких предложениях имеются ошибки в употреблении выделенных местоимений и исправьте их. Предложения переведите.

1. Each member of the team has to undergo a fitness test before almost each match. 2. Every evidence seems to suggest that he is innocent, and he has all chance of being released soon. 3. The regulations say that students must pass every one of their exams to gain a qualification. 4. The students every received a free copy of the journal. 5. Nowadays we seem to have water shortages virtually each year. 6. I hope all will be comfortable here. We try to make each guest feel at home. 7. Each calls her Maggie, but her real name's

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Margaret. 8. Has everyone seen Lucy recently? I haven't seen her every day. 9. You have each reason to be happy with your new home. 10. She plays tennis every Sunday. 11. Trains leave each 30 minutes. 12. Almost each visitor stopped and stared.

Упр. 5. Перефразируйте предложения, используя each, every или их производные местоимения.

1. All immediately turned to him. 2. Remember that not all you read in the Internet is true. 3. I don’t agree with all that he said. 4. He kept all his pictures at home. 5. All of my brothers and sisters were at the airport to see me off. 6. All the seats were taken in the hall. 7. All is ready for the examination. 8. I did not realize if he told me all about the accident. 9. She was wearing a fine gold chain on her ankles. 10. All was lost for him. 11. Almost all people there were English. 12. All will be ready before his arrival. 13. Three managers were present at the meeting of Oil Company. All were given a contract form. 14. He was carrying a suitcase in his hands. 15. All ofthe towns in this area had their electricity cut off. 16. He has read all the books in the library.

Упр. 6 . Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. У каждого работника нашего офиса есть автомобиль. 2. Мы начнем, когда все будут готовы. 3. Каждый студент знает это правило. 4. Она думает, что (она) знает всё. 5. Каждая машина была украшена цветами и ленточками. 6. Есть кто-нибудь

вквартире сейчас? – Все здесь. 7. Каждый мальчик в классе отправился на пикник. 8. Какая жалость! Ты не видел все. 9. Она знала каждое слово в его письме наизусть. 10. Каждый ребенок

внашей группе получил подарок. 11. В каждой контрольной работе около 15 вопросов. 12. Они знают друг друга очень хорошо. 13. Не всякий человек мог бы это сделать. 14. Мы ходим

вгости к нашим друзьям каждый месяц. 15. На прошлой неделе дождь шел каждый день.

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2.6.2.Местоимение some

Вутвердительных предложениях перед исчисляемым существительном в единственном числе местоимение some имеет значение “какой-то”, перед существительным во множественном числе оно употребляется в значении “какие-то”, “несколько”, “некоторые”. Местоимение some перед неисчисляемым существительным в значении “некоторое количество” на русский язык не переводится. Перед числительным местоимение some имеет значение “приблизительно”, “около”.

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях

вместо местоимения some употребляется местоимение any во всех упомянутых значениях. Местоимение some может употребляться в вопросительных предложениях, которые используется для выражения просьбы или предложения.

2.6.3.Местоимение any

Вутвердительных предложениях перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном или множественном числе местоимение any имеет значение “любой”, “всякий”.

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Ввопросительных предложениях местоимение any упот-

ребляется в значениях “какой-либо”, “какие-то”, “некоторые”, “несколько”, если оно стоит перед исчисляемым существительным. Перед неисчисляемым существительным местоимение any

взначении “некоторое количество” на русский язык не переводится.

Вотрицательных предложениях местоимение any имеет значение “никакой”.

2.6.4. Местоимения no и none

Местоимение no (никакой, нет) употребляется перед существительными в единственном и множественном числе. Оно имеет то же значение, что и not ... а и not any, и употребляется перед исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными (как в единственном, так и во множественном числе). При наличии nо артикль перед существительным не ставится. Так как в английском предложении может быть только одно отрицание, сказуемое имеет утвердительную форму.

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Отрицательное местоимение none заменяет как исчисляемое, так и неисчисляемое, упомянутое ранее существительное.

Перед существительным в функции подлежащего обычно употребляется по, которое переводится как “никакой”, “ни один”.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упр. 1. Укажите в каждом предложении неопределенное местоимение и соответствующее ему сказуемое. Предложения переведите.

1. Some of the students pass the tests easily. 2. Any of the students makes no effort to pay attention. 3. No one is as dedicated to his profession as his father. 4. Are there any books on this problem in the library? 5. None of the picture frames was cracked. 6. Any of the archaeologist's discoveries is fascinating. 7. Some of the students make effort to train their mind. 8. No system of government is perfect. 9. Though the mountain is very steep some strong-willed people have managed to reach the top. 10. Some of the examinations were too difficult for him. 11. None of the teachers is planning a field trip. 12. Some teachers are planning a fascinating voyage. 13. None of the

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people I met were English. 14. The meeting began and the hall was packed up and thus some were left standing outside.

Упр. 2. Переведите предложения.

1. Tell the class some of the information you learned. 2 There is some water in the tube. 3. I can’t talk to you now as I have no time. 4. We waited for the train some 20 minutes. 5. You can get this book in any library. 6. Some three hundred delegates will gather in our city. 7. We had to walk because there was no bus. 8. None of these books is mine. 9. Yesterday I found some interesting Spanish books. 10. No one must go out before the storm is over. 11. There were no shops open in this part of the city at night. 12. He read it in some book. 13. He was not asked any questions. 14. I found some books on the book shelf. 15. No magazine writes about this discovery. 16. We haven’t got any money. 17. I’d like some fruits for my breakfast, please. 18. There is not any information on that method. 19. No substance is a perfect insulator. 20. The engineer read about this device in some magazine. 21. Will you buy some stamps?

Упр. 3. По формальным признакам, не прибегая к переводу, определите, в каких предложениях any имеет значение “любой”. Затем переведите все предложения.

1. Is there any theatre in the town? – No, there isn't any, the town is very little. 2. Any boy can play football on this field. 3. I can answer any of them. 4. Any of these movies is interesting enough. 5. You may solve any problem you like. 6. Is there any post-office here? 7. He can't find any job. 8. Any answer of these two is right here. 9. You can take any way to get to the post-office. 10. Are there any questions? – No, there aren't any questions. 11. There are not any important articles in this magazine. 12. Is there any liquid in the tube? – No, there is none.

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Упр. 4. Вставьте в пропуски местоимения some или any.

1. Have you got … brothers or sisters? 2. We don't need … butter. 3. There are … books on the table. 4. I want … flour because I'm going to bake a cake. 5. Is there … petrol in the car? 6. There wasn’t … meat in the fridge. 7. Have you got … sugar? – I expect we have. Yes, there's … sugar in this bowl. 8. Go and ask him for … more paper. 9. Can I give the child … fruit? 10. Were there … objections? 11. I think we've run out of sugar. Is there … sugar in that bowl? – No, there isn't. 12. … doctor will tell you that it is harmful for you. 13. There isn't … explanation for this. 14. There aren't … buses after 12.30. 15. What book shall I bring you? – … you like. 16. The crane weighs … 5 tons.

Упр. 5. Вставьте some или any только в те предложения, где это необходимо.

1.The natives eat … meat raw. 2. … life is full of … surprises.

3.We can't do without … bread. 4. … spices are bad for your health.

5.I like … biscuits and … sweets. 6. There is … salt but there isn’t … pepper. 7. Would you like … boiled cabbage? – I don't want … boiled cabbage. 8. … money has to be earned. 9. What material do you need? – … that is available. 10. Will you lend me … money?

11.I hate … bad news. 12. Put … spices into the soup. 13. I bought … biscuits for tea.

Упр. 6. Выберите из данных в скобках нужное местоимение.

1.I can find him … time between six and nine (some, any, no).

2.Is there … other choice? (any, no) 3. I answered only … questions on the subject (some, any, no). 4. My mother hoped that perhaps the school had … funds to give me a grant (any, some). 5. Can we have … milk? (any, some) 6. Is … additional proof necessary? (any, some) 7. He could answer … question on the subject (some, any, no). 8. We saw … strange-looking people near your house (any, no).

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