Номинативные части речи. Учебное пособие

3. What ishe?–Heisapainter.→

Относительные местоимения служат для присоединения придаточных предложений к главному предложению и являются союзными словами, т. е. не только связывают придаточное предложение с главным, но и являются членами этого предложения. Порядок слов после относительного местоимения соответствует порядку слов повествовательного предложения, т. е. подлежащее стоит слева от сказуемого.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упр. 1. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на использование вопросительных местоимений.

1. When did he come? 2. What are you going to do after classes today? 3. What did you buy when you went shopping? 4. Which book do you want to buy? 5. What kind of meat do you eat more often? 6. Where did Bob go last night? 7. Why Ann is absent? 8. Whose car did you borrow? 9. How many kilometers is it to Montreal from here? 10. How did you get to the airport? 11. Who are those men over there? 12. How often do you go shopping? 13. What about asking Sally over for dinner next Sunday? 14. What time should we meet? 15. How long did you study last night? 16. How well does he speak English? 17. How about Jack? Let's ask him if he wants to play.

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18. How big is your apartment? 19. How long did it take you to drive to New York? 20. What are you going to buy with it? 21. How many times a year do you take a vacation? 22. A: What should we do this afternoon? – B: How about going to the zoo? – A: I'm tired. What about you? B: – Yes, I'mtired, too.

Упр. 2. Укажите относительные местоимения. Предложения переведите.

1. The man who I met lives in Chicago. 2. The books which I bought at the bookstore were expensive. 3. The children whom we watched in the park were feeding ducks in a pond. 4. The man whose car was stolen called the police. 5. My wife and I are really enjoying the TV set that we bought for ourselves last week. 6. The apartment that we wanted to rent had two bedrooms. 7. The people whose house you stayed at were very kind. 8. Don't ask me, I don't understand why Mike is always late. 9. The people that moved into the town are Italian. 10. I don't know where Emily bought her computer. 11. It is important for all children to have at least one adult with whom they can form a loving, trusting relationship.

Упр. 3. Дополните предложения вопросительными местоимениями which или what.

1. A: This hat comes in brown and in gray. . . . colour do you think your husband would prefer? – B: Gray, I think. 2. A: I've never been to Mrs. Hall's house. . . . colour is it? – B: Blue. 3. A: I have two dictionaries. . . . one do you want? – B: The Arabic-English dictionary, not the English-English one. 4. A: I have two books. . . .

book do you want? – В: That one. 5. A: . . . did you get on your last test? – B: I don't want to tell you. It was an awful grade. 6. A: Could I borrow your pen for a minute? – B: Sure. I have two. . . . pen would you want? 7. A. I am going on a business trip for a few days tomorrow. – B: I see. … city are you going?

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Упр. 4. Напишите вопросы к данным ответам, используя местоимение how.

Модель: __________.– I walked. (I walked to school today.) → How did you get to school today? – I walked.

1.___________. – Ten. (My daughter is ten years old.)

2.___________. – Very important. (Education is very important.)

3.___________. – By bus. (I get to school by bus.)

4.___________. – Very, very deep. (The ocean is very, very deep.)

5.___________. – By plane. (I'm going to get to Denver by plane.)

6.___________. – Not very. (The test wasn't very difficult.)

7.___________. – It's 29,028 feet high. (Everest is 29,028 feet high.)

Упр. 5. Составьте вопросы, используя выражение how long does it take you to … . Дайте ответы на вопросы.

Модель: How long does it take you to . . . (eat breakfast)? → It takes me ten minutes to eat breakfast.

a.… get to class?

b.… write a short paragraph in English?

c.… read a 400-page novel?

d.… fly from (name of a city) to (name of a city)?

e.… get from here to your hometown?

f.… get used to living in a foreign country?

g.… commute from (name of a local place) to (name of a local place) during rush hour?

Упр. 6. Составьте вопросы для данных ответов, используя выражение how long.

1.___________ ? → Five days. (It took me five days to drive to New York.)

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2.___________ ? → A week. (Mr. McNally will be in the hospital for a week.)

3.___________ ? → A long time. (It takes a long time to learn a second language.)

4.___________ ? → Six years. (I lived in Istanbul for six years.)

5.___________ ?→ Six months. (I've been living here for six months.)

6.___________ ? → A couple of years. (I've known Mr. Jackson

for a couple of years.)

7.___________ ? → Since 1999. (He's been living in Canada since 1999.)

Упр. 7. Поставьте вопросы к данным ответам, используя вопросительные местоимения where, why, when, или what time.

Модель: ___________ . Tomorrow. (I'm going to downtown tomorrow.) →When are you going to downtown? – Tomorrow.

1.___________ . At Lincoln Elementary School. (My children go to Lincoln Elementary School.)

2. ___________ . At 1:10. (Classes begin at 1:10.)

3. ___________. Four years ago. (I met the Smiths four years ago.) 4. ___________. It's waiting for a mouse. (The cat is staring at the

hole in the wall because it's waiting for a mouse.)

Упр. 8. Дополните предложения вопросительными местоимениями who, whom или what.Ответьте на вопросы.

Модель: … are you currently reading? → What are you currently reading? – A novel about a cowboy.

1. . . . do you like to read? 2. . . . do you like to spend a lot of time with? 3. . . . is your idea of the perfect vacation? 4. . . . do you

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like to spend your vacations with? 5. . . . would you most like to invite to dinner? 6. . . . has had the most influence on you in your life? 7. . . . was the most memorable event of your childhood? 8. . . . do you need that you don't have? 9. . . . are the most important people in your life?

Упр. 9. Вставьте вопросительные местоимения.

1. “… of the two of them is right?” – he asked me. 2. … channel is between England and France? 3. … would you like to see as your assistant. 4. … is he? Is he a teacher? 5. … do you prefer: tea or coffee? 6. … is that man over there? 7. … city do you live in: London or Manchester? 8. … did you meet at the theatre? 9. … do you usually do at the week-end? 10. We serve coffee and tea. … would you like? 11. … can I do for you? 12. … is speaking about the problem now? 13. … sorts of film do you like best? 14. … bag is this? Is it yours or John’s? 15. … are you talking about? 16… of you did it?

Упр. 10. Дополните диалог, используя how about you? или what about you? Дайте ответы на вопросы.

B:I haven't decided yet. … ? A. _______________ .

3.A: What are you going to have?

B:Well, I'm not really hungry. I think I might have just a salad. … ?

A:_______________ .

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4.A: Where are you planning to go to school next year?

B:A small college in California. … ?

A:_______________ .

5.A: Are you married?

B:… . … ?

A: _______________ .

Упр. 11. Дополните микродиалоги.

Модель: A: What time do you want to meet for dinner? В: How about nine or nine thirty?

A:That's too late for me. How about eight?

B:Okay.

1.A: ___________?

B:No, Tuesday's not good for me.

A:Then what about ___________?

B:Okay. That's fine.

2.A: There's room in the car for one more person. Do you think

___________ would like to go to ___________ with us?

B:___________ can't go with us because ___________.

A:Then how about ___________?

B:___________ .

3.A: Do you like fish?

B:Yes, very much. How about ___________?

A:Yes, I like fish a lot. In fact, I think I'll order fish for dinner tonight.

4.A: Let’s go out tonight. What about ___________?

B:That sounds good. ___________ .

A: ___________?

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Упр. 12. Объедините два предложения в одно, используя относительные местоимения whoили whom.

Модель: A. а. Do you know the people? b. They live in the white house.→ Do you know the people who live in the white house?

B. a. The woman gave me some information. b. I called her.→ The woman whom I called gave me some information.

1.a. The police officer was friendly. b. She gave me directions.

2.a. The waiter was friendly. b. He served us dinner.

3.a. The people were very nice. b. I met them at the party last night.

4.a. The people have three cars. b. They live next to me.

5.a. The man talked a lot. b. I met him on the plane.

6.a. The man talked a lot. b. He sat next to me.

7.a. Three women walked into my office. b. I didn't know them.

8.a. I talked to the women. b. They walked into my office.

Упр. 13. Дополните предложения из колонки А словосочетаниями из колонки В.

6.A revolutionary is someone … f)who alwaysputsoffdoingthings.

7.A misanthrope is a person … g) who knows a lot about a little

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Упр. 14. Дополните предложения относительными местоимениями whoили whom.

1. The children . . . live down the street in the yellow house are always polite. 2. The people . . . we visited gave us tea and a light snack. 3. I know some people . . . live on a boat. 4. I talked to the woman . . . was sitting next to me. 5. Mike saw the people . . . were playing football at the park. 6. My mother is a person . . I admire tremendously. 7. Marie and Luis Escobar still keep in touch with many of the students . . . they met in their English class five years ago. 8. People . . . listen to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss. 9. The couple . . . I invited to dinner at my home were two hours late.

Упр. 15. Дополните предложения придаточными определительными предложениями. Используйте относительные местоимения who или that.

Модель: A baker is a person who …→ A baker is a person who makes bread, cakes, pies, etc.

1.A mechanic is someone …

2.A carpenter is a person …

3.A dictionary is a book …

4.A telephone directory is a book …

5.An astronomer is a scientist …

6.A key is a piece of metal …

7.A hero is a person …

8.A nurse is someone …

9.A philatelist is someone …

10.A prisoner is a person …

11.Birds are creatures …

12.A giraffe is an animal …

13.Photographers are people …

14.A carpenter is a person …

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Упр. 16. Переведите предложения.

1. Где ваш доклад? 2. Кому принадлежит этот дом? 3. Кого хочет навестить Джон? 4. Кем вы работаете? 5. Чья это квартира? 6. Какой иностранный язык вы изучаете? 7. Я не знаю, кто готовил этот доклад. 8. Чей брат в этом году окончил университет? 9. Кто из этих студентов будет выступать на конференции? 10. Что вы купили, когда были в магазине? 11. Он не мог сказать, что он хочет. 12. Я нашел журнал там, где вы его оставили. 13. Студент встретил много незнакомых слов, когда переводил текст. 14. Я покажу вам статью, когда она будет готова. 15. Какие новые методы были использованы при строительстве этих домов? 16. Вчера я встретил своего друга, который работает учителем английского языка. 17. Он спросил меня, когда мы будем делать опыты в лаборатории. 18. Я не знаю, когда он послал вам письмо.

2.6. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения

К неопределенным и отрицательным местоимениям отно-

сятся местоимения some, any, no, none, every/each, one и их производные. Неопределенные местоимения, большей частью, выражают неопределенное количество или качество. Они не относятся к определенному лицу, месту или предмету. Некоторые неопределенные местоимения соответствуют единственному числу (например, anything, somebody, every), а некоторые могут соответствовать и единственному и множественному числу (например, any, some). Значение и употребление местоимений some, any, no, none зависят от смысла предложения и его формы (утвердительное, вопросительное или отрицательное предложение). Перед неопределенными и отрицательными местоимениями артикль не употребляется.

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2.6.1. Местоимения each и every

Местоимения each и every (каждый) не являются одинаковыми по своему значению и употреблению. Местоимение every предполагает значение обобщенности, а each – индивидуализации. Использование местоимения each предпочтительней, когда описываемые вещи или предметы представляются по отдельности, использование же местоимения every предпочтительней, когда описываемые вещи или предметы представляются как целое.

Сравните:

Every pianist practises several hours a day.

и

Each pianist has his own of playing the Beethoven concerto.

Each употребляется как в качестве местоимения прила-

гательного, так и местоимения-существительного. Оно упот-

ребляется в качестве местоимения-прилагательного перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе. Every употребляется только в качестве местоимения-прилагательно-го перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе. Являясь определителем существительного, each и every исключают употребление артикля перед существительным, к которому оно относится:

Разница в их значении не всегда является важной, и в некоторых случаях при употреблении они могут быть взаимозаменяемые. Местоимения each и every (и его производные) в роли подлежащего всегда согласуются со сказуемым в единственном числе. Однако за местоимением every может следовать сущест-

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