Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет

Общестроительный факультет

Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебно-методическое пособие № 134

Санкт-Петербург

2013

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УДК621.86:69.057.7(075.8)

Рецензент ст. преподаватель В. А. Памфилова (СПбГАСУ)

Английский язык: учеб.-метод. пособие / сост. Л. Р. Данилова;

СПбГАСУ. – СПб., 2013. – 91 с.

Пособие предназначено для аудиторного чтения для студентов II курса по направлению подготовки 190109 – наземные транспортно-технологичес- кие средства, для развития навыков технического перевода со словарем и без словаря. В пособии использованы тексты, взятые из оригинальной литературы.

Каждый урок включает тексты, лексические и грамматические упражнения, лексику по данному направлению подготовки.

Санкт-Петербургскийгосударственный архитектурно-строительныйуниверситет,2013

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Unit 1

Grammar: Tenses;

Parts of Speech

Text A

SUCTION EXCAVATOR

A suction excavator or vacuum excavator is a construction vehicle that removes earth or heavy debris from various places by powerful suction through a wide suction pipe.

Thesuction inlet air speedmaybe up to 100metres/second (224 mph).The suctionnozzle mayhave twohandlesforaman toholdit by.Those handles maybeonacollarwhichcanberotatedtouncoversuction-releaseopenings (with grilles over) in order to makethe suction nozzle drop anythingwhich it has picked up and which is too big to go up the tube. The end of the tube maybetoothed.Thishelpstocutearthwhenusedforexcavating;butwhen it is used to suck up loose debris and litter, some types of debris items may stuck in the teeth. The earth to be sucked out may be loosened first with a compressed-air or a powerful water jet.

The suctionunitis oftenrectangular-shapedand is usuallymountedandused on the back of a truck which must have power takeoffs to run the suction unit’s air impeller and hydraulics. When it is emptying its load out, the spoil tank lid (with the hose connection) hinges off to the right, and then the spoil tank (with the filters) tips about 90° over to the left to tip its load out.

Suction excavators are useful to remove earth from around existing underground services or tree roots with much less risk of damaging them than using a conventional excavator with a metal scoop. This type of excavationisconsideredtobeasafeandefficientformofexcavation.Using a powerful vacuum and high pressure water, precise holes, trenches and tunnels canbecut totherequiredsize andproportion.Becausecompressed air or water is used to loosen the earth, the risk of damaging underground utilities is less and contractors can safely find and expose them. This type of excavating is quickly becoming recognized as one of the best practices when working in areas with underground utility congestion and frozen ground.Hydroexcavationlessenstheriskofdamagingutilities,whichmay often be inaccurately mapped and located and marked on the surface. A suction excavator is useful in bulk excavation in confined areas, where its suction hose can reach in over or through barriers. It can be used on

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railways (perhaps mounted on a railroad car base) to suck old track ballast off the track when re-ballasting the track. It can be used as a very heavyduty vacuum cleaner to pick up miscellaneous debris, e.g. rubble, or big accumulations of fallen leaves or litter. It can suck up liquids, e.g. water from a hollow. The use of vacuum/suction excavators is very versatile, for example – they are capable of excavating up to 140m horizontally and up to 20m depth depending on the type of material being excavated.

Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.How does a suction excavator remove earth or debris?

2.What is the suction inlet air speed?

3.How can the suction be released?

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4.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a toothed suction pipe?

5.What is used to loosen the earth?

6.Why is vacuum excavation considered to be the best practice in congested and confined areas?

Exercise2.Definethepartofspeechofthefollowingwordsandtranslate them:

Suction, various, powerful,loosen,stationary,cleaner,usually, connection, useful, efficient, pressure, conventional, proportion, classify, utility, contractor,safely,congestion,lessen,quickly,inaccurately,capable,smaller, horizontally,cylindrical,various,maneuverability,different,configuration, identify, locator.

Exercise3.Definethetenseofthepredicatesandtranslatethefollowing sentences:

1.Suctionreleaseopenings makethesuctionnozzle dropanythingwhich it has picked up.

2.RSP Gmbhhas beenmakingsuction excavators andstationarysuction units since 1993 but the old type of suction street cleaner vehicle has been used for much longer.

3.MTS Mobile is producing a new type of excavators.

4.Excavator manufacturer Capelotto was founded in 1953 and is based in Treviso in Italy.

5.In Siena RPS’s excavator removed about 150 cubic metres of debris which had been dumped in old tunnels.

6.Vacuum excavation will loosen the soil which is to be removed.

7.Locators will be used to identify all underground utilities.

8.Vacuum excavation is now being preferred in many states and municipalities.

Exercise 4. Translate Text B without a dictionary and answer the questions:

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Text B

SUCTION EXCAVATORS MANUFACTURERS

The USAfirm Ditch Witch makes 4 models of suction excavators: FX20, FX25,FX30,FX60;thenumberisitsapproximatehorsepower.Itismounted on a semitrailer. It has its own engine (petrol for FX20, the others have diesel). Its spoil tank is cylindrical with rounded ends. Its suction hose is 3 inches diameter inside (but the FX60 can take 4-inch-diameter suction hose). Its spoil tank can be supplied in various sizes.

Airex GB Ltd in the UK makes two current models of vacuum excavator: AX-68 andAX-180.Bothsystems are mountedontheback of rigid7.5-ton trucks, designed for use in inner-city streets. The smaller design of these trucks gives less impact on their surroundings. The AX-68 uses a 4-inch hose but the AX-180 uses an 8-inch hose which can remove a tonne of earth in six minutes.

Ring-O-Matic, Inc. in the U.S. makes several different models of gasoline anddieselvacuumexcavationunits.Theyofferbothtrailermountedandskid mountedmodels.Spoiltanksrangeinsizefrom150gallonupto2000gallon. Vac-TronEquipment,LLC intheU.S.makesmorethan50modelsofhydro excavationanddryexcavationgasolineanddieselvacuumexcavators.They offertrailermountedandskidmountedoptions.Spoiltankscomeinvarious sizes and configurations. Low profile increases maneuverability and they can be towed by as small as a half-ton pickup truck.

Cappelotto makes various powered cleansing equipment including CAPGEO (a model of suction excavator). Its arm is said to reach 7 meters and to swivel 250 degrees.

Notes:

rigid - жёсткий; твердый impact - влияние, воздействие

1.What firms are the main suction excavators manufacturers?

2.What capacity do Ditch Witch excavators have?

3.What use areAX-68 andAX-180 excavators designed for?

4.What models does Ring-O-Matic, Inc. offer?

5.How is maneuverability of the excavators produced by Vac-Tron Equipment, LLC increased?

6.What features does Cappelotto’s excavator arm have?

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Exercise 5. Translate Text C with a dictionary and make grammar analysis:

Text C

McLAUGHLINVACUUM EXCAVATORS

1.The newest vacuum excavator introduction by McLaughlin meets a growing market demand for more powerful air vacuums, but by still combininga water vacuum system offers a more complete on-site solution for contractors. 2. The Xtreme line of combination air/water vacuum excavators was introduced as the first McLaughlin-made machine to use a blower rated at 1,200 cfm. 3. Company’s president Dave Gasmovic said that theyhadbeenproducingvacuumexcavatorsfor14years. 4. “Whatwe have seen as vacuums have been developing is that most of them were hydrovacs(vacuumexcavators),butnowwhenwaterisbecomingascarcer resource more and more people prefer air vacuuming,” says he. 5. “Air breaks up a lot quicker than water does, so we have made a combination air-water vac.” 6. “The 1,200 cfm unit gives you a lot more air speed to move the material out of the hole, and lets youdigfaster. 7. It has a built-in air compressor, so you don’t have to have a second compressor on the job, and it still does have a water system, because some ground conditions just don’t allow you to dig with air.” 8. The Xtreme vacuum excavator uses a three-stage filtration system that, while accommodating wet vacuuming excavation also, spins the dry material as it comes out of the tank, taking thedust outandleavingverylittlefinal materialinthefinalfilter. 9.“When youdoairvacuuming,you’reabletoputthematerialbackintheholeyou’ve done the excavation from,” says Gasmovic, “or at least even if you have to bring in clean backfill, it’s easier to dispose of dry material than wet one.” 10.Poweredbya99-horsepowerKubotadieselengine,theXtremelinehas a water systemratedat 5.6gallonsperminute and3,000pounds persquare inch of pressure. 11. The unit has a 500-gallon spoil tank. 12. “The only thing you may want different is to use a larger spoil tank, to be able to stay on the job longer before you have to dump,” says Gasmovic. 13. Tanks holding800 and1,200gallonsare available.14.Thecombinationair/water vacuum excavator is available in either a traileror skid-mounted configuration.

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1.Superlative and comparative degree; noun groups; ing-forms.

2.Noun groups; Participle II (function); Infinitive (function).

3.Sequence of Tenses.

4.Main and subordinate clauses and their predicates; as (function).

5.Predicates; does (function).

6.Comparative degree; Infinitive (function).

7.Infinitive (function); have (function); do, does (function).

8.That (function); Participle I (function).

9.Modal verbs; one (function).

10.Noun groups; Participle II (function).

11.Noun group.

12.Modal verbs; comparative degree; Infinitive (function).

13.Participle I (function).

14.Noun group; is (function).

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Unit 2

Grammar: Modal Verbs;

Conversion.

Text A

TRENCHER

I

A trencher is a machine used to dig trenches, especially for laying pipes or cables and for installing drainage.

Trencherscomeindifferentsizesandmayusedifferentdiggingimplements, depending on the required width and depth of the trench and the hardness of the surface tobe cut.Theyare usuallycrawler-mountedtoincrease their stability and to distribute the weight over a great area. But they may be mounted on rubber tyres as well. Trenchers must be handled with extreme care because they are very dangerous equipment.

There are different kinds of trenchers and according to the type of their working member they are classified into wheel and chain trenchers. The workingmemberof both wheeland chaintypes canbe of amulti-bucket or bucketless design.

Wheel trencher.

Wheel-typetrenchingmachinesareavailablewithmaximumcuttingdepths exceeding 8 ft, with trench widths varying from 12 in to 60 in. Many of them are available with 25 or more digging speeds.

Theexcavatingpartofamulti-buckettrencherconsistsofawheelonwhich are mounted a number of removable buckets equipped with cutting teeth. Themachineisoperatedbyloweringtherotatingwheeltothedesireddepth, while the unit moves forward slowly.The earth is pickedup bythe buckets and deposited onto an endless belt conveyor which can be adjusted to discharge the earth on either side of the trench.

The cutting elements (6 to 8 depending on the diameter) are placed around the wheel, and have the teeth which are more or less dense depending on thegroundtheywillencounter.Thesetoolscanbeeasilychangedmanually, andadjustedtoallowdifferent cuttingwidths onthesame wheel.The teeth are placed in a semi-spherical configuration to increase the removal of the materials from the trench. The teeth are made of high strength steel. When themachineisunderheavyuse,theteethmayneedtobereplacedfrequently, even daily.

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A wheel trencher without buckets or rockwheel is composed of a toothed metalwheel.Itcanworkinhardorsoftsoils.Itisalsousedtocutpavement for road maintenance and to gain access to utilities under roads. Due to its design the wheel mayreachvariable cuttingdepths with the sametool, and can keep a constant working angle with a relatively small wheel diameter (whichreducestheweight and thereforethepressure totheground, andthe height of the unit for transport).

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Chain trencher

The excavating part of a chain-type trenching machine consists of two endlesschainswhichtravelalongaroundedmetalframeoraboomtowhich are attached cutter buckets equipped with teeth. As the buckets travel up the underside of the boom they bring out earth and deposit it on a belt conveyor which discharges it along either side of the trench. By installing extensions to the boom and by adding more buckets or chain links, it is possible to dig trenches in excess of 30 ft deep with the large machines. Trench widths more than 12 ft may be dug.

A bucketless chain trencher with a digging chain can cut ground that is too hardtocutwithabucket-typeunit,andcanalsocutnarrowanddeeptrenches. Theangleoftheboomcanbeadjustedtocontrolthedepthofthecut.Tocut a trench,theboom isheldata fixed anglewhilethe machinecreeps slowly.

Micro trencher

Amicrotrencheris asmall rockwheelspeciallydesignedforworkinurban areas. It is fitted with a cutting wheel that cuts a microtrench with smaller dimensions than can be achieved with conventional trench digging equipment. The trench dimensions are widths ranging from about 30 mm to 130 mm, and a maximum depth of about 500 mm. These machines are sometimesradio-controlled.Withamicrotrencher,thestructureoftheroad is maintained and there is no associated damage to the road. Owing to the reducedtrenchsize,thevolumeofwastematerialexcavatedisalsoreduced. Microtrenchersareusedtominimizetrafficorpedestriandisturbanceduring network laying. They can work on sidewalks or in narrow streets of cities, and can cut harder ground than a chain trencher, including cutting through solidstone.Theyarealsousedtocutpavementforroadmaintenanceandto gain access to utilities under roads.

Portable trencher

Landscapersandlawncarespecialists mayuseaportabletrenchertoinstall landscape edging and irrigation lines. These machines are lightweight

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