Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words:

1.This craneis workingwithits jacksextendedto supportboththeshort outrigger base of 5.95m and the normal base of 8.20m depending on jobsite and traffic conditions.

2.Volvo’s new B-Series modelshaveTier4-Interimengines withpower andtorquecurvestomatchrequirementsofthetransmission,whether the company’s 8F/4R or 11F/6R configuration, both of which are direct-drive powershifts.

3.At the centre of this new model is the Sandvik CH440 cone crusher, which has been used in the most arduous (трудный, недоступный) static applications for over 50 years.

4.The systemis safe, forwhen thereamer (развёртка,инструмент для расширения скважин) has been attached, the only reason for personnel to be on the lower level is for removal of the spoil.

5.Proper lift equipment maintenance not only prolongs machine life, but it is also the first step toward keeping workers safe on the job.

6.Drill technology has advanced steadily since the 19th century.

7.Almost all vertical conveyors can be systematically integrated with horizontal conveyors, since both of these conveyor systems work in tandem to create a cohesive material handling assembly line.

8.Other safety features include automatic self-checking of the AWP’s working parts, including a voltmeter that detects if the lift has insufficient power to complete its tasks and preventing operation if supply voltage is insufficient.

9.Transfer dump trucks are typically seen in the western United States because of the peculiar weight restrictions on western highways.

10.TheTurnoverConveyorBeltSystem,incorporatinga half-twist,had theadvantageoverconventionalbelts ofalongerlifebecauseitcould expose all of its surface area to wear and tear.

11.TheCaterpillar797isuniqueforitssizeasitemploys adieselengine topoweramechanicalpowertraintypicalofmostroadgoingvehicles.

12.Due to educational efforts about the safetyof vacuum excavation, it is now being used in many states and municipalities, and is accepted as the preferred technology.

61

Exercise 3. Translate Text B without a dictionary:

Text B

IMPACT CRUSHERS

Horizontal shaft impactor (HSI) crushes rock by impacting the rock with hammersthatarefixedupontheouteredgeofaspinningrotor.HSImachines are sold in stationary, trailer mounted and crawler mountedconfigurations. HSIs are used in recyclinghard rock and soft materials. In earlieryears the practical use of HSI crushers was limitedto soft materials and nonabrasive materials, such as limestone, phosphate, gypsum, etc. However, improvementsinmetallurgyhavechangedtheapplicationofthesemachines. Vertical shaft impactor (VSI) uses a different approach involving a high speed rotor with wear resistant tips and a crushing chamber designed to ‘throw’therockagainst.TheVSIcrushersutilizevelocityratherthansurface force as the predominant force to break rock. In its natural state, rock has uneven surface. Applying pressure results in unpredictable and typically non-cubical resulting particles. Utilizing velocity rather than surface force allows the breaking force to be applied evenly both across the surface of the rock as well as through the mass of the rock. Rock of any size has natural fissures throughout its structure.As rock is thrown by a VSI Rotor, it breaks alongthese fissures. Final particlesize canbecontrolledby1)the velocityat which the rock is thrownand 2) the distancebetween the end of the rotor and the impact point. The product resulting from VSI crushing is generally of a consistent cubical shape such as that required by modern highwayasphaltapplications.Usingthismethodalsoallowsmaterialswith much higher abrasiveness to be crushed than is capable with an HSI and most other crushing methods.

VSI crushers generally utilize a high speed spinning rotor at the center of thecrushingchamberandanouterimpactsurfaceofeitherabrasiveresistant metal or crushed rock. VSI crushers can be used in static plant set-up or in mobile tracked equipment.

62

Exercise 4. Translate Text C with a dictionary and make grammar analysis:

Text C

MINERAL SIZERS

1.The basic concept of the mineral sizer is the use of two rotors with large teeth,onsmalldiametershafts,drivenatalowspeedbyadirecthightorque drivesystem.2.Thisdesignproducesthreemajorprincipleswhichallinteract when breaking materials using sizer technology. 3. The unique principles are the three-stage breaking action, the rotating screen effect, and the deep scroll tooth pattern.

4. The three-stage breaking action: initially, the material is gripped by the leading faces of opposed rotor teeth. 5. These subject the rock to multiple point loading, inducing stress into the material to exploit any natural weaknesses. 6.At the second stage, material is broken in tension by being subjected to a three point loading, applied between the front tooth faces on one rotor, and rear tooth faces on the other rotor. 7.Any lumps of material that still remain oversize, are broken as the rotors chop through the fixed teeth of the breaker bar, thereby achieving a three dimensional controlled product size.

8.The rotating screen effect: The interlaced toothed rotor design allows free flowing undersize material to pass through the continuously changing gaps generated by the relatively slow moving shafts.

9.Thedeep scrolltoothpattern:The deepscrollconveysthelargermaterial tooneendofthemachineandhelpstospreadthefeedacrossthefulllength of the rotors. 10. This feature can also be used to reject oversize material from the machine.

Notes:

size - сортировать по величине

1.Noun group; Participle II (function).

2.“S” (function); ing-forms.

3.Participle I (function); noun group.

4.Participle II (function).

5.Infinitive (function).

63

6.Gerund (function).

7.Subordinate clauses.

8.Complex Object.

9.Comparative degree; Infinitive (function).

10.Modal verb; Infinitive (function).

64

Unit 10

SUPPLEMENTARYREADING

MATERIALHANDLING

Whensomeonesays“Materialhandling,”youhavetowonderwhatthey’re talking about. It’s a confusing term that says nothing but means a lot. Everyone knows that every construction project involves some type of material handling function. On a site preparation job you could be moving trash, debris, brush trees, and earth. As the job progresses you could be installing sewers, roads, parking areas, footings, foundations, and a lot of other utilities.

Onbuildingsitesit’salwaysachallengetogetthematerials(steel,concrete panels, windows, etc.) to where they are needed when they are needed. It sounds simple enough but often it isn’t so. Travelling at the job site often poses challenges, let alone trying to run a lot of obstacles that commonly are inherent for a typical job site — any kind of job site.

Safety First

Safety is always a primary consideration when operating equipment. With materialhandlingequipmentthesafetyaspectsaremoreimportant,because once theload is upand inthe air,anyaccident willmean the loadis coming down...insomecasesinacontrolledlowering,in othercases outsideofall control. The results can be catastrophic.

Pre-startinspectionsarecriticalandshouldbeaccomplishedverycarefully. On all equipment the formula is simple: follow the manufacturer’s recommendedchecklist.Lookforcracks;missingorlooseparts;fluidleaks; missing, cracked or cloudy mirrors; broken, missing or burned out lights; cracked windshields; bad wiper blades ... in short, anything that could interfere with the safe, smooth operation of the machine.

•Check tire air pressure on rubber-tired machines. Be sure that all tires are properly inflated for the application. Make sure the tires are in good — no, make that excellent condition.

•Checktheoperatingfunctionsofallsystemsbeforemovingthemachine.

•Don’t give the material handling jobs to the newest man. It takes experience and know-how to manage and handle a load, not matter what it

65

is.Makecertain theoperatorknowsthemachine,howitoperates,its lifting or handling characteristics and its capacity limitation.

• Never exceed manufacturer’s load limits.

It’stooeasytomakemistakes whenmovingaroundthejobsite.It’salways better to be too cautious than even a little careless.

•And don’t forget to check the weather. High winds, lightning, sleet, rain, snow, and fog can all take a normally safe job site and turn it into a hazardous work zone.

•Remember that wearing proper uniform is as important as every other aspect of the job: hard hats, safety shoes, safety glasses when called for, gloves if necessary and safety harness when and where required.This isn’t thefull list of safetygear (принадлежности) you might need or use onthe job;thatwillvaryfromjobtojob.Ifyou’reindoubtaboutwhatisrequired, check with the jobsite safety director.

Let’s take a look at some of the equipment commonly used for material handling applications.

Excavators

Hydraulic excavators have become adaptable to many material handling applications due to quick coupler systems and a wide selection of attachments. Most excavator manufacturers have “material handler” configurations in both their crawler models and rubber-tired versions. The bigdifferenceisthereachwhichcanbeconsiderablygreater,thehydraulics and the operating weight. Several of the manufacturers offer moved-up cabs or tilt-back cabs. These machines are usually used in scrapor wastehandling applications and are usually equipped with grapples or magnets. Back to the standard excavator, most of the mid-size and larger hydraulic excavators have buckets equipped with lifting appliances. When you think abouthydraulicexcavators,rememberthatthisfamilyofmachinesincludes compactexcavators,mini-excavators,zero-tailswingmachines,andrubber- tired machines. Although not as popular in the U.S. as it is in Europe and Asia, the rubber-tired excavator is a very adaptable material handler. Put a highway-barrierclamp onawheeledexcavatorandseejusthowefficiently you can move and place otherwise troublesome barriers. Because of its mobility, a wheeled excavator can move about a job site or from one job sitetoanotherquicklyandquiteoftenwithouthavingtobemovedbytruck. Its versatility is limited only by your imagination.

66

Additionally, you can put a quick coupler on any of the excavators. This willenableyoutochangefromonetypeofbuckettoanotherwithoutleaving yourseat;orchangetoagrapple.Tryaclamshellbucketandseehowbroadly youhave expandedyourmaterialhandlingcapabilities. Inadditiontothese lifting-type attachments, there are other tools that can help you demolish buildings, crush concrete, pulverize pavement, and cut steel beams.

Telescopic Handlers

The variable reach type of forklift is the most common on the job site. It is marketedunderavarietyofdifferentnamessuchasshootingboomforklift, telehandler and material handler, and it is also available in a toolcarrier version. The term toolcarrier indicates that the machine is equipped with a quick coupler and has been engineered to handle a lot of attachments. This usually implies that the piece of equipment has been balanced to accommodate the additional weight of the coupler and attachments. It will also indicate that the machine has a higher performance hydraulic system. Telescopic handlers are excellent tools for loading and unloading flatbed trailersandforplacingloads severalstoriesup.Due totheirreach, theycan also place loads in difficult-to-reach places on the job site. Typically they come with forks, but most manufacturers offer a broad selection of attachments that make these machines versatile material handlers.

Several types of buckets are available including multipurpose buckets, general-purpose buckets, light material buckets, and others. As you can guess,thereareanynumberofforksandgrapplesavailable.Mostequipment manufacturers or attachment manufacturers can provide you with lifting hooks, truss jibs, material handling arms, and self-tipping hoppers. To complete the versatility package you can add a rotating or side-shifting carriage.

Thesemachinesareusedextensivelyinlandscapingoperations.Theirreach enables them to place loads in areas that would be difficult to reach by machine without damaging turf, flowerbeds, water treatments, or other similar landscaping arrangements.

Cranes

Cranes represent another family of material handlers that are common on many job sites. They are used for lifting and placing such things as heavy steelbeams,pre-stressedconcretesectionsforbuildingsorbridges,materials

67

and supplies to the upper stories of a high rise, unloading trucks, and a lot of other essential jobsite material handling tasks. For our purposes we will look at the basic types of cranes found on many job sites.

All Terrain Cranes

Allterraincraneshavebecomeaverypopularconstructiontool.Theyoffer thehighwaytravelspeedsofthetruckcraneandshareoff-roadcharacteristics withroughterraincranes.Multipleaxlesdistributetheload.Multipledriven axles provide traction to handle tough jobsite conditions, and multi-axle steeringprovidesaddedmaneuverability.Therearesuspensionoptionsthat can provide added off-road clearance and enhance driving characteristics, making a crane that is easyto travel on the road from job to job.All terrain cranes have been moving into areas traditionally held by truck-mounted androughterraincranes,pushingbothjustalittle.Capacityofthesemachines can reach 1,000 tons. Jib heights can be measured at over 600 feet and boom heights at 400 feet (plus or minus).

Rough Terrain Cranes

Even with the advances being made by all terrain cranes, rough terrain cranes remain the most widely used at the job site. They handle tough offroad conditions with four-wheel drive and with various types of steering formaneuverability.Theyare simple —a two-axle configuration and have only one cab from which the operator controls all functions.

They are relatively inexpensive in comparison to other types of cranes. Since they don’t have to travel at highway speeds, they don’t require the horsepowerordrivetraincomponents.Thetwo-axleconfigurationisanother major cost saver. Their biggest drawback comes from the fact that they have to be transported between jobs. Once on the job, they excel at pick- and-carryoperations.Theyareagoodeconomicinvestmentforacontractor whodoes a lot of lifting on thejob. Constructionis movingmore and more inthedirectionof“completeornearlycomplete”components as partofthe building process. Poured in place structures and tilt-up panels are only a couple of examples.

Typical units on job sites range from 30 tons to 70 tons with the largest unit in regularproductionhavinga100-toncapacity.Todayboomtopheightwillexceed 150feet, andjibtopheightwillreachbeyond200feet.Again,witheveryshow there are new cranes that constantly change the specification charts.

Truck Mounted Cranes

Truck mounted cranes sit on a commercial truck chassis. The truck engine is used to power the crane operation. Telescopic boom models perform the

68

same functions as all terrain and truck cranes although they are limited to ratings of about 40 tons, the limitation imposed by the commercial truck chassis itself.

These cranes may come with fixed operator control stations and cost less than an all terrain crane or truck crane. There are models where the cab swingswiththecrane.Anothervariationisanarticulatingboomunit;usually these are specialized horizontal boom units designed to load/unload the truck’s payload. They are normally not used as general-purpose cranes.

Truck cranes can travel safely at highway speeds. They use purpose-built carrierswithseparatecabsforthecarrierandcraneoperations.Thehydraulic boomunitsaredesignedforquicksetup.Thesmallerandmid-rangemodels generally carry boom, jib and counterweight on board. Some of the larger units may require separate transport arrangements to carry any additional counterweights or boom extensions.

Latticeboomtruckcranemodelsofferhighliftingcapacitiesandhookheights and are designed to handle the big lifting jobs. By their nature, lattice boom cranes require more setup time than hydraulic boom models do.

Truck mounted cranes are not as quick on rough underfoot conditions and shouldn’t be taken onto undeveloped job sites unless there are good roads and work platforms. Capacity for these machines exceeds 100 tons. There are some cranes that can reach heights over 200 feet when fitted witha jib.

Lattice Boom Cranes

Lattice boom cranes are both truck-mounted and crawler-mounted. With truck-mounted cranes, the crane’s upper structure is mounted on a truckstyle carrier, which can travel at highway speeds. Major sections of the craneusuallyhavetoberemovedandtransportedseparatelyonsomeofthe largerunits.Theadvantageovercrawlercranes,whichmustbedisassembled, is that the carrier is mobile and erection time is usually faster.

Crawler-mounted cranes are mounted on car bodies and are propelled on tracks. This design gives superior on-site mobility and lifting capacities. Crawler cranes are not easily transported and require considerable setup time.All of the modular components of a crawler crane have to be moved by trucks.

Crawler cranes do offer a great deal of versatility, particularly for heavy liftsorlong-termliftingprojects.Frompick-and-carrycapabilitiestoheavy duty or severe duty applications, such as pile driving and dragline, crawler cranes offer a great deal of application versatility.

69

Choosing a specific crane is typically based on job requirements.Alattice craneistypicallythebestchoicewhenthejobrequireslong,verticalreaches, significantlylargelifts,orlong-termwork.Bothtruckandcrawler-mounted latticeboom cranes arewelladapted forliftingandmovinglarge quantities of steel, constructing large tilt-up concrete panels, and for making very high and far-reaching picks. The design of lattice booms is inherently stronger and more stable at greater distances than telescopic boom cranes, plus lattice boom cranes utilize larger-diameter wire rope, requiring fewer parts of line for faster line speeds. Typically, a lattice crane has higher capacity picks at a nominal base capacity unit, making a 100-ton capacity lattice crane outperform a 200-ton capacity telescopic crane.

The Hydraulic-Crawler-Mounted Crane is the latest innovation in crane design and technology. It is available as a telescopic or lattice boom crane mounted on a crawler excavator carrier and offers yet more versatility in your choice of lifting device.

In the final analysis, determining which crane to use for which job comes down to the same parameter we applyto any equipment selection:What is the application? For cranes, the main application considerations are how high do you have to lift the load, how far out must it be placed and what does it weigh? The bulk of the loadcan also be a factorin that a bulky load mayrequire a largercrane to handle physical dimensions in order to obtain lift height required at a given radius.

Other considerations include the terrain and if the crane will be working on-oroff-road,pick-and-carryconsiderations,singleorrepetitivelifts,travel time and distance, andotherfactors. Cost considerations also enterintothe equation and will be viewed differently depending on the end user.

Please note that we haven’tmentioned towercranes.These liftingwonders are extremely popular in Europe and are becoming more popular in major metropolitanareas.Bigcitiesdon’thave theroomforlarge-capacitycranes on the ground over extended periods.This is where the tower crane excels. Ithasarelativelysmallbaseandcanbeerectedtounbelievable heightsand has tremendous lifting capacity. Today’s technology has added to the functionality of tower cranes so that even though it is fixed in one place, it has the ability to cover a lot of ground.

If you have a job in a downtown area, you may want to investigate the advantages that a tower crane might offer.

70