Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие

Unit 8

Grammar: Functions of “that” and “one”

Text A

ASPHALT PAVER

Part I

The main objective of an asphalt paver is to lay a smooth, level, and well compactedmatofasphalt.Togainthatobjectiveapaverneedsthefollowing basic units: 1) a hopperto receive a continuous supply of material, 2)flight feeders thattransferthe materialto thedistributingscrew conveyorsacross thefrontofcompactingand4)fullyindependentfloatingscreed;thewhole unitbeingpoweredbyanengine.Thefloatingscreedis hingedtotheleveling arm which is fastened to the screed tow points on the rollers of the tractor unit. When the screed tow points reproduce the road roughness, the screed itself moves smoothly.

Numerous electronic andhydraulicsensorsystems are usedon pavers with the purpose of disassociating the screed from undesirable vertical motions of the traction unit as it moves over the surface to be paved.

Thescreed could provide sufficient compactionof the material if the paver speeds were slow, but higher ones are demandedin practice for increasing production rates.Therefore the use of some extra form of compaction such as a road roller is necessary.

It is important to realize that a satisfactory asphalt mat is the result of the carefulbalanceofvariousforcesorconditionssuchasanunvaryingforward speed of the paver, a continuous supply of a consistent mix, a uniform distribution of the material across the front of the screed, the weight of the screed, etc. In order not to upset the balance of forces there is perfect mechanical and electronic equipment and some automatic control.

Part II

Six new tracked asphalt pavers, with a working width from 2 m to 14 m have been introduced by Dynapac. The most remarkable features of those are the slidingoperatorґs platform and the safe-impact-system asanoption forimprovedandsafedockingof atruck.Thatall pavershavetheoptionof largerandwiderhoppers,widerconveyorsandslimmeraugerdrives, leads

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to a smooth material transportation through the paver with less segregation andexcellentpavingresults.Dynapacintroducesalargenumberoffeatures to the new F-series and SD-series to make service and maintenance quick andeasy,ensuringmaximumavailabilityof thepaverswithlessdowntime. Service is made simple by many effective designs, such as concentrating pumpstooneside.Thetotalnumberofhydrauliccouplingshasbeenreduced significantly. This also reduces the risk of leaks.

Designed for high productivity on demanding city roads and highways, two new medium class, tracked pavers – the SD115C and SD135C – offer maximizedoperator efficiency, highlaydownproduction ratesofupto750 t/h, increased fuel efficiency and reduced engine and fan noise. The new tracked pavers offer a basic width of 2.50 – 3 m depending on the model and mode which, when equipped with the hydraulic extendable screeds, provide a working width of up to 6 m. This can be increased further with extension boxes to 8 – 10 m, again, depending on the model.

To offer increased operator comfort and efficiency, the driver’s seat can be easilyturned45є, providingthedriver withanexcellentunobstructed view intothehopper,theaugercompartment,screed,laneindicatorandunloading lorry, withoutturninghis head. Onecaneasilyslide, pivot and lockseats in everyposition.Featuringanewlydevelopedcontrolpanel,allfunctionkeys are arranged according to the function group and frequency of operation, i.e.frequently-usedfunctions,often-usedandseldom-usedones.Allbuttons are raised and waterproofed, allowing safe operation even without the operator needing to look at the keyboard.

The new SD Series retains many well proven features of Dynapac pavers such as the auger with a smaller inner drive unit ensuring no material segregation. Other features include the patented screed system with four guiding tubes, excellent traction even on unbound surfaces and no reinforcement of the screed.

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Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.What is the main objective of the paver?

2.What basic parts does the paver need to do its work?

3.What are electronic and hydraulic systems used for?

4.How can sufficient compaction be provided?

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5.What factors are necessary for producing a satisfactory asphalt mat?

6.WhatarethemostremarkablefeaturesofnewDinapactrackedasphalt pavers?

7.How is service and maintenance made quick and easy on new F and SD series?

8.How can operator comfort and efficiency be increased?

9.WhatwellprovenfeaturesofDynapacpaversdoesthenewSDSeries retain?

Exercise 2.Analyze the functions of the words underlined in TextA.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of “one’ and “that”:

1.Two boom types in one concrete pump give contractors maneuverability and compact travel.

2.The company’s RZ boom design combines the Roll and Fold boom withaZ-fold one tooffera five-sectionunitwith918 degrees of total articulation.

3.Thosesmall andportable drillingrigs are usedin mineral exploration drilling.

4.Onecandoinfrastructurework,lightcommercialprojectsandbridges using this type of a paver.

5.The smoothness specifications in today’s contracts require that the paving process should be as continuous as possible to eliminate the stopsandstartsthatcansoeasilyjeopardize(подвергатьопасности) the level mat surface.

6.In fact, that requirement may influence the practical definition of a “highway class” paver.

7.Thatthesystemcombinesalasersensorwithanultrasonicsensorand tilt control improves the efficiency of asphalt pavers.

8.Among the newest types of control systems are non-contacting ones that can measure the distance to a grade reference with lasers and sonic sensors.

9.Some of the greatest advances in recent years have been not in the design of the paver but in that of its control systems that monitor grade and slope.

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10.Thatrubber-tiredmachineshavebeenpreferredforresurfacingwork is due to the fact that they are less inclined to damage existing road surfaces.

11.The average consumption of fuel per hour is significantly less than that of comparable competitors’ machines.

12.The advantage of direct push technology is that in the right soil type itcanproducealargenumberofhighqualitysamplesquicklyandcheaply.

13.It is because of deviation (отклонение) that drill holes must be surveyed.

Exercise4.TranslateTextBwithoutadictionaryandmakequestionto the text:

Text B

VOGELE SUPER 700ASPHALT PAVER

The 11,700-pound Super 700 asphalt paver from Vogele is a compact machine with a track of 3 feet 7 inches and clearance width of 4 feet. The electrically heated screed paves widths from 20 inches to 10 feet 6 inches. The screed allows paving up to within 2 inches of obstacles such as walls, trees,andcurbs.Eachpartofthe5.5-tonhoppercanberaisedindependently, and there are three individual, reversible drives for the conveyor and each auger.TheSuper700ispoweredbyaliquid-cooledDeutzdieselratedat57 horsepower. Schwing’s new S 43 SX pump is the first one to utilize two boomtypesinonemachine.Thetwoboomdesignstogetheroffermaximum boom maneuverabilitywith a compacttravel position. Operators have a lot of options for placement concrete up to 138 feet 8 inches vertically, and 125 feet horizontally. The reach and the relatively low profile mean the pumpcanworkabout 140feetawayfromthepourarea andbelowfloorsor obstacles above. A slewing range of 740 degrees adapts to many job site requirements. Its pipeline is 5 inches. Schwing’s Super X outriggers are designedtobecompact,withafastset-uptime.Thesecurvedfrontoutriggers telescope out and around obstacles, allowing placement of the pump as close to the pour area as possible. The S 43 SX requires a 27-foot 1-inch outrigger spread (the spread is the same, front and rear) for maximum stability. The standard Schwing Vector Control features twin joysticks for proportional boomcontrolandaccuracy. Inaddition,Vectorisalso the only

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systemprovidingtwo-waycommunicationbetweenthepumpandoperator. Here’s how it works: a display on the remote box informs the operator of operational conditions, including: hydraulic pressure; PTO rpm; strokes per minute; hydraulic oil temperature; and hopper grate status. The “Generation 3” concrete pump is a low-maintenance, 213-cubic-yard-per- hour unit that provides long action. An open circuit design provides continuoushydraulicoilflowforfuelefficiency,filtrationandcooling.The S 43 SX candoinfrastructure work,lightcommercial projects andbridges. Inconjunctionwiththe5-inchpipeline,contractorscanperformhigh-volume pours orprovide a slowdelivery withinfinite volume control.A160-gallon water tank on the unit helps with clean-up at the yard or on the job site.

Exercise 6. Translate Text C with a dictionary and make grammar analysis:

Text C

ASPHALT MILLING MACHINES

1.Asphalt millingmachines have been aroundfor over30years. 2.Asphalt milling is the process of grinding up asphalt that can then be recycled. 3. Theprocesscameaboutbecausemanystreetsweregettinghigherandhigher on curbs, and therefore drainage of the roadway was becoming an increasingly bad problem. 4. The first production milling machines were called Galions after their manufacturer, Galion IronWorks, and resembled graders in shape and size. 5. They differed as there was a 30-inch-wide (760 mm) milling head where the scraper blade would normally be. 6.The cutter drum was set into action by a rather large hydraulic pump.

7.Today’sasphaltmachinesaremuchlargerandtheyalsohaveanelaborate conveyor system which reduces the labour of picking up the material from theroadway.8.Withmanynewtypesofasphaltaggregatesinusetodaythe asphalt cold milling machines are often used. 9. These new production machines are designed to tackle any mix design. 10. Some of the larger

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machines,dependingon the depthof the cut,can cut close to15,000square yards (13,000 m2) a day, at 75 feet per minute.

11.A cold planer (also known as a pavement planer, pavement recycler, asphalt milling machine or roto-mill) is a construction machine used to removebituminouspavementorasphaltconcretefromroadways,resulting inasomewhatrough,evensurfacethatcanbeimmediatelyopenedtotraffic.

12.This is accomplished by bringing a rotating mandrel or “head” into contact with the pavement at an exact depth or slope. 13. The mandrel has hundreds of hardened spikes on its surface to bite and tear away at the roadway’ssurface.14.Thesurfacematerialthatisremovedisnormallyfed by conveyor into a dump truck or semi-trailer, but can be left in place or windrowed to be removed at a later date or recycled. 15. A water spray system provides cooling for the mandrel, as well as dust management.

16.An asphalt milling machine being a complex unit, operating it requires specialized training. 17. Typically newer machines require two or more people to operate them safely and efficiently, the operator standing on the deckofthemachineandcontrollingmostof themachine’s functions,while another persononthegroundcontrolsthedepthofthe cutandkeepsaneye out for obstructions in the roadway such as manholes and/or water valves.

1.Predicate (tense).

2.Gerund (function); “be” (function).

3.Participle I (function); Comparative degree.

4.Ed-forms.

5.“Would” (function).

6.Noun group; Participle II (function).

7.“S” (function); ing-form.

8.Noun group; ing-form.

9.Noun groups.

10.Comparative degree; modal verb.

11.Participle I, II (function).

12.Ing-forms.

13.Infinitive (function); “-‘s” (meaning).

14.Passive Voice.

15.Noun groups; Gerund (function).

16.Absolute Participle Construction; gerund (function).

17.Infinitive (function); Absolute Participle Construction; adverbs;

Possessive case.

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Unit 9

Grammar: Polysemantic Words.

Text A

CRUSHER

Part I

A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock dust. Crushing devices hold material between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed.

Crushers are commonly classified by the degree to which they crush the starting material. Primary and secondary crushers handle coarse materials, tertiaryandquaternarycrushersreducingparticlestofinergradations.Each crusher is designed to work with a certain maximum size of raw material, andoftendeliversitsoutput toa screeningmachinewhichsorts anddirects the product for further processing. Typically, crushing stages are followed by milling stages if the materials need to be further reduced.

In operation, the raw material of various sizes is usually delivered to the primarycrusher’shopperbydumptrucks, excavators or wheeledfront-end loaders.Afeederdevicesuchasanapronfeeder,conveyororvibratinggrid controlstherateatwhichthismaterialentersthecrusher,andoftencontains a preliminaryscreeningdevicewhichallowssmallermaterialtobypassthe crusher itself, thus improving efficiency.

Some crushers are mobile and can crush rocks as large as 60 inches. These units are able to move with the large feeding machines (mainly shovels) to increase the tonnage produced. In a mobile road operation, these crushed rocks are directly combined with concrete and asphalt which are then deposited on to a road surface. This removes the need for hauling oversized material to a stationary crusher and then back to the road surface.

Part II

There are several types of crushers Jaw crusher

A jaw or toggle crusher consists of a set of vertical jaws, one jaw being fixed and the other being moved back and forth relative to it by a cam or pitmanmechanism.The jaws are fartherapartatthe topthanat the bottom,

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forming a tapered chute so that the material is crushed smaller and smaller as it travels downward until it is small enough to escape from the bottom opening. The movement of the jaw can be quite small, since complete crushing is not performed in one stroke.

Single and double toggle jaw crushers are constructed of heavy duty plate frames with reinforcing ribs throughout.

Gyratory crusher

Agyratorycrusherissimilarinbasicconcepttoajawcrusher,consistingof a concave surface and a conical head. The inner cone has a slight circular movement, but does not rotate; the movement is generated by an eccentric arrangement.

Gyratory crushers can be used for primary or secondary crushing. The crushing action is caused by the closing of the gap between the mantle mounted on the central vertical spindle and the concave liners mounted on the main frame of the crusher.

Cone crusher

A cone crusher is similar in operation to a gyratory crusher, with less steepnessinthecrushingchamberandmoreparallelzonebetweencrushing zones. A cone crusher breaks rock by squeezing the rock between an eccentricallygyratingspindle,whichiscovered bya wearresistantmantle, andthe concave hopper.Acone crusheris suitable forcrushinga variety of mid-hardandabovemid-hardoresandrocks.Ithastheadvantageofreliable construction,highproductivity,easyadjustmentandloweroperationalcosts. The spring release system of a cone crusher acts as an overload protection. Impact crusher

Impact crushers use impact rather than pressure to crush material. The material is contained within a cage, with openings on the bottom, end, or side of the desired size to allow pulverized material to escape. There are two types of impact crushers: horizontal shaft impactor and vertical shaft impactor.

Active Vocabulary:

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Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.What are the crushers used for?

2.How do crushing devices accomplish their function?

3.How are crushers classified?

4.What device controls the rate of feeding the material to the crusher?

5.What features do mobile crushers have?

6.What types of crushers are there?

7.What does a jaw crusher consist of?

8.What is the crushing action of a gyratory unit caused by?

9.What is the advantage of a cone crusher?

10.What do impact crushers use to crush materials?

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