Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие

Unit 4

Grammar: Functions of “to be” and “to have”; edforms.

Text A

DRLLING RIG

Part I

A drilling rig is a machine which is used to create holes in the ground. Drillingrigscanbemassivestructureshousingequipmentusedtodrillwater wells,oilwells,ornaturalgasextractionwells,ortheycanbesmallenough to be moved manually byone person. They have been used to sample subsurfacemineraldeposits,testrock,soilandgroundwaterphysicalproperties, and also can be used to install sub-surface facilities, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipmentmounted ontrucks, tracksortrailers, ormorepermanentlandor marine-based structures The term “rig” therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the Earth’s crust.

Portabletrailermounteddrillingrigs havedrillratingsfrom 300to 800 feet (91 to 240 m) depending on mud pump flow and pressure ratings. Other, heavier, truck rigs being more complicated, more skill is required to run them. They are also more difficult to handle safely because they have the longer 20 to 30 foot (6.1 to 9.1m) drill pipe. Large truck rigs alsorequire a much higher overhead clearance to operate. Large truck drills have to use over 150 US gallons (570 l) or more of fuel per day, while the smaller portable drills are using a mere 5 to 20 US gallons (19 to 76 l) of fuel per day. Therefore smaller, more portable rigs are to be preferred in remote or hard-to-reach places, and they are more cost effective in this new era of high fuel prices.

There are many types and designs of drilling rigs, with many drilling rigs capable of combining different drilling technologies as needed. Drilling rigs can be described by power used as follows:

•Mechanical — the rig uses torque converters, clutches, and transmissions powered by its own engines, often diesel.

•Electric—themajoritemsofmachineryaredrivenbyelectricmotors, usually with power generated on-site using internal combustion engines.

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•Hydraulic — the rig primarily uses hydraulic power. •Pneumatic — the rig is primarily powered by pressurized air.

•Steam — the rig uses steam-powered engines and pumps (obsolete after middle of 20th Century).

By method of rotation or drilling method the units are divided into the following types:

•No-rotation type includes direct push rigs and most service rigs.

•Rotary table — rotation is achieved by turning a square or hexagonal pipe at drill floor level.

•Top drive — rotation and circulation is done at the top of the drill string, on a motor that moves in a track along the derrick.

•Sonic — uses primarily vibratory energy to advance the drill string.

•Hammer — uses rotation and percussive force.

Part II

Drill technology has advanced steadily since the 19th century. There are various drill mechanisms which can be used to sink a borehole into the ground.Eachhasits advantages anddisadvantages,intermsofthedepthto which it can drill, the type of sample returned, the costs involved and penetration rates achieved. There are different types of drilling.

Auger drilling is done with a helical screw which is driven into the ground with rotation; the earth is lifted up the borehole by the blade of the screw. Hollow stem auger drilling is used for softer ground. Solid flight augers/ bucketaugers areusedinhardergroundconstructiondrilling.Smallaugers can be mounted on the back of a utility truck, with large augers used for sinkingpilesforbridgefoundations.Augerdrillingisrestrictedtogenerally soft unconsolidated material or weak weathered rock. It is cheap and fast.

Percussion rotary air blast drilling (RAB) uses a pneumatic reciprocating piston-driven“hammer”toenergeticallydriveaheavydrillbitintotherock. Thedrillbitishollow,solidsteelandhasapproximately20mmthicktungsten rods protruding from the steel matrix as “buttons”. The tungsten buttons are the cutting face of the bit. The use of high-powered air compressors, which push 900-1150 cfm of air at 300-350 psi down the hole also ensures drilling of a deeper hole up to approximately 1250 m.

Air core drilling and relatedmethods usehardenedsteel ortungstenblades to bore a hole into unconsolidated ground. The drill bit has three blades

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arranged around the bit head, which cut the unconsolidated ground. The rods are hollow and contain an inner tube which is inside the hollow outer rod barrel.Air core drilling can achieve depths approaching 300 meters in good conditions.

Reverse circulation (RC) drilling is similar to air core drilling, the drill cuttings beingreturnedtosurface insidethe rods. RCdrillingutilizes much larger rigs and machinery and depths of up to 500 metres are achieved. RC drilling is slower and costlier but achieves better penetration than RAB or air core drilling.

Sonic (vibratory) drilling works by sending high frequency resonant vibrations down the drill string to the drill bit, while the operator controls these frequencies to suit the specific conditions of the soil/rock geology. Vibrations may also be generated within the drill head. The frequency is generally between 50 and 120 hertz (cycles per second) and can be varied by the operator.

drill string (drill pipe) - бурильная колонна, бурильная труба

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Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.What is a drilling rig used for?

2.What can mobile drilling equipment be mounted on?

3.What are the characteristic features of large truck rigs?

4.Where are portable rigs preferred?

5.What kind of power can drilling rigs use?

6.What main types are the units divided into by method of rotation?

7.What are the main types of drilling?

8.What kind of ground is auger drilling used for?

9.What drill bit is used in percussion rotary air blast drilling?

10.What method is used to bore a hole into unconsolidated ground?

11.How does reverse circulation drilling differ from air core drilling?

12.How does sonic drilling work?

Exercise 2. Define the functions of the verbs “to be” and “to have” underlined in TextA.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of ed-forms:

1.Reverse circulation is achieved by blowing air down the rods.

2.Direct push rigs aretypically limited todrillingin unconsolidated soil.

3.Rigs have achieved production rates of up to 250-300 metres per day.

4.This drilling technology produced a large number of high quality samples.

5.Research includes technologies based on the utilization of water jet.

6.This method has replaced conventional drilling.

7.Thecuttingspassthroughthesampleseparatingsystemandarecollected if needed.

8.Contractors preferred air core drilling.

9.When lifted, the trapdoor closes and the cuttings are then raised and removed.

Exercise 4. Translate Text B without a dictionary and answer the questions:

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Text B

LIMITS OFTHE TECHNOLOGY

Drill technology has advanced constantlysince the 19th century. However, there are several basic limiting factors which will determine the depth to which a bore hole can be sunk.All holes must maintain outer diameter;the diameterof thehole must remain widerthan the diameterof the rods orthe rods cannot turn in the hole and progress cannot continue. Friction caused by the drilling operation will reduce the outside diameter of the drill bit. Casing is simply a hollow sheath which protects the hole against collapse during drilling, and is made of metal or PVC (polyvinyl chloride).

For percussion techniques, the main limitation is air pressure. Air must be deliveredtothepistonatsufficientpressuretoactivatethereciprocatingaction, and in turn drive the head into the rock with sufficient strength to break and pulverizeit.Withdepth, volumeis added tothe in-rodstring, requiringlarger compressors to achieve operational pressures. Groundwater increases in pressure with depth in the ground. The air inside the rod string must be pressurized enough to overcome this water pressure at the bit face. Then, the air must be able to carry the rock fragments to surface.This is why depths in excess of 500 m for reverse circulation drilling are rarely achieved.

Diamond drillingcanachieve depths in excess of 1200 m. Extreme depths have been achieved, because there is no requirement to overcome water pressure.However,circulationmustbemaintainedtoreturnthedrillcuttings to surface, and more importantly to maintaincoolingand lubricationof the cutting surface. Without sufficient lubrication and cooling, the matrix of the drill bit will soften. While diamond is the hardest substance known, it must remain firmly in the matrix to achieve cutting.

Research of new drilling technologies includes technologies based on the utilization of water jet, chemical plasma, hydrothermal spallation or laser. Utilization of high energeticelectrical plasmacanbe veryeffectivein deep drilling applications. This approach has potential to replace conventional drilling technologies. It would be able to produce boreholes with large constant diameters without frequent replacement of the drill bits.

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1.How long has drill technology been advanced?

2.What limiting factors will determine the depth of drilling?

3.What is the casing made of?

4.What factor is the most important for percussion techniques?

5.Why can extreme depths be achieved by diamond drilling?

6.What does the research of new drilling technologies include?

Exercise 5. Translate Text C with a dictionary and make grammar analysis:

Text C

CASAGRANDE UPDATES ITS C6 CRAWLER RIG

1.ThenewC6XPhydrauliccrawlerdrillrighasbeendesignedasacompact, sturdy and versatile unit for operating in micro-piles, anchorages and jet groutingapplications.2.Beingavailableinbothmanualhydraulicandradiocontrolled version, the new C6 XP is equipped with a ‘full load sensing’ hydraulic system which allows a reduction in fuel consumptions of up to 25%. 3. The mast is fitted with improved jointing that allows work to be carried out at zero distance from a perpendicular wall (i.e. front of the wall drilling). 4. Furthermore, the machine has been equipped with new sliding lattice extensions that can reach a depth of 18m in jet grouting mode. 5.A Double Rotary head (H800 – T14EP/T20EP/T2500) can also be fitted as wellastheHB50ArotopercussionDrifter.6.Amongthemanynewfeatures there are the innovative and improved hydraulic control console and the 7 inch display control panel with logic management functions. 7. The rig is powered by a Deutz TCD 2012 engine with a power rating of 95 kW at 2300 rpms. 8. Casagrande has paid particular attention to noise emissions and to providing a sound-proofed bonnet which reduces noise emissions byhalfcomparedtopreviousmodels.9. ThenewC6XParticulationsystem allowsthemostextremeanddemandingpositionstobereached.10.Standard with vertical drilling and immediate articulation allows the drilling head to be set in a horizontal position, improved mast guides reduce friction and visibility is improved while work is carried out.

1.Noun group; Predicate (tense); ing-forms.

2.Participle I (function); Passive Voice; both…and (translation).

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3.Participle II (function); Infinitive Construction.

4.Has (function); that (function).

5.Modal verb.

6.Noun groups.

7.Conversion.

8.Participle II (function); meaning of “s”.

9.Superlative degree; Infinitive (form and function).

10.Words with suffixes (parts of speech).

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Unit 5

Grammar: Ing-forms.

Text A

AERIALWORK PLATFORM

Part I

Anaerialworkplatform(AWP),alsoknownasanaerialdeviceorelevating work platform (EWP), is a mechanical device used to provide temporary accessforpeopleorequipmenttoinaccessibleareas,usuallyatheight.They aregenerallyusedforpurposessuchasmaintenanceandconstructionwork. Theyaredesignedtoliftlimitedweights—usuallylessthanaton,although somehavea highersafe workingloaddistinguishingthemfrom most types of cranes.Theyare usuallycapableof beingsetupandoperatedbyasingle person.

Regardless of the tasktheyare usedfor,aerialworkplatforms mayprovide additional features beyond transport and access, including being equipped with electrical outlets or compressed air connectors for power tools.

There are several distinct types of aerial work platforms, which all have specific features which make them more or less desirable for different applications. The key difference is in the drive mechanism which propels the working platform to the desired location. Most are powered by either hydraulics or possibly pneumatics.

Aerialdeviceswereonceexclusivelyoperatedbyhydraulicpistons,powered bydiesel orgasoline motors on the base unit.Aerial devicesare the closest in appearance to a crane consisting of a number of jointed sections, which canbe controlled to extend the lift in a number of different directions.This type of AWP is now widely used for maintenance and construction of all types. Some articulated lifts are limited to only the distance accessible by the length of each boom arm, however, by the use of telescoping sections, therangecanbegreatlyincreased.Somelargehydraulicplatformsmounted on a lorrycanreachheights of over100metres.The majorityof articulated liftsrequireawidesupportivebasetooperatesafely,andmostmodelshave extending legs/struts to help accomplish this.

Ascissorliftisatypeofplatformthatcanusuallyonlymovevertically.The mechanism to achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a crisscross “X” pattern, known as a scissor mechanism. The upward motion is

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achieved by the application of pressure to the outside of the lowest set of supports, elongatingthe crossingpattern, and propellingthe work platform vertically.Theplatformmayalsohaveanextending“bridge”toallowcloser access to the work area.

Part II

Motive mechanisms

AWPs, by their nature, are designed for temporary works and therefore frequently require transportation between sites, or simply around a single site. For this reason, they are almost all designed for easy movement.

UnpoweredAWPs, usuallysmaller units,have no motive drive and require external force to move them. Depending on size and whether they are wheeledorotherwisesupported,thismaybepossiblebyhand,ormayrequire a vehicle for towing or transport. Small non-powered AWPs can be light enough to be transported in a pickup truck bed, and can usually be moved through a standard doorway.

Self-propelledunitsareabletodrivethemselves(onwheelsortracks)around a site (they usually require to be transported to a site, for reasons of safety and economy). In some instances, these units will be able to move whilst the job is in progress, although this is not possible on units which require secureoutriggers,andthereforemost commononthescissorlifttypes.The power can be almost any form of standard mechanical drive system, includingelectricorgasolinepowered,orinsomecases,ahybrid(especially where it may be used both inside and outside).

Vehicle-mounted unit is mounted on a vehicle, usually a truck, or it can be mounted on a flat back pick up van. This vehicle provides mobility, and mayalsohelpstabilizetheunit—thoughoutriggerstabilizersarestilltypical, especially as vehicle-mountedAWPs are amongst the largest of their kind. Thevehiclemayalsoincreasefunctionalitybyservingasmobileworkshop or store.

Control

Thepowerassisteddrive(iffitted)andliftfunctionsofanAWParecontrolled byan operator, who canbe situatedeither on the work platform itself, or at a control panel at the base of the unit. Some models are fitted with a panel at both locations or with a remote control, giving operator a choice of position.Acontrol panel at the base can also function as a safety feature if

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for any reason the operator is at height and becomes unable to operate his controls.Even modelsnotfittedwith acontrolpanel atthe base are usually fittedwithanemergencyswitchofsomesort,whichallowsmanuallowering of the lift (usually by the release of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure) in the event of an emergency or power failure.

Controls vary by model, but are frequently either buttons or a joystick, the type and complexity of these depending on the functions the platform is able to perform.

Active Vocabulary:

Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.What purposes areAWPs used for?

2.What additional features may anAWP provide?

3.What types ofAWPs are there?

4.How canAWPs be powered?

5.What do articulated lifts usually require?

6.How is upward motion of a scissor lift achieved?

7.Why doAWPs use different motive mechanisms?

8.When can a control panel at the base function as a safety feature?

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