Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие

(around 200 pounds) and are easily maneuverable comparedto other types of trenchers. The cutting implement may be a chain or a blade similar to a rotary lawn mower blade oriented so that it rotates in a vertical plane.

Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.What is a trencher used for?

2.What does the use of different digging implements depend on?

3.What types of trenchers are there?

4.How many cutting elements do the wheel trenchers have?

5.What is the angle of the chain trencher boom changed for?

6.How can the excavated material be removed?

7.Where can a micro trencher work?

8.How much does a portable trencher weigh?

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Exercise2.Translatethefollowingsentencespayingattentiontomodal verbs:

1.Trenchers must be handled with extreme care.

2.A wheel trencher will be able to work both in hard and soft soils.

3.The wheel of a trencher may reach various cutting depths.

4.The tools can be easily changed manually.

5.The teeth of a cutting memberare to be made of highstrengthsteel.

6.When the machine is much used, the teeth have to be replaced very often.

7.Wheel trenchers may be mounted on tracks or rubber tyres.

8.The type of a trenching machine should be chosen according to the site conditions.

9.Selecting a trench excavation method one must take into account the type of soil.

10.A trencher was combined with a drainage pipe feeder unit and a backfillersothedraincouldbeplacedandthe trench couldbefilled in one pass.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined words:

1.Trenchers may range in size from attachments for a tractor to very heavy tracked equipment.

2.The range of the trench widths is from 30mm to 130mm.

3.The unit was used to trench for large diameter water pipes.

4.With a micro trencher there is no damage to the road.

5.Heavy tracks can damage the pavement.

6.Theangle ofthe boom can beadjusted tocontrolthe depthof the cut.

7.Precise control is necessary to cut trenches in confined areas.

8.The teeth are placed ina semi-spherical configuration to increase the removal of the material.

9.The increase in productivity is very important.

10.The place should be cleaned before the work starts.

Exercise 4. Translate Text B without a dictionary and answer the questions:

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Text B

DITCH WITCH RT80 TRENCHER

RT80trencherisnowavailableinQuadtrackconfiguration,whichfeatures a three-speed ground drive. Heavy-duty undercarriage and components includeaxlecapacityof39,000poundsstaticloadratingandbreakoutforce of30,742pounds.Trackframespivotabouttheaxle’scenterlineforstability, especiallyinmuddyconditionsorwhenapplyinghightorquetopullthrough hard ground. The trencher has an 83-horsepower engine.

Standard features include rear steering, which helps to improve maneuverability on tight job sites, and cruise control, which enables the operator to maintain optimal digging performance regardless of ground conditions.

Replacing the RT560 with 51 horsepower, the RT600 trencher provides 65 horsepowerwithits3.3-literTier4-ICumminsdiesel.RTX150walk-behind trencher has a 20-horsepower Kohler gas engine and digs to 36 inches. Machine can use tires or tracks, and tracks oscillate up to 20 degrees for traction on unevenground.VermeerVZsteeringsystemallows steeringby applying light pressure to the handlebars, which eliminates the need for additional steering levels or wheels at the operator’s station. Zero-turning radius will counter rotate from a stationary position.

1.What configuration is RT80 trencher available in?

2.How many speeds does the drive have?

3.When is stability especially important?

4.What is the capacity of the engine?

5.What do standard trencher features include?

6.What running gear can machine use?

7.How is the need for additional steering levels eliminated?

Exercise 5. Translate Text C with a dictionary and make grammar analysis:

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Text C

IMPROVEMENTS IN TRENCHING MACHINES

1. Over the past 10 years, the utility industry has been so attracted by the rapidly developing directional-boring business that it may have been easy tooverlooksteadyimprovementsmadeinsmalltrenchers.2.Astheeconomy hasbeenthereasonforchoosingtrenchlessmethods,trenchermanufacturers have reacted by bringing some important changes to the trencher drives in less-than-100-horsepower machines.

3.The most effective, recentchanges intrencherspecifications involve the drive system that turns the chain. 4.The secret to trencher productivityand durability is matching the chain speed to the soil conditions and ground speed. 5. Most ground drives are hydrostatic or hydraulic, both of which offer infinitely variable ground speeds.

6.The industry started with mechanical drives to transmit power from the enginetothetrencherchain,buthydrostaticdriveshavegainedinpopularity.

7.Of the 53 models of chain trenchers currently available with under-100- hpengines,19arehydrostatic.8.Variablespeedwithconstantpoweroutput is themain advantage which allows the operator to improve chain speed to match conditions.

9.The flexibilityof transmittingdrive powerthroughhydraulic fluidoffers the ability to build machines with sliding offsets, so the trencher bar can shift left or right to reach out near the machine’s edge.

10.Hydraulic drives, of course, use a pump and motor to transmit power, buttheyuseanopen-loopsystemwherehydraulicfluiddrainstothereservoir after leaving the motor. 11. Hydrostatics typically have a pressurized drain circuit that goes from the motor directly back to the pump. 12. Very few small trenchers are expected to do high-production work over long shifts.

13.Inextremeconditions,someofthefirstgenerationofhydrostatictrencher drives had problems with overheating and maintaining productivity. 14. Today’s trencher product managers admit that they have accumulated invaluable experience with hydrostats, and the manufacturers are showing practicalwisdom inthe designs of coolingandfiltrationsystems. 15. Some ofthetrencherownersbeingagainsthydrostats,thereappearedasignificant technologychallengeintotheunder-100-hptrencherclassalittlemorethan a year ago. 16. Ditch Witch introduced the RT70 and RT90 with optional improved powershift transmissions. 17.The powershift is an adaptation of

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the clutchless mechanical transmission common in tractors, which allows the operator to change gears without interrupting power.

1.Predicates (tense); Participle I (function).

2.As (meaning); less (meaning); Gerund (function).

3.Degree of comparison.

4.Predicate (tense); noun groups.

5.Superlative degree.

6.Infinitive (function); ed-forms.

7.Predicate (tense).

8.Complex Object.

9.Gerund (function); Infinitive (function); Modal verb.

10.Subordinate clause; Gerund (function).

11.Adverbs; that (function).

12.Complex Subject.

13.Ing-forms.

14.Predicates (tense); Participle I (function); “s” (meaning).

15.Absolute Participle Construction.

16.Ed-forms.

17.Complex Object; adjectives with suffixes; Gerund (function).

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Unit 3

Grammar: Degrees of Comparison.

Text A

ARTICULATED HAULER

An articulated hauler is a type of dump truck used to transport loads over rough terrain. The vehicle usually has all-wheel drive and consists of two basic units.The first is generallycalled the tractor.The second rear section is called the hauler or trailer section and contains the dump body. Steering ismadebypivotingthefrontinrelationtothe backbyhydraulicrams.This way all the wheels follow the same path, making it an excellent off-road vehicle. Manufacturers include Caterpillar, Terex, John Deere/Bell Equipment, Moxy/Doosan and Volvo . With half of global sales Volvo is the market leader in the segment, also being the vehicles prime pioneer enabling its introduction to the markets in 1966. Although first used as a soil and aggregate transporter (dumper), the chassis have since been used for many other applications

The permanently attached trailer cannot move vertically in relation to the tractor, but can rotate and swing in the horizontal plane. The operator has a conventionalsteeringwheelthat actuateshydraulic cylinders that pushand pull the tractor relative to thetrailer. The tractor and the trailersections can move at great angles to each other allowing a small turning radius. The trailer axles are driven by a drive shaft. The usual twin back axles are combined in a separate frame that can pivot in relation to the trailer frame, keeping all wheels on the ground, but until recently always unsprung. Likewise the occasional single back axles usually are unsprung, while the frontaxleshavesuspensiontogivetheoperatorabetterride.Thereinforced cabsometimesalsohassprings,asisdoneinmoderncab-over-enginetrucks, asisthedriver’sseat.Thesectionscantwistinrelationtoeachother,making the back tires follow the same path as the front tires. This provides for excellentoff-roadcapabilities incombinationwithall-wheeldrive.Thetop speed is limited at 55–60 km/h and the loading capacity is ranging from just below 25 to a little over 40 tonnes.

Active Vocabulary:

hauler - грузовой автомобиль rough - грубый, неровный

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Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.Whatfeaturesmakeanarticulatedhauleranexcellentoff-roadvehicle?

2.What company is the leading manufacturer of articulated haulers?

3.How can the trailer move in relation to the tractor?

4.What is the loading capacity of an articulated hauler?

Exercise 2. Give the comparative and the superlative degree of the following adjectives:

Powerful, wide, big, loose, useful, little, safe, efficient, high, precise, different,dangerous,dense,heavy,soft,hard,small,possible,many,narrow, deep, good, muddy, far, maneuverable, optimal ,rough.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences:

1.Doosan DA30 has the engine with 8 percent more power than MT31.

2.The transmission has eight forward and four reverse speeds for better traction.

3.Trencher manufacturers have made some important improvements to the trencher drives in less-than-100-horsepower machines.

4.The most aggressive, recent changes in trencher specifications involve the drive system.

5.Hydrostatics,andevenlessexpensivehydraulicdrives,aremoredifficult to damage when the trencher bar is in the ground.

6.Hydrostats tend to be more efficient than hydraulics working at higher pressures over time.

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7.As component manufacturers have become more competitive with smaller hydrostatic systems, Burkeen and Vermeer have introduced trenchers into the 15-hp range with hydrostatic drives.

8.Hydrostatic drives have gained productivity thanks to larger reservoirs, better radiators and more efficient cooling fans.

9.Theheavier theload andthe rougherthe terrain, themore youwill need to improve the chassis and suspension.

Exercise 4. Translate Text B without a dictionary and answer the questions:

Text B

NEWTYPES OFARTICULATED HAULERS

Doosan DA30 ADT (articulated dump truck) is redesigned with a 365horsepower Tier 4-Interim engine with 8 percent more power than the predecessor MT31. Torque has been changed to 1,381 ft.-lb. at 1,300 rpm, a 28-percent increase. Top speed is now 34.2 mph for the truck. The transmission has eight forward and four reverse speeds, and improves the transfer of power to the wheels for better traction. It has permanent sixwheel drive. A special articulation system includes an articulation hinge positioned behind the turning ring to provide equal weight distribution to front wheels.

Terex TA400 Generation 9 articulated truck has a 444-horsepower Scania DC13 diesel. Maximum payload is 41.0 tons, and capacity is 30.3 cubic yards. Engine torque at 1,350 rpm is 1,548 ft.-lb., and it is paired with a fullyautomaticAllisontransmission.Dualretardersystems,atransmission retarder and an exhaust brake, give an operator control in loaded downhill hauls.Truckhaspermanentall-wheel-driveandequalizingrearsuspension. The cab has reduced interior noise levels, improved air conditioning, and standard rear-view camera.

HM400-3 ADT is powered by a 469 horsepower, Tier 4-Interim Komatsu SAA6D140E-6 engine. The truck can haul up to 44.1 tons, or 40 metric tons, atits maximumground speedof 34.7mph. Comparedtothe HM400- 2, bodycapacityandpayloadhave beenincreased.Thearticulated hauler’s 10 foot 5 inch-loading height matches 40-to-60-ton excavators or wheel loaders in the range of 5.5 to 7.5 cubic yards. The ADT has the Komatsu

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Traction Control System, which has speed sensors located on four wheels that detect tire slippage, after which automatic application of the inter-axle differentiallockoccurs.Thefullyautomatictransmissionusesanadvanced electronicsystem.Thesystemautomaticallyselectsthegearbasedonvehicle speed, engine speed, and shift position selected. The Komatsu Equipment ManagementMonitoringSystem(EMMS)hasdiagnosticfeaturesthatgive the operator and technicians greater capabilities. EMMS continually monitors all critical systems, preventative maintenance schedule, and provides troubleshootingassistance to minimize diagnosis and repair time.

1.1.How is DA30 articulated hauler redesigned compared to its predecessor MT31?

2.What features does a special articulation system have?

3.Whatare the mainworkingcharacteristics ofTerexTA400Generation 9 articulated truck?

4.How was the cab of TA400 improved?

5.When does the inter-axle differential lock occur?

6.What is EMMS used for?

Exercise 5. Translate Text C with a dictionary and make grammar analysis:

Text C

ARTICULATED HAULERSAND RIGID DUMPTRUCKS

1.Articulated haulers are excellent in hauling material over rough terrain.

2.They are rugged and are built to handle great inclines and slippery conditions. 3. This is their main advantage over rigid haulers, which excel in carrying capacity. 4. While an articulated hauler can take no more than

40metrictonnes,therearemodelsofrigidhaulers(haulerswithconventional front steeringand rear-wheel drive) that can carry up to 400 tonnes. 5.The

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differenceisalsoseeninthewaythosetypesoftrucksareused.6.Whereas rigid haulers find their best usage at large surface mines and big quarries, wherethereisabundantspaceandhardlevelsurfacestodriveon,articulated haulersarebestusedatruggedandcrampedsites,suchaslargeconstruction sites. 7. The articulated hauler’s relatively small size also makes it able to drive on public roads between different worksites at a large construction project – something that is impossible for the largest haul trucks, which mightevenhavetobedisassembledtobemovedbetweendifferentlocations. 8. For transportation between different construction projects, articulated haulers usually have to be hauled on flatbed trailers as oversize cargo due to their width and weight, as well as their limited speed.

1.Be (function); Gerund (function).

2.Passive Voice; Infinitive (function).

3.Predicates (tense).

4.Modal verb; there are (translation).

5.PassiveVoice.

6.Superlative degree; noun groups.

7.Meaning of “s”; modal verbs; Infinitive (function).

8.Participle II (function); meaning of “have”.

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