Иностранный язык (английский язык). Сборник упражнений по переводу и разговорной речи. Учебное пособие
.pdfSoftware is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.
Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software. System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the system programs is booted or loaded into the computer memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in.
System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program, which though commonly goes along with your device. By installing the driver you ‘teach’ your mainboard to ‘understand’ the newly attached part. However, in modern computer systems the drivers are usually installed in the operating system.
Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.
Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer’s memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet
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Retell text 21.
The history of information technology
The term “information technology” evolved in the 1970s. The history of information technology, however, predates the invention of the modern digital computer by many centuries. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks, such as the abacus, have existed since antiquity. Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623. Charles Babbage designed a difference engine in Victorian times, and around 1900 the IBM corporation sold punch-card machines. However all of these machines were constrained to perform a single task, or at best, some subset of all possible tasks.
During the 1940s, as newer and more powerful computing machines were developed, the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general.
The basic concept of information technology, however, can be traced to the World War II alliance of the military and industry in the development of electronics, computers, and information theory. After the 1940s, the military remained the major source of research and development funding for the expansion of automation to replace manpower with machine power.
Since the 1950s, four generations of computers have evolved. Each generation reflected a change to hardware of decreased size but increased capabilities to control computer operations. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used integrated circuits, and the fourth used integrated circuits on a single computer chip. Advances in artificial intelligence that will minimize the need for complex programming characterize the fifth generation of computers, still in the experimental stage.
The first commercial computer was the UNIVAC I, developed by John Eckert and John W. Mauchly in 1951. It was used by the Census Bureau to predict the outcome of the 1952 presidential election. For the next twenty-five years, mainframe computers were used in large corporations to do calculations and manipulate large amounts of information stored in databases. Supercomputers were used in science and engineering for designing aircraft and nuclear reactors and for predicting worldwide weather patterns. Minicomputers came on to the scene in the early 1980s in small businesses, manufacturing plants, and factories.
In 1975 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed microcomputers.In1976TandyCorporation’sfirstRadioShackmicrocomputer
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followed; the Apple microcomputer was introduced in 1977. The market for microcomputers increased dramatically when IBM introduced the first personal computer in the fall of 1981. Because of dramatic improvements in computer components and manufacturing, personal computers today do more than the largest computers of the last century at about a thousandth of the cost.
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ЧАСТЬ 3
ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
В современном английском языке в повествовательных предложениях употребляется прямой порядок слов, то есть подлежащее предшествует сказуемому:
His house is not far from ours.
Однако возможен обратный порядок слов, когда сказуемое стоит перед подлежащим. Например, на первом месте стоит обстоятельство места, а сказуемое выражено глаголом to be:
There is a kitchen in our flat.
Прямое дополнение, как правило, следует за сказуемым, но при наличии косвенного дополнения прямое обычно следует за ним. Косвенное дополнение используется после таких глаголов, как to tell, to show, to give и др., и обозначает лицо, являющееся адресатом действия:
Tell me the truth, please.
Show me what you hide, please.
Если прямое дополнение следует непосредственно за глаголом, то косвенное дополнение превращается в предложное (с предлогом to или for):
Show the film to my sister.
Send it (the letter) to the company.
[Матюшкина-Герке Т. И.]
ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ
В повелительных предложениях выражается побуждение к действию, которое может быть приказанием, запретом или просьбой совершить действие, выраженное глаголом в форме повелительного наклонения. Форма повелительного наклонения в английском языке совпадает с формой инфинитива без частицы to:
Read, please! Be on time! Be careful! Look out!
Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола do и отрицательной частицы not. В разговорной речи do и not могут сливаться, образуя сокращенную форму don’t:
Don’t run! (Do not run!) Don’t be late! (Do not be late!)
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Для обращения или побуждения к действию совместно с говорящим, используется глагол to let и инфинитив основного глагола, между которыми стоит местоимение 3-го или 1-го лица в объектном падеже:
Let her close the door. /Don’t let her close the door. Let me do it./ Don’t let me do it.
Вежливая просьба может быть выражена с помощью глагола will и инфинитива смыслового глагола: Will you read the text, please.
Просьба / предложение может быть выражено и другими способами: What about going to the cinema?
Why don’t we go to the cinema?
Shall we go to the cinema? (когда перекладываете решение на собеседника)
[Матюшкина-Герке Т. И.]
ТИПЫ ВОПРОСОВ
1. Общий тип вопросов (GENERAL QUESTIONS)
Это вопросы, которые требуют ответов «да» или «нет»: Do you like ice cream?
Ответ на общий вопрос может быть как кратким, так и полным: Yes, I like/No, I don’t.
Особенностью английского языка по сравнению с русским является то, что отрицательный ответ всегда начинается словом “No”, а утвердительный – словом “Yes”. Предложения типа русских «Да, нет, наверное», невозможны в английском языке.
2. Специальный тип вопросов (SPECIAL QUESTIONS)
Это вопрос, который относится к одному члену предложения, поэтому всегда начинается с вопросительного слова, заменяющего тот член предложения, к которому он относится: What ice cream do you like?
3. Альтернативный вопрос (ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS)
Это вопрос, который состоит из двух частей, соединенных союзом or. Его первая часть строится по типу общего вопроса, а вторая представляет собой альтернативу к одному из членов первой части и присоединяется с помощью союза or: Do you like fruit or chocolate ice cream?
4. Разделительный вопрос (DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS)
Это вопрос, который состоит из двух частей: утвердительного или отрицательного повествовательного предложения и краткого вопроса
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(tag). Этот тип вопроса употребляется для получения подтверждения высказывания, содержащегося в первой части предложения, а также уменьшения категоричности суждения.
К утвердительному предложению добавляется отрицательный вопрос (negative tag), построенный по типу общего вопроса, а к отрицательному — утвердительный вопрос (positive tag). Подлежащее в вопросе обозначает то же лицо или предмет, что и в первой части, но всегда выражено личным местоимением: You like chocolate ice cream, don’t you? / You don’t like fruit ice cream, do you?
[Матюшкина-Герке Т. И.]
Упражнения Упражнение 1. Word order
Decide whether the word order is right or wrong. Correct the sentences that are the wrong.
1.John doesn’t like very much tennis.__________________________
2.Beth drives to work her car every day.___________________________
3.Whensheheardthestory,shephonedMichaelimmediately._____________
4.Catherine speaks Italian very well.____________________________
5.Aftereatingquicklyhisbreakfast,hewentout._______________________
6.You speak all the time on the phone. Can’t you stop talking to your friend?_______________________
7.Hehopeshe’llgoearlytobedtonight.____________________________
8.Shegoeseverysixmonthstothedentist.__________________________
9.Howmanypeopleheredoyouknow?_____________________________
10.WhenIheardmycarsignal,Igotimmediatelyoutofthehouse.________
11.IhaveagoodmemoryforwordsbutIalwaysforgetnumbers.__________
12.IhaveabathwhenIgethomefromworkusually.____________________
13.Adam gets hardly ever nervous._______________________________
14.They both were surprised when they found it.__________________
15.WhenIcamehome,Isoonfellasleep.___________________________
16.She does the shopping never.______________________________
17.Alex has always to do his homework on weekends because he has free time._____________________
18.Ourgrandmotherrarelyreadsnewspapers._______________________
19.I won’t see my boss probably on Monday.______________________
20.We came all here after a working day.________________________
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Упражнение 2. Word order
Choose the correct answer.
1.They didn’t visit that museum ____________
A.there last week.
B.last week there.
2.Adam did his research _____________
A.very quickly last night.
B.last night very quickly.
3.That will do. There is ________________
A.enough salt in my soup.
B.salt enough in my soup.
4.The flat isn’t_________________
A.enough big for all of us.
B.big enough for all of us.
5.Do you want__________________
A.black or green your tea?
B.your tea black or green?
6.The children have been playing ___________
A.this morning football on the football pitch.
B.football on the football pitch this morning.
7.My daughter is ____________________
A.not a child any longer.
B.a child no longer.
8.My parents went _________________
A.to see our friends yesterday.
B.yesterday to see our friends.
9.I think I’ll go ________________
A.to bed early tonight.
B.early to bed tonight.
10.Anna speaks _______________
A.very well Greek.
B.Greek very well.
11.The social networks are popular___________
A.nowadays with people.
B.with people nowadays.
12.He can play_______________
A.now any musical instrument very well.
B.any musical instrument very well.
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13.The celebrities can get _______________
A.close to the audience.
B.to the audience close.
Упражнение 3. Word order
Put the words in brackets into the correct place.
1.I__________time to think and give the right answer (take/usually).
2.Where is John? He ______________to the office (gone /has /probably).
3.Elisabeth___________ very polite (is/ always).
4.The specialist is dad or the connection is bad, so __(both/change/them).
5.She is a good musician. She ____________very well (sing/also /can).
6.Her eyesight is ruined. She _____________with glasses (only/can /see).
7.Anna and Adam ________________ for the job (both/applied/ have).
8.I _______________my relatives (probably/will/visit).
9.His mobile phone ______ down and he bought a new one (often/broke).
10.They called a doctor but he ____________________ (came/never).
Упражнение 4. Word order
Put the words in the right order to make sentences.
1.The / group /an / easily / won / award.
2.too / Please / don’t /questions /ask / her/ many.
3.volleyball /Does/ Friday /Adam/ play/ every?
4.quietly /She / the / closed / window.
5.after / He / her /face/ a / remembered / moment.
6.e-mails / Doraty / writes /often / to /her/ very / friends.
7.the/ Please / personal / form/ in / write / application / data.
8.Experts / the / found / office / some / materials /in / archives /interesting.
9.a / The /company / house / building / new /is / bridge / opposite / that.
10.I / the / weekend / gym /every/ go / to.
11.office / don’t /time / you /come /on / Why /to /the?
12.I / living/20 years / in /the /city / have /for /about / been.
13.Have / parents / you / recently / visited / your?
14.rain /for / It / is / going / a /few / days / a / next / to / week.
15.invite / at / didn’t / She / the / him / last / time / party
Упражнение 5. Questions
Choose the correct answer.
1. There is an interesting film in the cinema tonight, ___________?
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A.isn’t it
B.isn’t there
C.is there
2.There was no information when we should begin our work, _________?
A.was it
B.was there
C.wasn’t it
3.Alex hasn’t missed the classes this month, ____________?
A.has he
B.hasn’t he
C.did he
4.You don’t want to visit some places of interest today, __________?
A.don’t you
B.do you
C.have’t you
5.The birds eat insects, ______________?
A.do they
B.don’t they
C.aren’t they
6.The article will be ready by Monday, ____________?
A.will it
B.is it
C.won’t it
7.Baby food must be nutritious,___________?
A.must it
B.mustn’t it
C.does it
8.You are taking care of your pet, ____________?
A.are you
B.isn’t you
C.aren’t you
9.You paid the bills yesterday,__________?
A.didn’t you
B.did you
C.don’t you
10.Love Story is the saddest novel by Erich Segal,__________?
A.is it
B.isn’t it
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C.doesn’t it
Упражнение 6. Questions
Make questions using the words.
1.when / he /buy / car/ his / did?
2.you / meet/ Laura /tomorrow/ will?
3.what / we / begin / with / shall?
4.mean/ what / this / word/ does?
5.where / now / you / going / are?
6.play/ the / she / violin / does /or / guitar?
7.didn’t /to/ Mark / the / you / barbecue / invite /why?
8.did / you / see / when/ the / manager?
9.they / Have / just / married/ got ?
10.the / did/ week/ buy / ago / presents / children / the / a /parents / for?
Упражнение 7. Questions
Use the sentences to ask questions. Begin each sentence with the words given.
1. There are good clothes in this shop.
What ___________________________________________________? 2. There will be many guests at the birthday party.
How many _______________________________________________? 3. There were three universities in this district several years ago.
When ___________________________________________________? 4. There will be a city mall in a few months.
What ___________________________________________________? 5 There lived a king with his daughter once upon a time.
Who ___________________________________________________? 6 There is some old-fashioned furniture in my room.
What ___________________________________________________? 7 There have appeared new rules in football recently.
Since when ______________________________________________? 8 You can book a hotel in advance.
When __________________________________________________? 9 You should have visited the doctor long ago.
Whom __________________________________________________? 10 He needn’t go there because I have already been there.
Why __________________________________________________?
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