Иностранный язык (английский язык). Сборник упражнений по переводу и разговорной речи. Учебное пособие

problems, strikes, social movements. Much information is published concerning official governmental decisions.

TV is still popular nowadays. We have many different channels, including commercial channels. There are many interesting and exciting programmes. I like programmes about travelling and traditions of different countries.

The Internet is a more useful tool to get necessary information. I use the Internet when I need information for my studies.

Social media is the newest type of mass media. It includes various networks like Facebook, VKontakte or Instagram, which are extremely popular among young people.

Topic 20

Language as a means of intercultural cooperation. Political correctness

Our century is definitely the time of globalization. It makes cross-cultural contacts even more important.

Language is the main means of communication and that is why its role nowadays is not less important. It is a well-known fact that English has become the language of international communication and every person who wants to succeed in modern life should master it

Among the most often cited barriers to conflict-free cross-cultural communication is the use of different languages. It is difficult to underestimate the importance that an understanding of linguistic differences plays in international business communication. Given this reality, business consultants counsel clients to take the necessary steps to enlist the services of a good translator. Language failures between cultures typically fall into three categories: 1) gross translation problems; 2) subtle distinctions from language to language; and 3) culturally-based variations among speakers of the same language.

Another problem is usage of the system of political correctness which is extremely important for people belonging to American culture.

Political correctness (or PC for short) means using words or behaviour which will not offend any group of people. Most people think it is important for everyone to be treated equally, fairly and with dignity. Some words that are unkind to some people have been used for a long time. Some of these words have now been replaced by other words that are not offensive. These new words are described as politically correct.

For example, it has much to deal with gender issues. Throughout the 20th century women fought to have the same rights as men. In politically correct language this is seen in changes to job titles such as «sportman», «postman»,

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and «chairman» which now commonly go by the gender-neutral titles «athlete», «letter carrier» and «chairperson» or «chair» as well as with terms having broader application, such as «humankind» replacing «mankind». People who are blind or deaf may be referred to as «vision impaired» and «hearing impaired». People who cannot speak are never «dumb» but «mute» or «without speech».

To put it in short, if we want to maintain good relationship with other nations, we should respect their feelings and their traditions.

Topic 21

Cultural shock. Cross-cultural issues in international communication

The term, culture shock, was introduced for the first time in 1958 to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment. This term expresses the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate. We can describe culture shock as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin. It is an anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Often, the way that we lived before is not accepted as or considered as normal in the new place.

Everything is different, and for example, we don’t speak the language, don’t know when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.

Like most ailments, culture shock has its symptoms and cure. The symptoms of cultural shock can appear at different times.

Symptoms:

• Sadness, loneliness, melancholy

• Preoccupation with health: aches, pains, and allergies • Insomnia, desire to sleep too much or too little • Anger, irritability, unwillingness to interact with others • Lack of confidence

• Longing for family

• A desire to depend on long-term residents of one’s own nationality

Stages

Culture shock has several stages. The 1st stage is the incubation stage. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. This time is called the «honeymoon» stage, as everything encountered is new and

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exciting. This stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months, depending on the circumstances.

Afterwards, the 2nd stage presents itself. It is characterized by a hostile and aggressive attitude towards the host country. This happens due to the difficulties a person faces in daily life, such as communication or transportation problems.

In this stage one criticizes the host country, its ways and the people.

The 3rd stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. A new feeling of pleasure may be experienced and sense of humour begins to exert itself.

Instead of criticizing, they now jokes about people around them and even crack jokes about their own difficulties. They are now on the way to recovery.

In the 4th stage, the adjustment is complete. The visitor now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living. They realize that the new culture has good and bad things to offer.

The feeling of anxiety is lost.

Some ways to combat stress produced by culture shock:

• Learn the language of the host country. • Develop a hobby.

• Be positive.

• Don’t forget the good things you already have!

First, I would recommend the person finding a hobby. Doing some interesting thing could really distract one from the irritation, negative emotions and depressive feeling.

Second, in such a situation what would really help is thinking positively. One should at least try to notice the good things around them and to enjoy their life. Very often we are in the foreign country not for good and not even for a long time. Therefore, there’s too little time to be upset and frustrated, you have to cherish every moment and appreciate the opportunities that life gives you.

It is also very useful to try to get as much knowledge of the language as one could from the very beginning. When you are fluent in the language of the host country it’s a lot easier to get around by yourself, to communicate with people, to share your feelings and impressions with them and be understood.

Topic 22

Dealing with Culture Shock

You have stepped off the plane into a new cultural world. Initially you may experience a sense of overwhelming fascination and awe. Everything around you is new: a different language, different dress, or a confusing transit system.

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Slowly you begin to adapt. You begin to notice certain cultural nuances. This process takes time.

Culture is “an integrated system of learned behavior patterns (образцы поведения) that are characteristic of the members of any given society. Culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everything that a group of people thinks, says, does and makes - its systems of attitudes and feelings. Culture is learned and transmitted from generation to generation”.

You may have heard these words – Culture Shock (психологическая травма в результате столкновения с культурой, резко отличной от собственной) – already and possibly within a negative context. Conflict in our lives, however, does not have to be negative. It can be used as a source of motivation, introspection, and change.

Culture shock is defined as a psychological disorientation that most people experience when living in a culture markedly different from one’s own. Culture shock occurs when our “...cultural clues, the signs and symbols which guide social interaction, are stripped away. ...A difficult part of this process for adults is the experience of feeling like children again, of not knowing instinctively the ‘right’ thing to do.”

Symptoms of culture shock include: homesickness (тоска по дому), boredom, withdrawal, excessive sleep, compulsive eating/drinking, irritability, stereotyping host nationals, hostility towards host nationals.

Everyone experiences culture shock in different ways, at different times and to different degrees. Usually the cultural adjustment process follows a certain pattern. At first, you will be excited about going to starting a new adventure. When you first arrive, everything will appear new and exciting. However, after some time, you may start to feel homesick and question why the Swiss (or Italians or French) do things differently than we do. You may even become irritated with these differences. However, you will eventually get used to this new way of life. And before you know it, you will be getting excited about the return home to your family and friends.

People from different cultures have different values (ценности). You may find your own values questioned, just as you are questioning those of the Swiss (or Italians, Germans, French, Hungarians, etc.). For example, a visitor from India to the US observed, “Americans seem to be in a perpetual hurry. Just watch the way they walk down the street. They never allow themselves the leisure to enjoy life; there are too many things to do.”

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Sometimes our values and beliefs will conflict and sometimes they will converge with the cultures we visit. The better you are able to adjust to the differences, the greater the ability you will have in empathizing and communicating with those with whom you come in contact. The result will be a better understanding of your own values and the values of the people you will encounter (встречать).

Topic 23

Outstanding achievements, discoveries, inventions in my professional area

Just like all other aspects of life, the digital revolution has taken on the world of publishing also. With digital publishing coming to the fore, the publishing world has undergone several fundamental changes.

As more and more consumers use their tablet and mobile devices to consume content, we have seen major growth in digital publishing software and tools available to brands and publishers. These solutions have begun to vary from each other quite a bit, as they serve vastly different purposes within digital publishing.

What is digital publishing?

Digital publishing (which is also referred to as online publishing or e-publishing), is the publication on the web or on electronic carriers of magazines, e-books, white papers, reports, or any form of content that is typically long form.

Some digital publications are sold as subscriptions for monthly magazines while others are created specifically as free content and are monetized through advertising or used for (content) marketing purposes as digital magazines, ebooks or catalogues.

Some platforms work best for the paid content model, while others are more suited for content marketing and organic search.

Topic 24

ICT technologies in my professional area

If we think about the main achievements of the 20 century of course the first thing we name computers that have changed our life very seriously. Fifty years ago, people did not even hear of computers, and today we cannot imagine life without them.

They save a lot of time. They seldom make mistakes. It is much faster and easier to surf the Internet than to go to the library. On-line shopping makes it possible to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time and money. E-mail is a great invention, too. It is faster than sending a letter

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and cheaper than sending a telegram. We can store much information in our computers and we save much paper when we read from the screen.

All in all, I strongly believe that computers are a useful tool. They have changed our life for the better. So why should not we make them work to our advantage? Nowadays IT technologies are used to treat and diagnose diseases, to teach children and adults, to predict weather, to handle huge arrays of information. We make movies and write books, we calculate financial risks and find our way in unknown places. Of course, we cannot trust everything on computers. They are tools, not our masters.

Just like all other aspects of life, the digital revolution has taken on the world of publishing also. With digital publishing coming to the fore, the publishing world has undergone several fundamental changes. Electronic publishing is basically a form of publishing in which books, journals and magazines are being produced and stored electronically rather than in print. These publications have all qualities of the normal publishing like the use of colours, graphics, images and are much convenient also. Electronic publishing empowers all writers in ways that no technology has ever done before. The use of licensed electronic information resources will continue to expand and in some cases become the sole or dominant meansofaccesstocontentWithoutviolatinganyissuesofprivacyorconfidentiality we can dramatically enhance our understanding of information use.

Topic 25

My job responsibilities and requirements

Today there are different kinds of jobs, and new career opportunities are appearing. It is not so easy to make the right choice when you choose your qualification. When we make a career plan, we should consider different factors. In my point of view, money is one of the most important factors when you make a choice. Then, a job should be interesting and socially important. There are highly paid jobs and low-paid jobs. It is very important to choose a profession that suits your interests.

As for me, I have chosen the profession of an information technology (IT) specialist. I’ve always been fond of Mathematics, Physics and Computers and the profession of engineer is connected with them and I hope it will provide me with a good job and money. This kind of specialists has to work with informational data and carry out thousands of experiments and calculations. That is why it is very important for an engineer to be a skillful computer user and to speak foreign languages.

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All these things can be learnt in our University if future engineers study hard and try to realize their ambitions. Information technology (IT) specialists may work with any businesses, agencies or organizations that use technology. IT specialists usually provide similar services related to software, hardware, databases, Web resources, networks and enterprise systems. The work includes network management, software development and database administration. IT specialists also provide technical support to a business or an organization’s workers and train non-technical stuff on the business’s information systems. They design systems and assess the effectiveness of technology resources. IT specialists will also work with external partners, including consultants, agencies and vendors, to arrive at the most appropriate system or integration of multiple systems. With information technology constantly changing, specialists must stay up-to-date on emerging technologies and the potential effectiveness of these advancements in their current system. It is a much demanded profession and I am sure I will never have problems with finding an interesting job.

Topic 26

The history of my professional area

Information technology has covered many features of computing and technology, and this word is more familiar than ever before. Information technology subject can be quite large, encompassing many fields. IT professionals perform different types of responsibilities that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks. Recently it has included the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communications Technology).

The term «information technology» evolved in the 1970s. Its basic concept, however, can be traced to the World War II alliance of the military and industry in the development of electronics, computers, and information theory. After the 1940s,themilitaryremainedthemajorsourceofresearchanddevelopmentfunding for the expansion of automation to replace manpower with machine power.

Since the 1950s, four generations of computers have evolved. Each generation reflected a change to hardware of decreased size but increased capabilities to control computer operations. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used integrated circuits, and the fourth used integrated circuits on a single computer chip. Advances in artificial intelligence that will minimize the need for complex programming characterize the fifth generation of computers, still in the experimental stage.

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The first commercial computer was the UNIVAC I, developed by John Eckert and John W. Mauchly in 1951. It was used by the Census Bureau to predict the outcome of the 1952 presidential election. For the next twenty-five years, mainframe computers were used in large corporations to do calculations and manipulate large amounts of information stored in databases. Supercomputers were used in science and engineering, for designing aircraft and nuclear reactors, and for predicting worldwide weather patterns. Minicomputers came on to the scene in the early 1980s in small businesses, manufacturing plants, and factories.

In 1975, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed microcomputers. In 1976, Tandy Corporation’s first Radio Shack microcomputer followed; the Apple microcomputer was introduced in 1977. The market for microcomputers increased dramatically when IBM introduced the first personal computer in the fall of 1981. Because of dramatic improvements in computer components and manufacturing, personal computers today do more than the largest computers of the mid-1960s at about a thousandth of the cost.

Computers today are divided into four categories by size, cost, and processing ability. They are supercomputer, mainframe, minicomputer, and microcomputer, more commonly known as a personal computer. Personal computer categories include desktop, network, laptop, and handheld.

Topic 27

Science and technology

Science is important to most people living in the modern world for a number of reasons. In particular, science is important for world peace and understanding, for understanding of technology, and for our understanding of the world.

Science is important for world peace in many ways. On the one hand, scientists have helped to develop many of the modern tools of war. On the other hand, they have also helped to keep the peace through research, which has improved life for people. Scientists have helped us understand the problem of supplying the world with enough energy; using energy of the sun and of the atom. Scientists have also analysed the world’s resources. Scientists study the Universe and how to use its possibilities for the benefit of people.

Scientists are also important for everyone who is affected by modern technology. Many of the things that make our lives easier and better are results of advances in technology. We cannot imagine our life without computers,

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mobile phones, different electrical appliances like microwave oven, vacuum cleaner or dishwasher.

Scientists are learning to predict earthquakes, to study many other natural events such as storms. Scientists are also studying various aspects of human biology and the origin and development of the human race. The study of the natural world may help improve life for many people all over the world.

Topic 28

Modern state, trends and prospects in my professional area Top 10 Printing Industry Trends

The future is full of promise and opportunities for graphic arts industry. 3D printing, printed electronics, functional and industrial printing will gain more market share. Predicting the future is dangerous and often embarrassing. We live in an unpredictable world and unfortunately we have to get used to it. The top 10 technology trends that will be strategic for most organizations includes Computing Everywhere, The Internet of Things, 3D Printing, Advanced, Pervasive and Invisible Analytics, Context-Rich Systems, Smart Machines, Cloud/Client Computing, Web-Scale IT and Risk-Based Security and SelfProtection. Some of these trends have a profound impact on printing industry as well. There are also other factors that will offer new opportunities and challenges for printing industry. Here are 10 strategic printing industry trends that will shape the world of graphic arts according the new drupa report (the largest printing equipment exhibition in the world, held every four years by Messe Düsseldorf in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) on the impact of Internet on print as well as other resources.

1 - Computing everywhere. It’s all about mobile devices. Mobile adoption is slowing, but new users in the developing regions of Asia-Pacific and the Middle East and Africa will drive further increases. Between 2013 and 2017, mobile phone penetration rose from 61.1% to 69.4% of the global population, according to a new eMarketer report. That means people now perform a myriad of computing and other activities on the go. Print shop owners also have the ability and tools to manage they day to day operation using a mobile phone. Print buyers also can order print via a mobile phone and log on to an app created by a print shop or a print supplier, witnessing more people using mobile to order print or follow up with their orders.

2 - 3D Printing, printed electronics and functional printing. 3D printing will continue with their rapid expansion and some say it might take off and go mainstream. Other than 3D printing, printed electronics, functional and

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industrial printing will gain more market share. The staggering growth of these technology has been a key driver for drupa 2016 to focus more heavily on future-oriented technologies, opening up significant opportunities and growth potential worldwide, primarily in the field of packaging, functional and industrial printing. Sales in the packaging print sector will rise annually by four percentage points to US$ 970 billion by 2018.

3 - Crossmedia and multichannel. The internet and digital communication overall has changed print in a fundamental way. Marketers will therefore consider all the channels available and choose those that fit within budget and prompt the best (ideally recordable) response. Regrettably, younger marketers may only consider digital channels. Yet print can add huge value to multichannel campaigns. So direct mail that drives consumers to a digital channel, ideally via an interactive element, is an attractive way forward.

4-TheInternetofThings.Soprintisnowpartofthebroadercommunications industry, and printing companies need to be increasingly IT-led. On the other hand with the advent of Internet a new concept dubbed as The Internet of Things is emerging which promises that every object will eventually be hooked up to a network. This trend will continue as more people go online to do everything from shopping to downloading music and video.

5 - The explosion of ecommerce. During past two decades the volume of ecommerce in many countries has grown from negligible to huge volumes that include virtually all companies and most consumers. The growth figures are just astonishing; with even the most mature market, the US, still growing at 8% per annum, with China to triple its volume of online trading by 2020. There are many advantages to ecommerce that explain this explosion in participation, and the pace will accelerate further with increasing numbers of consumers using their Internet enabled mobile phones to participate in ‘m-commerce’.

6 - The shift to mass customization. The industry has seen a dramatic shift from mass production of static print to an ever increasing proportion of small runs of digital print and down further to individual runs of one. Digital communications has driven this shift, supported by sophisticated data management and workflows. One key driver of mass customisation is the ever-increasing volume of digital data that is being held – so-called ‘big data,’ where the volumes are so large that conventional analyses would struggle to cope. However with the right software and skills to drive it, very exact segmented marketing, down to the level of individuals, can occur – either digitally or by printing. Here is a great opportunity for printers (who are used to handling high volumes of digital data) to manage and analyse customers’ data for them.

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