Иностранный язык (английский язык). Сборник упражнений по переводу и разговорной речи. Учебное пособие

Other error messages

If you are experiencing other error messages, it is likely these errors are being caused by the software program you are running and a hardware device you are attempting to utilize. It is recommended you see the basic troubleshooting section for your hardware device or software program.

Other

If you are still running into errors, or unable to resolve your issue, search our web page, check our on-line help section, and check our Q&A section for additional help and recommendations. If after checking these locations you are still unable to resolve your issue, feel free to contact our support team.

5. Translate the text from English into Russian. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors

These monitors employ the CRT technology used most commonly in the manufacturing of television screens. In this, a stream of intense high energy electrons is used to form images on a fluorescent screen. A cathode ray tube is a basically a vacuum tube containing an electron gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at another end. From this electron gun, a process called thermionic emission generates a strong beam of electrons. These electrons travel through a narrow path within the tube with high speed using various electro-magnetic devices and finally strike the phosphor points present on the fluorescent screen, thus creating an image. There are several advantages of using CRT monitors:

1)These monitors are highly reliable and efficient, and are capable of generating a resolution of up to 2048 x 1536 pixels, thereby providing a clear picture quality. Also, CRT monitors that are now available are capable of producing thousands of different colors.

2)CRT monitors are affordable and cost-effective.

3)UnlikeconventionalCRTmonitors,moderntechnologicaladvancements have resulted in the development of flat screen CRT monitors that reduce the glare and are good for the eyes.

However, the only concern with buying CRT monitors is that they are heavy and can occupy a great deal of work space. Also, these devices get heated up very easily. This may be considered the main disadvantage of this type of monitors.

6. Translate the text from English into Russian. Portable Players

Mp3 stands for MPEG 1 Audio Layer 3. It was developed in 1991 by the Motion Pictures Experts Group to be part of the MPEG format. The very first

21

MP3 player to appear was Winplay3 in 1995. The technology was born out of the need to make high quality music but with high compression.

As mp3 became very popular, companies started making portable players. These devices would change the history of the mp3 player. One of the first MP3 players was MPMan, released in 1998 by SaeHan Information Systems in South Korea. This was followed by the Rio PMP300. In 1999 Compaq created the PJB 100, which could store over 1,200 songs.

Around October 2001, Apple introduced its iPod. It had 5 GB of disk space. It was smaller than the other players and had an easy to use interface. The gadget would prove enormously popular among computer users.

It has become something of a standard. Subsequent releases of the iPod and its rivals allow it to play other music files and video as well.

Around 2003 mp3 players and cell phones were combined for the first time. It was also around the time that artists started selling music as mp3 downloads. Eventually this would start a trend that continues to this day.

There’s no one-size-fits-all MP3 player that’s perfect for everybody. Some people need a small MP3 player for the gym, whereas others need tablet-size players with wide-screen video playback.

MP3 used to be the best-selling computer gadget before introduction of smartphones into the mass market.

7. Translate the text from English into Russian. Computer graphics

Computer graphics is the use of computers to produce pictorial representations of information, from a graph of a company’s earnings to a video-game maze. Almost any pictorial image may be stored in a computer and rendered and manipulated according to the user’s wishes. To generate such graphics, the user needs a computer, a graphics software program, and INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES. Computer graphics often employs specialised hardware and software technologies. Most computer graphics are shown on a monitor, or VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL, in the form of a CATHODERAY TUBE (CRT). On the software side, graphics programs employ a wide variety of special display algorithms.

Researchers use computer graphics for such purposes as producing threedimensional (3D) views of the human brain or studying how pollutants interact with various meteorological phenomena. In addition to the exploration of 3D possibilities in themselves (see VIRTUAL REALITY), there are also growing educational applications. For example, flight simulators have become

22

indispensable tools for training pilots and astronauts, visualisations of complex equations increase understanding for mathematics students, on and «virtual» bodies enable physicians to practice delicate procedures before operating patients.

Few industries have taken as full advantage of the computer’s ability to generate and manipulate images as the VIDEO GAME business.

8. Translate the text from English into Russian. How WiFi Works

If you’ve been in an airport, coffee shop, library or hotel recently, chances are you’ve been right in the middle of a wireless network. Many people also use wireless networking, also called WiFi or 802.11 networking, to connect their computers at home, and an increasing number of cities see the technology to provide free or low-cost Internet access to residents. In the near future, wireless networking may become so widespread that you can access the Internet just about anywhere at any time, without using wires.

WiFi has a lot of advantages. Wireless networks are easy to set up and inexpensive. They’re also unobtrusive – unless you’re on the lookout for a place to use your laptop, you may not even notice when you’re in a hotspot. In this article, we’ll look at the technology that allows information to travel over the air. We’ll also review what it takes to create a wireless network in your home.

We’ll start with a few WiFi basics. A wireless network uses radio waves, just like cell phones, televisions and radios do. In fact, communication across a wireless network is a lot like two-way radio communication. Here’s what happens:

1.A computer’s wireless adapter translates data into a radio signal and transmits it using an antenna.

2.A wireless router receives the signal and decodes it. It sends the information to the Internet using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.

9. Translate the text from English into Russian. Cell phones

The history of the cell phone began in 1945 and these early phones are now called zero generation phones. It consisted of a solitary base that would cover a specific spot and had very limited coverage.

The mobile or cell phone was invented by Martin Copper in 1973. It was patented on October 17, 1973. The first phone call was made by Cooper on April 3, 1973. He made the call to Dr. Joel Engel, a researcher at AT&T’s Bell Labs. Cooper was working at Motorola and the call was made with several media people present.

23

The next stage in the history of the cell phone was the development of 2G (second generation) phones. Among the earliest 2G phone systems were GSM, IDEN, and IS-95. GSM networks started appearing in 1991 (specifically in Finland).

Compared with the early cell phones, 2G phones had digital circuit switched transmissions. More importantly the phone to network connection was much faster.

Not only was 2G gaining ground, but the design was changing as well. As the cell phones became more powerful, their physical size was being reduced as well. It made usage much easier.

Size shrinkage became possible for two reasons. One, technology made it possible to fit in more circuitry in smaller chips. Secondly, cellular sites became more powerful.

2G phones also introduced the concept of SMS text, which would change the history of the cell phone. SMS was first tried out in Britain. The first text message was done in Finland in 1993.

10. Translate the text from English into Russian. Configuration of a computer

If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn’t any single part called the «computer.» A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.)

The following scheme shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. A laptop computer has similar parts but combines them into a single, notebook-sized package.

The main parts of a computer are as follows: a monitor, a system unit, a mouse (can be replaced by a touchpad system), speakers, and a keyboard The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it’s a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box there are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the «brain» of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.

Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back

24

of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.

11. Translate the text from English into Russian. Flash drive

The USB flash drive is a tiny, usually portable and rewritable, storage device that uses flash memory. It connects to a computer via a USB port. A single device can store anywhere from 64MB to 256GB and more depending on the model’s capacity. Being so small and portable, they are ideal for carrying data while on the road.

The flash drive fulfills the same role as floppy disks, CD-RWs and other removable storage devices. They can be used to back up or transfer data. Floppy disks are now obsolete with new computers rarely carrying them. CD-RWs and other rewritable media are slower and more fragile. Flash drives are not liable to damage due to their compact size. They also run faster thanks to USB technology.

In the early days of the computer era, files were small in size, so floppy disks were enough to store them in. But as computer technology advanced, so did the types of files used. There was a need for a better portable storage device. It was IBM and Trek Technology (Singapore) who invented and sold the first USB flash drives in 2000. They dubbed the new invention as a «thumb drive» because its size was roughly that of a thumb. The first flash drives had capacity of only 8MB, but this was already a huge leap from the 1.44MB capacity floppy disks in use at that time.

The latest version—USB 3.0 with an approximate ‘super speed’ data transfer rate up to 4.8 gigabits per second. A USB 3.0 cable or device may be plugged into a USB 2.0 port, but the super speed rate will only work with USB

3.0cables, devices and ports.

12. Translate the text from English into Russian.

Google

Google is one of the most popular and widely used search engines today. The company that developed the website is earning big profits from online mapping, e-mail messaging, social networking, video sharing, Internet search as well as office productivity. To help people from the different parts of the world have access to world’s information, Google Inc. also created a reliable mobile operating system and an efficient open source web browser. To know more about the success attained by the company, it is best to identify the people who contributed to the invention of the famous search engine.

Sergey Brin and Larry Page invented Google as a special project when they were students of Ph. D. at Stanford University in January 1996. The primary

25

function of the search engine was to develop an efficient digital library for the students of the university. The project was funded and supported by the Graduate Fellowship of the National Science Foundation. To create the search engine, Page and Brin developed a very useful computer language known as the PageRank algorithm.

The original domain name of the program created by the inventors is google.stanford.edu. It was only changed to google.com when they register the website on September 15, 1997. The inventors of the search engine established the company Google Inc. on September 4, 1998.

The peak of the performance of the search engine happened in 2004 when above 80 per cent of search inquiries on the World Wide Web was controlled and handled by the company.

13. Translate the text from English into Russian.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors

Liquid crystal display, also known as liquid crystal diode, is one of the most advanced technologies available at present. Typically, an LCD monitor consists of a layer of colour or monochrome pixels arranged schematically between a couple of transparent electrodes and two polarizing filters. Optical effect is achieved by polarizing the light in varied amounts and making it pass through the liquid crystal layer. At present, there are two types of LCD technology available. These include the active matrix or TFT and a passive matrix technology. Among these, TFT technology is more secure and reliable, and generates better picture quality. On the other hand, passive matrix has a slow response time and is slowly becoming outdated.

In recent times, LCD monitors have become increasing popular with consumers. Some major advantages of using an LCD monitor include:

•These monitors are compact, lightweight, and do not consume much desk space.

•Secondly, these monitors do not consume much electricity and can even be operated by using batteries.

•Also, the images transmitted by these monitors do not get geometrically distorted and have little flicker.

However, LCD monitors do have certain disadvantages. Most importantly, these monitors are very expensive. Secondly, image quality is not constant when viewed from different angles. Also, an LCD monitor’s resolution is always constant. Any alterations can result in a reduced performance.

26

14. Translate the text from English into Russian.

LED (Light-Emitting Diodes) Monitors

LED monitors are the latest types of monitors in the market today. Like LCD, it is again a flat panel display making use of light-emitting diodes for back-lightning instead of Cold Cathode Fluorescent (CCFL) back-lightning used in LCDs. Primarily, the display is of LCD only but the back-lightning is done by LEDs.

There are 2 types of colour LCD’s, passive matrix and active matrix also known as TFT (thin film transistor). Passive matrix LCD’s are the less expensive of the two types.

LED monitors are said to use much lesser power than CRT and LCD. Thus, they are also considered environmental friendly. Other core

advantages of LED monitors are:

1.They produce images with higher contrast/

2.They have less negative environmental impact when disposed/

3.Lifespan and durability of LED monitors is more than CRT or LCD monitors/

4.Because of the technology, the monitor panels can be made very thin/

5.Do not produce much heat while running/

LED monitors are little expensive than the former types. There are multiple ways by which LED back-lightning is done.

•White-edge LEDs are fixed around the rim of the monitor. It used a special diffusion panel to spread light evenly behind the screen.

•An array of LEDs are placed behind the screen. Their brightness is not controlled individually.

•Again an array of LEDs are placed behind the screen, but the brightness of each individual LED is controlled separately.

15. Translate the text from English into Russian. Mouse

A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It’s small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.

A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information.

27

When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction. (The pointer’s appearance might change depending on where it’s positioned on your screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button.

The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1964 and consisted of a wooden shell, circuit board and two metal wheels that came into contact with the surface it was being used on.

In 1972 Bill English developed the design further by inventing what is known as the «Ball Mouse». The ball replaced the wheels and was capable of monitoring movement in any direction. The ball came into contact with two rollers that in turn spun wheels with graduations on them that could be turned into electrical pulses representing direction and speed.

An optical mouse was developed in around 1980, eliminating the ball which often became dirty from rolling round the desktop, negatively affecting its operation. However, they were far too expensive to be used widely. Only in 1998 optical mice became a commercially viable alternative to the ball mouse and infiltrated the mass consumer market.

16. Translate the text from English into Russian. Origin of Mp3 Technology

The very first MP3 player to appear was Winplay3 in 1995. The technology was born out of the need to make high quality music but with high compression. Before mp3 came along, music files were stored in mostly WAV formats. This sound quality was high but the files were huge. A WAV consisting of a few seconds of sound would be several megabytes in size.

MP3 is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players. It was developed in 1991 by the Motion Pictures Experts Group to be part of the MPEG format.

The project developed in Germany in 1987 with the aim to find new ways to compress musical data. In 1989 the Fraunhofer group got the patent for the technology. Three years later, mp3 was assimilated into the MPEG technology. Next year the standard was implemented.

The Fraunhofer Company also tried making mp3 players but they were not successful. It was in 1997 when the AMP MP3 Playback Engine player came out. This was invented by Tomislav Uzelac from the Advanced Multimedia Products Company. The player was not sold commercially.

28

A few months later, students Dmitry Boldyrev and Justin Frankel transported the AMP technology into Windows. The result was a small, free mp3 player called Winamp. Its ease of use made it very popular. Soon Windows Media Player began supporting mp3 as well.

17. Translate the text from English into Russian. Printer Characteristics

Printers can be classified by the following characteristics: quality of type: The output produced by printers is said to be either letter quality, near letter quality, or draft quality. Only daisy-wheel, ink-jet, and laser printers produce letter-quality type. Some dot-matrix printers claim letter-quality print, but if you look closely, you can see the difference.

Speed: Measured in characters per second (cps) or pages per minute (ppm), the speed of printers varies widely. Daisy-wheel printers tend to be the slowest, printing about 30 cps. Line printers are fastest (up to 3,000 lines per minute). Dot-matrix printers can print up to 500 cps, and laser printers range from about 4 to 20 text pages per minute.

Impact or non-impact: Impact printers include all printers that work by striking an ink ribbon. Daisy-wheel, dot-matrix, and line printers are impact printers. Non-impact printers include laser printers and ink-jet printers. The important difference between impact and non-impact printers is that impact printers are much noisier.

Graphics: Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print only text. Other printers can print both text and graphics.

Fonts: Some printers, notably dot-matrix printers, are limited to one or a few fonts. In contrast, laser and ink-jet printers are capable of printing an almost unlimited variety of fonts. Daisy-wheel printers can also print different fonts, but you need to change the daisy wheel, making it difficult to mix fonts in the same document.

18. Translate the text from English into Russian. Printers and types of printers

A printer is a peripheral which makes a persistent human-readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media. In terms of the technology utilized, printers fall into the following categories: daisy-wheel: Similar to a ball-head typewriter, this type of printer has a plastic or metal wheel on which the shape of each character stands out in relief. A hammer presses the wheel against a ribbon, which in turn makes an ink stain

29

in the shape of the character on the paper. Daisy-wheel printers produce letterquality print but cannot print graphics.

Dot-matrix: Creates characters by striking pins against an ink ribbon. Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and illustrations. ink-jet: Sprays ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-jet printers produce high-quality text and graphics.

Laser: Uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser printers produce very high quality text and graphics.

LCD&LED: Similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystals or light emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce an image on the drum.

Line printer: Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire line at one time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print. Thermal printer: An inexpensive printer that works by pushing heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are widely used in calculators and fax machines.

19. Translate the text from English into Russian. Types of monitors

A computer monitor, technically termed as a visual display unit, can be plainly described as an electronic device that transmits information from the computer onto a screen, thereby acting as an interface and connecting the viewer with the computer. At present, computer monitors are available in a variety of shapes, designs, and colours. However, based on the technology used to make computer monitors, they can be broadly categorized into three types.

1.CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

2.LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

3.LED (Light-Emitting Diodes)

When commercial monitors first started to appear around 1960, though, they were quite primitive compared to the large, vibrant flat screens of today. Cathode ray tubes became the first computer monitors that people used to view computer information.

Over the years, technology evolved and people built primitive personal computers that had built-in terminal devices.

While you can still find old CRTs for sale, they’re bulkier and use more energy than modern flat panel displays such as liquid crystal display monitors. LCD monitor sales surpassed CRT monitor sales in 2007. LCDs didn’t suddenly appear that year, of course. LCDs create vivid, colourful images when electrically sensitive material changes colour when electrical current

30