Английский язык. Учебное пособие

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Белгородский государственный технологический университет им. В.Г. Шухова

О. А. Могутова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие

Ай Пи Эр Медиа Саратов • 2018

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Предлагаемое учебно-методическое пособие разработано на основании типовой программы обучения иностранным языкам в неязыковых вузах с учетом современных требований гуманитаризации высшего технического образования.

Цель пособия – ознакомить студентов с текстами по специальности, помочь овладеть необходимым лексическим минимумом, создать типовые для данной специализации ситуационные модели с целью активизации монологической и диалогической беседы по данным темам. Подвести студентов к самостоятельному чтению и пониманию оригинальной научно-технической литературы на английском языке, применяя структуру и содержание пособия и соблюдая основной принцип дидактики от простого к более сложному.

Пособие состоит из 10 уроков. Урок включает в себя 2 основных текста и 2 дополнительных (контрольных), тексты для самостоятельного чтения, итоговые тесты по урокам, тематический словарь и лексико-речевые упражнения, предназначенные для развития навыков поискового чтения, направленных на проверку понимания и развития навыков извлечения частичной или полной информации.

Каждый урок рассчитан на дифференцированный подход в обучении студентов, на их языковую подготовку.

Все учебные материалы пособия носят исключительно профессиональноориентированный, функциональный характер.

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UNIT 1

I.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Study the Vocabulary List. Be ready to discuss the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Use the following words and word combinations of the Vocabulary List in sentences of your own. Memorize the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List.

2.Find in the texts sentences including the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Translate the sentences into Russian.

VOCABULARY LIST

accuracy – правильность, соответствие, точность to adjust – приводить в порядок, подгонять

to anticipate – предугадывать, предвидеть appropriate – подходящий, свойственный aptitude – склонность, способность

to comply – подчинять, соответствовать core – ядро, суть, сущность

to debar – предотвращать, препятствовать derisively – иронически

detrimental – причиняющий ущерб, пагубный dimensional – имеющий измерение, пространственный discourse – трактат, рассуждение

to dismantle – демонтировать, разбирать машину to enforce – принуждать, навязывать

error – погрешность, отклонение

to execute – осуществлять, реализовывать

facilities - оборудование, приспособление, здания, сооружения hazardous – опасный, рискованный

humidity – степень влажности implementation – выполнение, реализация issue – проблема, предмет спора, результат

precision – точность, определённость, правильность to prosecute – преследовать в судебном порядке pure – чистый, беспримесный

reference – ссылка, сноска

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regardless – безотносительно к чему-либо setup – структура, порядок, уклад sufficiently – достаточно, полностью successor – преемник, правопреемник

II.TEXTS STUDY

3.Read and translate the text 1A.

TEXT 1A

STANDARDIZATION IS AN IMPORTANT STATE TASK

Acceleration of scientific and technical progress is closely linked with raising the technical level and quality of the machine produced (tractors, cars, machine tools, TV-sets, refrigerators, etc.). Their production requires numerous units, components, reliability and durability of the final product.

With the demand of constant improvement of the technical level and quality of production, standards have become one of the most important tasks. Improvement of standards has assumed a special importance. Therefore, parameters must be determined that would dictate the need for the whole of industry to produce only highquality commodities. It is obviously necessary to single out five or six leading standards for the principal machines and mechanisms, for the final product, which, reaching the highest technical level, would enable us at the same time to raise the quality of other products too.

Now, what standards are the leading ones? In the first place, those that reflect the output of a certain type of mechanisms. The second is material consumption. The third group of standards points to the limits of energy consumption. The fourth group has to do with reliability. Finally, the fifth group of standards is oriented, on the whole, towards attaining the specified economic efficiency of the product.

In connection with standards it should be stressed that the machines must be designed according to the standards which will be characteristic of the future, not only the present development of the given industry.

The chief task of our industry is to ensure production of the machines, equipment, tools and materials conforming to the highest world standards, and substantially boast labor productivity in all branches of the national economy. To solve this task, it is necessary to work out fundamentally new kinds of mechanisms and technology, to retool production continually and on a board scale, to implement its all-round mechanization and automation, to raise the level and effectiveness of research and standards.

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EXERCISES

4. Answer the following questions.

1. What is acceleration of scientific and technical progress closely connected

with?

2.What does the production of the machines require?

3.Why have standards become the most important tasks?

4.How many groups of the leading standards are there?

5.What standards are the leading ones?

6.What is the chief task of our industry?

7.How must the machines be designed?

8.How to solve the chief task of our industry?

5.Find the English equivalents of the following words and translate them into Russian.

Acceleration, technical, progress, machines, tractors, refrigerators, production, components, final, product, standards, special, industry, limits, energy, economic, design, industry, characteristic, materials, mechanisms, scale, type, effectiveness.

6.Make up adverbs from the following adjectives and translate them.

High, possible, special, rapid, efficient, extensive.

7.Give antonyms to the following words.

Raising, the highest, future, new, to raise, now, improvement.

8. Read and translate the text 1B.

TEXT 1B

METROLOGY IS THE SCIENCE OF MEASUREMENT

Metrology is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement. The word comes from Greek μέτρον (metron), "measure" + "λόγος" (logos), amongst others meaning "speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason". In Ancient Greek the term μετρολογία (metrologia) meant "theory of ratios".

Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as "the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology." The ontology and international vocabulary of metrology is maintained by the International Organisation for Standardisation.

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Traceability, accuracy, precision, systematic biases, evaluation of measurement uncertainty, reliability are critical parts of a quality management system.

A core concept in metrology is (metrological) traceability, defined as "the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, all having stated uncertainties." The level of traceability establishes the level of comparability of the measurement: whether the result of a measurement can be compared to the previous one, a measurement result a year ago, or to the result of a measurement performed anywhere else in the world.

Traceability is most often obtained by calibration. Calibration is the process where metrology is applied to measurement equipment and processes to ensure conformity with a known standard of measurement, usually traceable to a national standards board. These standards are usually coordinated by national metrological institutes: National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Physical Laboratory.

Mistakes can make measurements and counts incorrect. Even if there are no mistakes, nearly all measurements are still inexact. The term 'error' is reserved for that inexactness, also called measurement uncertainty. Among the few exact measurements are:

–The absence of the quantity being measured, such as a voltmeter with its leads shorted together: the meter should read zero exactly.

–Measurement of an accepted constant under qualifying conditions, such as the triple point of pure water: the thermometer should read 273.16 kelvin (0.01 degrees Celsius, 32.018 degrees Fahrenheit) when qualified equipment is used correctly.

–Self-checking ratio metric measurements, such as a potentiometer: the ratio in between steps is independently adjusted and verified to be beyond influential inexactness.

All other measurements either have to be checked to be sufficiently correct or left to chance. Metrology is the science that establishes the correctness of specific measurement situations. This is done by anticipating and allowing for both mistakes and error. The precise distinction between measurement error and mistakes is not settled and varies by country. Repeatability and reproducibility studies help quantify the precision: one common method is an ANOVA gauge R&R study.

Sufficiently correct measurements are essential to commerce. About nine out of every ten people working in metrology specialize in commercial measurement, most at the technician level. Correct measurements are beneficial to manufacturing, but other methods are available and sometimes are more appropriate.

Metrology has thrived at the interface between science and manufacturing. Aerospace, commercial nuclear power, medicine, medical devices and semiconductors rely on metrology to translate theoretical science into mass produced reality.

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