Английский язык. Учебное пособие

The basic concepts of metrology appear simple on the surface, and metrology is rarely taught in a systematic manner above the technician level. Within most businesses, metrology core beliefs such as recording all setups and observations for possible future reference are opposed to the general business practice of minimizing recordkeeping to limit litigation effects.

EXERCISES

9. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

a)true

b)false

c)there is no information in the text

1)Metrology is a purely applied branch of science.

2)All measurements performed by metrology engineers are perfectly exact.

3)The result of a measurement must be compared to the standard one.

4)Almost all branches of industry depend on the achievements of metrology.

5)Measurement standards are kept by the All-Russian National Institute of Standards and Technology in our country.

10.Find the correct answer to the question and put it down.

What does metrology ensure? a) that there are no mistakes

b) the protection of public safety

c) the correctness of specific measurement situations d) the quality control of measurement instruments

11.Translate the following sentences; make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers.

1.The books are taken from the library. 2. He was asked to help one of our students. 3. Many newspapers and magazines are published in this country. 4. That problem was discussed at our meeting. 5. The diagrams were brought by our monitor.

6.The exams will be taken in January. 7. They were told to do their work quickly. 8. The study of theory is accompanied by practical training. 9. A new laboratory was opened last year. 10. We shall be given a new task tomorrow. 11. Every institute is headed by Rector. 12. In summer you will be sent to a big plant for your industrial training.

12.Give antonyms to the following words.

To begin, to enter, young, large, to open, to take, quick, much, to graduate from, many, long, slow, little, to finish, old, small, to close, to give, few, short.

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13. Make up sentences from the following words and phrases.

1. Has, buildings, our, several, institute. 2. Subjects, students, many, first-year, study. 3. third-year, had, last, students, training, industrial, summer. 4. Carry out, students, practical, work, in, laboratories, well-equipped. 5. Problems, many, scientists, important, solve, our. 6. Texts, difficult, Petrov, technical, translated. 7. His, will, the teacher, translation, correct. 8. Next, dean, a lecture, deliver, our, week, will. 9. Students, more, institutes, this, entered, one, a million, than, year.

III.CONTROL TASK

14.Translate the text 1C into Russian.

15.Make up questions on the basis of the text.

16.Give a brief overview of the contents of the Text 1C using the following expressions:

The subject of the text is ...

The text deals with ...

It is pointed out that ...

It is obvious that ...

To sum it up ...

TEXT 1C

GENERAL SYSTEMS OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Total quality is a way of managing a business. It’s about increasing the value that customers receive. It's about improving the things you do right, not just cutting down the things you do wrong. It's a process, not a technical activity or a set of statistics.

Sales growth today requires the kind of market quality that anticipates customer requirements. This is very different from reacting on a defect reduction basis - the traditional approach to quality improvement. For many companies, this is a basic transformation in their quality orientation and in their quality systems.

The companies that have succeeded in making total quality their competitive leadership handle have greatly reduced the cost of failure in delivering customer satisfaction. This has become a center point of their operating cost leadership.

Good quality costs less, not more. After all these years of cost accounting, many companies still don't know what things really cost. This has been why it has taken so long for them to recognize that the cost of delivering customer satisfaction to buyers can be their single largest cost except for material purchases.

17. Read and translate Text 1D.

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18. Mark the main idea of the Text and give a brief overview of the content of the text 1D in English.

TEXT 1D

HOW TO IMPROVE THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT?

Buildings have extensive direct and indirect impacts on the environment. During their construction, occupancy, renovation, repurposing, and demolition, buildings use energy, water, and raw materials, generate waste, and emit potentially harmful atmospheric emissions. These facts have prompted the creation of green building standards, certifications, and rating systems aimed at mitigating the impact of buildings on the natural environment through sustainable design.

The push toward sustainable design increased in the 1990s with the creation of Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), the first green building rating system in the U.K. In 2000, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) followed suit and developed and released criteria also aimed at improving the environmental performance of buildings through its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system for new construction. Since that first release, LEED has continued to grow in prominence and to include rating systems for existing buildings and entire neighborhoods. Others also responded to the growing interest and demand for sustainable design including the Green Building Initiative (GBI), which was created to assist the National Association of Homebuilders (NAHB) in promoting its Green Building Guidelines for Residential Structures. Although originally developed for Canada, GBI helped to make Green Globes available for use in the U.S. in 2005. Additional rating systems have been developed that were influenced by these early programs but are tailored to their own national priorities and requirements or seek to go beyond the limits of current policy and building practices to address broader issues of sustainability or evolving concepts such as net zero energy, and living and restorative building concepts that improve the natural environment, or those that model nature's processes.

IV. TEST

19. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1._______ of scientific and technical progress is closely linked with raising the technical level and quality of the machine produced.

a) increase b) decrease

c) acceleration

2.Machine _______ requires numerous units, components, reliability and durability of the final product.

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a)use

b)production

c)necessity

3.With the demand of constant improvement of the technical level and quality of production, _______ have become one of the most important tasks.

a) standards b) products c) units

4._______ of standards has assumed a special importance.

a)Consumption

b)Limit

c)Improvement

5.Parameters must be determined that would dictate the need for the whole of industry to produce only _______ commodities.

a) low-quality b) high-quality c) cheap

6.It is obviously _______ to single out five or six leading standards for the principal machines and mechanisms.

a) necessary b) possible c) important

7.The third group of standards points to the limits of _______ consumption.

a)technical

b)economic

c)energy

8.In connection with standards it should be stressed that the machines must be designed _______ the standards.

a) thanks to b) due to

c) according to

9.The chief task of our _______ is to ensure production of the machines, equipment, tools and materials.

a) industry b) country c) factory

10.It is necessary to work out fundamentally _______ kinds of mechanisms and technology.

a) new b) old

c) ancient

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UNIT 2

I.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Study the Vocabulary List. Be ready to discuss the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Use the following words and word combinations of the Vocabulary List in sentences of your own. Memorize the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List.

2.Find in the texts sentences including the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Translate the sentences into Russian.

VOCABULARY LIST

to deal with – иметь дело с measurement – измерение quantity – количество length – длина

frequency – частота velocity – скорость area – площадь volume – объем density – плотность charge – цена

to measure – измерять palm – ладонь

hand breadth – ширина руки cubic – кубический

elbow – локоть accurate – точный alloy – сплав (металла) to refer – передавать inch – дюйм

bar – плитка, брусок

to derive – происходить ounce – унция (=28.3г)

capacity – мощность; объем, вместимость

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II.TEXTS STUDY

3.Read and translate the text 2A.

TEXT 2A

MEASUREMENTS

(SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT)

Much of physics deals with measurements of physical quantities such as length, time, frequency, velocity, area, volume, mass, density, charge, temperature and energy. There are two main systems of measurement in use today: the English system of units (or as it is often called the Common system of units) and the metric system of units.

The English system of units is still the official system in the USA, American scientists use the metric system exclusively. The value of the metric system is that its various units possess simple and logical relationships among themselves, while in the Common system 1 mile is equal to 1760 yards;1 yard is equal to3 feet, and 1 foot is equal to 12 inches. In the latter system converting one unit in to another is a hard and monotonous job.

Metric system is a decimal system of physical units, named after its unit of length, the meter. The metric system is adopted as the common system of weights and measures by the majority of countries, and by all countries as the system used in scientific work.

Weights and measures

Length, capacity, and weight can be measured using standard units. The principal early standards of length were the palm hand breadth, the foot, and the cubit, which is the length from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Such standards were not accurate and definite. Unchanging standards of measurement have been adopted only in modern time.

In the English-speaking world, the everyday units of linear measurement were traditionally the inch, foot, yard and mile. In Great Britain, until recently, these units of length were defined in terms of the imperial standard yard, which was the distance between two lines on a bronze bar made in 1845.

In Britain units of weight (ounces, pounds, and tones) are now also derived from the metric standard – kilogram. This is a solid cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy maintained at constant temperature at Sevres, near Paris. Copies, as exact as possible, of this standard are maintained by national standards laboratories in many countries.

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International system of Units is a system of measurement units based on the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system. This international system is commonly referred to as SI.

EXERCISES

4. Answer the following questions.

1.What measurements of physical quantities does much of physics deal with?

2.How many systems of measurement are there in use today?

3.What is the value of the English system?

4.What is the value of the metric system?

5.What can be measured using standard units?

6.When have unchanging standards of measurement been adopted?

7.What is an International system of Units based on?

8.How is an International system of Units referred to?

5. Form the nouns using the suffixes (-er, -or) or (-ion, -tion, -sion).

Pattern: observe – observer – observation.

Accelerate, divide, convert, operate, rotate, conduct, define, direct, calibrate, oscillate, vibrate, correct.

6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the word combination « in terms of».

in terms of – в виде, на основании, исходя из

1.Volume is expressed in term of three lengths.

2.The basic concepts of thermodynamics are easily understood in terms of experiments.

3.We obtained this unit in term of the following expressions.

4.The force of gravity is measured in terms of weight.

7. Do the tasks according to the pattern.

Pattern: 20 : 4 - twenty divided by four makes five;

25 : 5, 32 : 8, 9 : 3, 6 : 2, 81: 9.

Pattern: 5 * 5 – five times five makes twenty-five;

3 * 3, 4 * 8, 13 * 3, 8 * 3, 7 * 7

8. Read and translate the text 2B.

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TEXT 2B

APPLIED METROLOGY

Metrology laboratories are places where both metrology and calibration work are performed. Calibration laboratories generally specialize in calibration work only.

Both metrology and calibration laboratories must isolate the work performed from influences that might affect the work. Temperature, humidity, vibration, electrical power supply, radiated energy and other influences are often controlled. Generally, it is the rate of change or instability that is more detrimental than whatever value prevails.

Calibration technicians execute calibration work. In large organizations, the work is further divided into three groups:

a)Set-up people arrange the equipment needed for calibration and verify that it works correctly.

b)Operators execute the calibration procedures and collect data.

c)Tear-down people dismantle set-ups, check the components for damage and then put the components into a stored state. This is the entry-level position for people who didn’t start in the equipment warehouse or transportation functions.

Alternatively, the technicians can be divided by major discipline areas: physical, dimensional, electrical, microwave and so on. But the principles are the same regardless of the equipment.

Metrology technicians perform investigation work in addition to calibrations. They also apply proven principles to known situations and evaluate unexpected or contradictory results.

Large industrial organizations also develop people who demonstrate aptitude in testing functions. When this is combined with an engineering degree, it qualifies the person as a metrology engineer who performs metrology work at and above the technician levels.

The metrology and calibration work described above is always accompanied by documentation. The documentation can be divided into two types; one related to the task and the other related the administrative program. Task documentation includes calibration procedures and the data collected. Administrative program documentation includes equipment identification data, 'calibration certificates’, calibration time interval information and 'as-found' or 'out-of-tolerance' notifications.

Administrative programs provide standardization of the metrology and calibration work and make it possible to independently verify that the work was performed. Generally, the administrative program is specific to the organization performing the work and addresses customer requirements. An administrative program that has insufficient actual metrology or calibration capability is derisively referred to as a "lick and stick" program.

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EXERCISES

9.Answer the following questions.

1.What are metrology laboratories?

2.What does the metrology and calibration documentation include?

3.What do administrative programs provide?

4.What are the groups of calibration work?

5.What do metrology technicians perform?

6.Who performs metrology work?

7.Why is the administrative program specific?

10.Give antonyms to the following words.

New, large, many, to begin, to take, to speak, to enter, to build, to do, to get, modern, big, to start, much, to make, main, to talk, to construct, to come into, major.

11. Translate the word one in the following sentences.

1. One must study a lot to become an engineer. 2. We must write only one exercise now. 3. Engineering is one of the most important professions.it is the one that is taught at technical institutes. 4. One cannot translate such an article without a dictionary in the first year. 5. One may enter any institute in this country, as all of them are free of charge. 6. One must have a very good knowledge of general engineering subjects to become a good engineer. 7. One must pass all the exams well to enter an institute. 8. Last summer I read many English articles, and my friend read some German ones. 9. This summer we shall spend in the country, the last one we spent in the city. 10. We translated many texts, but there is one more text to translate. 11. One can take this journal from the library.

12. Translate the word that in the following sentences.

1. That student studies in our group. 2. Do you know those girls? They are from our institute. 3. The professor that lectures on mechanics is the dean of our faculty. 4. It is known that the knowledge of the general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects. 5. We know that the study of general engineering subjects is necessary for future engineers. 6. That higher education in this country is accessible to all is known to everybody. 7. The aim of today's foreign policy is that peace in the world should be permanent. 8. The programme for the first-year students differs from that of the third-year students. 9. There are many interesting articles in this journal, read those on your specialty. 10. It is the high qualification of future specialists that will determine the scientific and technological progress of any country.

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13. Write the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives below.

Big, long, fast, hard, heavy, thin, narrow, low, great, new, cold, hot, short, little, bad, many, important, interesting, useful, slow.

III.CONTROL TASK

14.Translate the text 2C into Russian.

15.Make up questions on the basis of the text.

16.Give a brief overview of the contents of the Text 2C using the following expressions:

The subject of the text is ...

The text deals with ...

It is pointed out that ...

It is obvious that ...

To sum it up ...

TEXT 2C

CERTIFICATION OF FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

A newly published document in the ISO 22000 series gives the requirements for the bodies that carry out auditing and certification of food safety management systems (FSMS). ISO technical specification ISO/TS 22003:2007 provides information, criteria and guidance for carrying out ISO 22000:2005 auditing and certification. It will therefore be useful for certification bodies, the accreditation bodies that approve them, suppliers wishing to have their FSMS certified, their customers and food sector regulators.

Certification to ISO 22000:2005 is not a requirement of that standard, which can be implemented solely for the benefits it provides. However, where certification is required by customers, or by regulators, or is judged desirable as a marketing differentiator, ISO/TS 22003:2007 will help to build confidence in such certification throughout the food supply chain. ISO/TS 22003 is the latest document in the ISO series for food safety management systems, which harmonizes good food safety practice worldwide. It was launched in 2005 with ISO 22000, backed by an international consensus among experts from government and industry.

ISO/TS 22003:2007, Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of food safety management systems, was developed by ISO technical committee ISO/TC34, Food products, in collaboration with ISO/CASCO, Committee on conformity assessment.

17. Read and translate Text 2D.

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