Английский язык. Учебное пособие

b)accurate

c)basic

6.We shall ________ the abbreviations gm for gram, kg for kilogram, and lb for pound.

a) discuss b) draw c) use

7.For centuries, time has been universally measured in terms of rotation of the

________.

a) head b) earth c) wheel

8.The temperature scale is based on a ________ temperature.

a)known

b)limited

c)fixed

9.The freezing point of the ________ was designated as 273.15 K, equaling exactly 0 on the Celsius temperature scale.

a) water b) ice c) snow

10.By international agreement, the term Celsius has ________ replaced centi-

grade.

a) relatively b) closely c) officially

31

UNIT 4

I.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Study the Vocabulary List. Be ready to discuss the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Use the following words and word combinations of the Vocabulary List in sentences of your own. Memorize the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List.

2.Find in the texts sentences including the words and the word combinations of the Vocabulary List. Translate the sentences into Russian.

VOCABULARY LIST

insulation – изоляция to restrain – ограничить

thermal flow – тепловой поток opaque wall – непрозрачная стена

fenestration – распределение окон в здании margin – край

performance – выполнение (работа) approach – подход

to rely on – положиться на consumption – потребление reduced – уменьшенный

to comply – подчиняться (правилам); исполнять (приказ) value – ценность

arbitrary – произвольный, случайный to assess – оценивать, давать оценку auspices – протекция, покровительство cell – ячейка, камера, клетка commonality – общность

to derive - получать, извлекать, устанавливать происхождение to designate – предназначать, называть

to encompass – выполнять, осуществлять

to encounter – столкнуться, натолкнуться на трудности hierarchy – иерархия

inferior – подчинённый, второстепенный in order to – для того чтобы

pendulum – маятник

32

precursor – предшественник

to promulgate – опубликовать, обнародовать, пропагандировать to pursue – следовать намеченным курсом, преследовать

to reconcile – примирить, урегулировать to refine – повышать качество

to resemble – походить, иметь сходство to saturate – пропитывать, насыщать

II.TEXTS STUDY

3.Read and translate the text 4A.

TEXT 4A

A NEW CONCEPT OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE

STANDARDIZATION OF BUILDING

Standards for thermal insulation of building now in force in Russia restrain thermal flow through each of the major parts of the exterior envelope (opaque wall sections, fenestration, etc.). The standards set limits on heat flow at design temperatures of indoor and outdoor air in steady-state heat transfer conditions.

A new concept of thermal performance standardization of a building is based on considering the building as a complete energy system. This approach relies on developing an energy consumption rating for the whole building. However, since there is a risk of attaining the energy consumption rating at the expense of reduced thermal comfort, a special comfort level requirement is introduced into the concept of the standard.

Keeping in mind these two requirements, for overall building energy use limits and for providing adequate thermal comfort, the thermal performance level of a building should be established from both:

–the system approach to a building. In this approach, the whole building is thought of a single energy system consuming the assigned rated quantity of energy. The method for calculating the energy rating should depend on the energy supplies of the country or its particular regions. Thus, for example, if a building consumers one unit of heat and producing the heat in that region requires two equivalent units of natural gas, then the regional fuel input of two equivalent units should be the basis of the calculation;

–the component approach, in which different elements of the envelope are considered separately in terms of their contribution to providing the required comfort for one’s normal living both in the working space of premises and on their margins.

33

In the design of building that comply with these standards, the component approach satisfies the minimum thermal performance requirements of individual envelope components required for thermal comfort, while the system approach dictates that a designer should choose higher thermal performance values than these minima for some or all of the envelope components in order to meet energy consumption requirements.

ISO and some Western standards take account of human physiology and present optimum standard values of the average resultant temperature and the radiant temperature asymmetry for living quarters.

Standard values are likely to undergo changes in future years. The dynamics of their variation with time will be affected by the introduction of new technology for energy efficiency improvements in construction, and for construction practices in general.

EXERCISES

4. Answer the following questions.

1.What do standards for thermal insulation of building restrain in Russia now?

2.What limits do the standards set on?

3.What is a new concept of thermal performance standardization of a building based on?

4.What are the requirements for thermal performance levels of a building?

5.Does the component approach satisfy the minimum thermal performance requirements?

6.What does the system approach dictate?

7.What can you say about standard values in future years?

5.Form the nouns from the following verbs using the suffixes -er, -afnce, - ation, -ion, -ade, -ment.

To build, to design, to perform, to vary, to, to construct, to use, to develop, to consider, to dictate.

6.Give antonyms to the following words.

Minimum, future, introduction, new, now, heat, major, indoor

7. Choose the word which must be excluded:

Hard, low, regional, opaque, likely; For, in, behind, after, the, on, under; Build, set up, exist, establish, activity;

Often, sometimes, seldom, approach, rare; Building, performance, quantity, practice, square.

34

8. Read and translate the text 4B.

TEXT 4B

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Metrology has existed in some form or another since antiquity. The earliest forms of metrology were simply arbitrary standards set up by regional or local authorities, often based on practical measures such as the length of an arm. The earliest examples of these standardized measures are length, time, and weight. These standards were established in order to facilitate commerce and record human activity.

Little progress was made with regard to proto-metrology until various scientists, chemists, and physicists started making headway during the scientific revolution. With the advances in the sciences, the comparison of experiment to theory required a rational system of units, and something more closely resembling modern metrology began to come into being. The discovery of atom, electricity, thermodynamics, and many inventions made it easier to quantitatively or qualitatively assess physical properties, using the defined units of measurement established by the science.

Metrology was thus one of the precursors to the Industrial Revolution, and was necessary for the implementation of mass production, equipment commonality, and assembly lines.

Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution, with the political motivation to harmonize units all over France and the concept of establishing units of measurement based on constants of nature, and thus making measurement units available "for all people, for all time". In this case we derive a unit of length from the dimensions of the Earth, and a unit of mass from a cube of water. The result was platinum standards for the meter and the kilogram established as the basis of the metric system on June 22, 1799. This further led to the creation of the Système International d'Unités, or the International System of Units. This system has gained unprecedented worldwide acceptance as definitions and standards of modern measurement units. Though not the official system of units of all nations, the definitions and specifications of SI are globally accepted and recognized. The SI is maintained under the auspices of the Metre Convention and its institutions, the General Conference on Weights and Measures, or CGPM, its executive branch the International Committee for Weights and Measures, or CIPM, and its technical institution the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, or BIPM.

As the authorities on SI, these organizations establish and promulgate the SI, with the ambition to be able to service all. This includes introducing new units, such as the relatively new unit, the mole, to encompass metrology in chemistry. These units are then established and maintained through various agencies in each country,

35

and establish a hierarchy of measurement standards that can be traced back to the established standard unit, a concept known as metrological traceability.

The development of standards also does involve individual and small group achievements. In 1893, Edward Weston (chemist) and his company perfected his Saturated Standard Cell design, which allowed the volt to be reproduced to 1 part in ten to the fourth power directly. This advance made a huge practical difference at a critical moment in the development of modern electrical devices. Groupings of saturated cells, called banks, can still be found in some metrology and calibration laboratories today. Edward Weston did not pursue patents for his cell design. By doing this, his superior design quickly replaced similar but inferior patented devices worldwide without much discussion.

EXERCISES

9. Find the wrong statements and correct them.

a)true

b)false

c)there is no information in the text

1)In the past man used various kinds of measuring equipment.

2)The development of metrology was followed by the development of sciences.

3)The International System of Units is adopted worldwide.

4)The French Academy of Sciences worked out new units of length and mass.

5)Ancient metrology used to be the practice of applying feasible measures.

10.Answer the question given below and discuss the answer.

What made modern metrology necessary? a) The necessity to develop sciences

b) The necessity to create new units

c) The necessity to reconcile units in one country d) The necessity to facilitate human activity

11.Translate the following sentences with preposition «by».

1. By 3 o'clock I shall be free and go with you to the library. 2. By the end of the second year we shall have finished studying the main engineering subjects. 3. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 4. By the year 2000 cable television will have been used more widely. 5. By the spring of 1945 World War II was over.

36

12. Match the English word combination with the Russian equivalents.

It is true; compared to; to be of importance; a lot of; to be interested in; like; a step forward; the number of lines; at the right time; direct to; regular service; to put into memory.

Интересоваться; иметь значение; по сравнению с; ввести в память; шаг вперед; подобно; верно (правильно); регулярные передачи; в нужное время; много; число (количество) строк; непосредственно на.

13.Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense form. Observe the rules of the sequence of tenses.

1.The engineer was told that he (may) test the device in the afternoon. 2. It was known that the head of our laboratory (to be) a graduate of Moscow University.

3.They thought that she (to graduate) from a technical institute. 4. Our professor informed us that he (to give) the following lecture on quantum mechanics on Monday.

5.At the meeting it was said that our lecturer (to work) at a new program of laboratory work. 6. The teacher told us that the term "engineering" (to have) many Russian equivalents. 7. The chief engineer believed that we (to work) at that problem for a month the following summer.

III.CONTROL TASK

14.Translate the text 4C into Russian.

15.Make up questions on the basis of the text.

16.Give a brief overview of the contents of the Text 4C using the following expressions:

The subject of the text is ...

The text deals with ...

It is pointed out that ...

It is obvious that ...

To sum it up ...

TEXT 4C

«MANAGEMENT ISN’T AN ART, IT’S A SCIENCE»

Based in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, General Systems was founded in 1968 by Dr. Armand V. Feigenbaum, the father of Total Quality Management, and his brother Dr. Donald S. Feigenbaum, an acknowledged leader in systems management and systems engineering.

37

Three key policies define the character of General Systems’ management solu-

tions:

1.Close Partnership with its customers to make them unquestioned business profitability leaders in their industries through the relentless continuous acceleration of value for their customers, their investors, and their employees.

2.Emphasis on execution for major customer results from the implementation of advanced General Systems solutions stressing not only the management of quality, but also, «the quality of management».

3.Serving global markets to bring together best practices from throughout the

world.

Extensive application experience and 12 major systems technologies have established General Systems as a global leader in implementing management and quality solutions that provide our customers with:

Customer Value Leadership;

Operating Cost Leadership;

Management Innovation and Total Resource Utilization and;

Empowering a Company Culture of Superior Performance.

Each General Systems Program is custom-tailored following a thorough analysis of the customer company’s operations and business requirements. Direct Senior Management consultation with the World authorities on Quality at GSC provides direction and defines objectives, while GSC’s highly experienced systems engineers work on-site with customer personnel at all levels to replace failure-driving activities with prevention-driven work processes throughout the customer’s entire business operations. This is done with maximum utilization of powerful quality improvement tools to meet specifically targeted goals such as «Baldrige criteria» of «ISO 9000/14000 certification» and to assure maximum short and log tern business results.

17.Read and translate Text 4D.

18.Mark the main idea of the Text and give a brief overview of the content of the text 4D in English.

TEXT 4D

GREEN PRODUCT CERTIFICATIONS

A certification is a confirmation that a product meets defined criteria of a standard. ISO defines certification as: "any activity concerned with determining directly or indirectly that relevant requirements are fulfilled".

Green product certifications are intended to outline and confirm that a product meets a particular standard and offers an environmental benefit. Many product labels and certification programs certify products based on life-cycle parameters, making

38

them multi-attribute programs. These parameters include energy use, recycled content, and air and water emissions from manufacturing, disposal, and use. Others focus on a single attribute, such as water, energy, or chemical emissions that directly impact IEQ.

A green product certification is considered most respected when an independent third party is responsible for conducting the product testing and awarding the certification. Third-party means they are independent of the product manufacturer, contractor, designer, and specifier. Third-party labels and green product certification programs can be helpful in evaluating the attributes of green products because they validate that the product meets certain industry-independent standards. They can also offer greater assurance to consumers, designers, specifiers, and others that a product's marketing claims accurately reflect its green attributes. Many product certifications are also recognized within comprehensive green building rating systems such as LEED, Green Globes, and the National Green Building Standard. As a result, green product certifications are on the rise as market conditions change and the demand for greener products continues to increase. It is important to note that green washing, which is defined as the use of green claims that are not true or are unverifiable but used to sell products or a corporate image, has become commonplace as companies try to stay competitive in the green marketplace.

To fully understand what a green certification represents and the quality of information it provides, the details of its requirements need to be reviewed carefully. The ISO defines different types of labels that can be used for products. Below is an outline of the ISO-defined labels and what is being claimed. Product certifications available in the U.S. are mostly Type I and Type II labels while Type III labels are now required in France and becoming more common in Europe and for those U.S. manufacturers with an international focus.

IV. TEST

19. Choose the right word and fill in the gaps.

1.Standards for thermal insulation of building now in force in Russia restrain thermal flow through each of the _______ parts of the exterior envelope.

a) minor b) main c) major

2.The standards set limits on heat flow at design _______ of indoor and outdoor air in steady-state heat transfer conditions.

a) temperatures b) mass

c) time

39

3.A new concept of thermal performance standardization of a building is based on considering the building as a _______ system.

a) electric b) complete c) water

4.This approach relies on developing an energy consumption rating for the whole _______.

a) house

b) accommodation c) energy

5.A _______ comfort level requirement is introduced into the concept of the standard.

a) special

b) interesting c) cosy

6.The whole building is thought of a single energy system consuming the assigned rated _______ of energy.

a) quality b) quantity c) volume

7.The method for _______ the energy rating should depend on the energy supplies of the country or its particular regions.

a) reading b) writing

c) calculating

8.In the design of _______ that comply with these standards; the component approach satisfies the minimum thermal performance requirements of individual envelope components.

a) room

b) building c) house

9.ISO and some Western standards take account of human _______.

a)physiology

b)body

c)appearance

10. Standard _______ are likely to undergo changes in future years.

a)features

b)values

c)characteristics

40